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Family diagnostic technique. Methods for diagnosing family Basic methods for diagnosing family relationships

Family diagnostic technique. Methods for diagnosing family Basic methods for diagnosing family relationships

01.01.2024

Family diagnostics is a constantly present element in the work of a social teacher. Shakurova M.V. states: “given the complexity of the problems that the modern family is experiencing, the constant variability of its structure and characteristics, it is currently necessary to move from single diagnostic procedures to the implementation of socio-pedagogical monitoring of the family.” The author considers monitoring as a systematized form of family diagnostics.

Social and pedagogical monitoring of the family is a scientifically based system of periodic collection, generalization and analysis of socio-pedagogical information about the processes occurring in the family, and making strategic and tactical decisions on this basis.

Basic principles of monitoring: reliability, completeness, consistency of information; efficiency of obtaining information and its systematic updating; comparability of the data obtained, which is ensured by the unity of the selected positions in the collection and analysis of information; a combination of generalizing and differentiated assessments and conclusions.
The essence of socio-pedagogical monitoring of the family is the integrated use of all sources of data about the processes and events of family life, as of a natural nature (information offered by family members on their own initiative; direct and indirect observation, essays and graphic works of children about the family, etc. ), and those obtained in the course of a specially organized study (survey, questionnaire, method of expert assessments, biographical method, psychological methods for identifying indicators of intra-family relationships, etc.).
An important role in the implementation of socio-pedagogical monitoring is played by the ability of a social teacher to systematize the collection of information and the results obtained.

2. Classification of psychodiagnostic methods for family diagnostics.

Currently, there are several fairly substantiated classifications of psychodiagnostic techniques, of which the most complete classification is presented by V. Stolin.

Firstly, there are diagnostic methods based on tasks that require a correct answer, or on tasks for which there are no correct answers. Diagnostic techniques of the second group consist of tasks that are characterized only by the frequency (direction) of a particular answer, but not by its correctness.
Secondly, a distinction is made between verbal and non-verbal psychodiagnostic techniques.
The first, one way or another, are mediated by the speech activity of the subjects; the components of these task techniques appeal to memory, imagination, and belief systems in their language-mediated form. The latter include the speech ability of the subjects only in terms of understanding instructions, while the task itself is based on non-verbal abilities - perceptual, motor.

The third basis used to classify psychodiagnostic tools is the characteristics of the basic methodological principle that underlies this technique.

On this basis they usually distinguish:

1) objective tests;

2) standardized self-reports:

a) questionnaire tests;

b) open questionnaires involving content analysis;
c) scale techniques and classification methods;
d) individually oriented techniques such as role repertoire grids;
3) projective techniques;

4) dialogical (interactive) techniques (conversations, interviews);
5) psychophysiological, instrumental techniques that involve psychological interpretation of behavioral indicators.

In advisory practice, a diagnostic examination of a child’s interpersonal relationships with parents, a specialist, as a rule, pays attention to the following four aspects:

· current interpersonal relationships between the child and parents.

· their history, especially at critical points of ontogenesis.

· interpersonal relationships through the eyes of their participants – children and parents.

· objectively recorded interpersonal relationships (children and parents) through the eyes of a psychologist.

All available methods for diagnosing child-parent relationships A.G. Leaders suggested dividing into:

1. intended for children only,

2. intended for parents only,

3. equally suitable for examining children and examining parents,

4. methods that have separate subtests or tasks for parents and for children, correlated with each other,

5. techniques designed for the interacting parent-child dyad.

This arrangement of techniques by A.G. Leaders presents it in the form of a diagram:

Fig. 1 Typology of methods used to diagnose parent-child relationships.

The above diagram represents a typological space that organizes all the methods used to diagnose parent-child relationships. Let us indicate the main methods used in relation to the diagram above.

I. Techniques offered to the child may include:

1. Projective technique “Family Drawing” and its modifications and variations. Often used in diagnostics due to the ease of implementation and interpretation of results. Children's drawings are multifaceted in content. This is very clearly manifested when studying the intrafamily climate and the nature of interpersonal relationships. The peculiarity of drawing tests is that the child does not need to verbalize the characteristics of these relationships, but simply depict them.

2. An adapted version of Rene Gilles’ technique. Methodology of R. Gilles in an adapted version by I.N. Gilyasheva and N.D. Ignatieva (“Interpersonal Relationships of a Child,” 1994) is intended to study the social adjustment of a child, the characteristics of his interpersonal relationships, some behavioral characteristics and personality traits. According to domestic authors, this technique can be used for children aged 4-5 years and up to 11-12 years, and with mental retardation or mild mental retardation at an older age. The advantage of this technique is that it is a visual-verbal projective technique. The illustrative material of the method consists of 42 tasks, which are 25 pictures with a short text explaining the depicted scene, situation, and a question addressed to the subject, as well as 17 test tasks. In accordance with the instructions, the child is asked to choose a place for himself among the people depicted, or to identify himself with a character occupying one or another place in the group. Using the answers, you can obtain information about the child’s attitude towards the people around him and find out the characteristic variations of his behavior in some typical situations.

3. Various options for the “Incomplete Sentences” technique.

4. Modification of the self-assessment technique.

5. Children's apperception test. The children's apperception test CAT is designed to study the characteristics of a child's interpersonal relationships To significant loved ones (parents, sisters, brothers and others). This test can also be used to study a child's personality characteristics, needs and motives. Stimulus material is presented in the form of pictures of people or animals. They are shown to subjects with a request to describe what is happening there and compose a story. The choice of pictures presented to the child depends on the problems that he suffers from.

6. Children's test “Emotional relationships in the family” by E. Bene-Anthony. The Family Relationship Test (FRT) is a projective method for studying the interpersonal relationships of children with loved ones, created by D. Anthony, E. Binet. The standard version of the Family Relations Test consists of two parts. The first part contains figures of people representing family members and cards with various evaluative statements. Among the figures is a figure called Mister Nobody. There are 19 of all figures. The second part of the test is a standard set of cards on which various statements are written, reflecting the relationship between the child and his family members.

7. Questionnaire of emotional relationships in the family of E. I. Zakharova.

II. Methods offered to parents.

1. Anamnestic questionnaire, i.e. collection of primary information, the so-called psychological history.

2. Parent essay “The life story of my child.” The “Life History” technique is an auxiliary diagnostic tool with the help of which it is possible to clarify the main problem that worries a particular parent and the nature of his subjective experiences about this. The psychologist turns to each parent with a request to state in writing the problems that concern him.

3. Varga-Stolin Parental Relationship Questionnaire. The Parental Attitude Questionnaire (PAT) is a psychodiagnostic tool aimed at identifying the attitude of parents towards children of senior preschool and primary school age. Parental attitude is understood as a system of various feelings towards the child, behavioral stereotypes practiced in communication with him, features of perception and understanding of the child’s character, personality and actions.

4. The questionnaire “Teenagers about their parents” shows the attitudes and styles of parenting as they are seen by children of teenage and high school age.

5. Questionnaire of parental educational behavior style E.G. Eidemiller (1996). This projective drawing test allows you to identify the subject’s position in the system of interpersonal relationships and determine the nature of communication in the family. The subject is presented with a form with a circle with a diameter of 100 mm drawn on it, and instructions are given. The criteria by which the results are assessed are the following:

1) the number of family members within the circle area;

2) the size of the circles;

3) the location of the circles relative to each other;

4) the distance between them.

6. Shafer PARI Parental Attitudes and Reactions Inventory. The PARI technique, literally meaning “Parental Attitudes and Attitudes Research Instrument,” is designed to study the most general principles and models of parenting used by parents, as well as intra-family relationships. The methodology includes 115 statements related to raising children and family life. All statements are ranked accordingly into 23 scales. Judgments are arranged in a certain sequence. The respondent must express his attitude towards them in the form of active or partial agreement or disagreement.

III. Methods offered independently to both children and parents.

1. Questionnaire for studying the interaction of parents with children I. Markovskaya.

2. Self-assessment method in the version when, for example, parents carry out an assessment of the child and an assessment for the child, and then there is a discussion of its difference from the assessment received from the child himself and vice versa.

3. Methodology “Diagnostics of the content of communication between children and close adults” T.Yu. Andrushchenko and G.M. Shashlova. It takes place in the form of a conversation, where the psychologist offers statements-inspirations for visual activity on a standard form (shading, color, etc.), and by analyzing the resulting images draws conclusions about the nature of the child’s experience of relationships with the adults around him.

IV. Methods offered to the child-parent dyad.

1. Variants of the technique, known under the general name “Architect-Builder,” where the child and the parent try, for example, to verbally in dialogue describe a fairly complex drawing invisible to the partner so that the partner can reproduce it correctly.

V. Methods that are equally suitable for both children (teenagers) and adults.

1. Etkind's color relationship test.

2. Methodology “Model of the personal sphere”.

VI - VII. A technique aimed at identifying the characteristics of parent-child relationships in the past through the eyes of the parent and the eyes of the child, respectively.

1. Parent essay. Can also be used at the information gathering stage. The basic topics are usually “Me and my child”, “Me as a parent”. The analysis is carried out on the basis of the content, as well as the behavior of the parent at the time of completing the task and other formal indicators.

In diagnosing child-parent relationships, other methods not described above can be used. For example, modifications and variations of the Luscher Color Test. However, when applying each specific technique to a child, the specialist must take into account the child’s age and the peculiarities of his perception of the surrounding reality.

In general, a variety of methods can help to comprehensively examine a family for parent-child relationships, however, it should be noted that the specific use of various methods in children can be difficult due to the age of the subject. Therefore, first of all, the task of a teacher or psychologist working with a family should include analyzing the possibility of using this specific technique for this particular child. The most important thing, in this situation, is to be able to explain the specifics of the diagnosis to parents and provide them with complete information about the methodology used. However, if the procedure requires the absence of a parent during the examination, then the psychologist must also discuss this with the parents in advance.

Working with a child requires from a specialist not only high professionalism as a specialist, but also as a person - a high degree of readiness to explain and help (within the limits of what is permissible), since the child, due to his age, may experience difficulties in performing one or another task. Diagnosis of child-parent relationships does not aim to draw parallels with the child’s degree of learning (it does not consider the parent as a teacher). The methods used by a psychologist can help to understand the child’s vision of his parents, and the parents’ vision of their own child.

Fundamentals of family psychology and family counseling: a textbook Posysoev Nikolay Nikolaevich

2. Methods for diagnosing family relationships

As part of the general process of family counseling, a special stage is distinguished when the consultant diagnoses family relationships. In practice, diagnostics using certain methods and techniques can be complicated for certain reasons. A number of them are highlighted G. Navaitis. He notes the following factors that should be considered by the consultant at this stage.

? Lack of a unified approach to diagnosing family relationships. Each counseling model contains its own interpretation of both diagnostic methods and the facts that should be paid attention to.

? The assessment of family relationships can be influenced by the projection of the psychologist’s own experience, as well as the level of development of the ability to reflect on them of the counselees themselves.

? Different interpretations of the dynamics of family relationships by family members, distorted by not fully realized intrapersonal problems.

The author emphasizes the need for professional reflection of one’s own activities, in particular, awareness of why one uses this or that method, how one anticipates the consequences of its use and takes into account the specific characteristics of clients. However, there are some general principles that family counselors usually rely on.

One of the first tasks a consultant solves is creating trusting relationships with family members. Various techniques are traditionally used for these purposes (from active listening to joining).

The choice of time and place for conducting a diagnostic procedure as part of the consultation process is determined depending on the previously formulated hypothesis and the general scheme of work with the family.

It is advisable to begin family diagnostics with the collection of demographic and biographical information using the genogram method.

Work on systematizing and describing special methods and techniques for diagnosing intrafamily relationships was carried out by American specialists in the field of family counseling R. Sherman and N. Fredman. From their point of view, a method is understood as a set of techniques and proposals carried out directly by a consultant. The method is a tool for psychological assistance to the family. When using it, the time aspect, the application procedure and the consultant’s experience in interpreting the results are of great importance.

To diagnose the state of the family and its psychological well-being, the following methods are traditionally used:

? projective test« Family sculpture»;

? genogram method;

? method« Family space»;

? projective test« Family drawing».

Genogram

A genogram is a structured diagram of a system of intrafamily relationships in three to four generations. She is offered M. Bowen in 1978 as part of a family therapy approach that studies multiple generations of families. Its purpose is to show how patterns of behavior and intra-family relationships are passed down from generation to generation and how events such as deaths, illnesses, major professional successes, and moving to a new place of residence affect modern behavioral patterns, as well as intra-family dyads and triangles. The genogram allows the psychotherapist and the family to get a holistic picture, considering all the phenomena and events of family life in a certain integral, vertically oriented perspective. Sometimes she brings to light what was a secret for some family members, pulling out a “skeleton from the closet.” This approach has much in common with traditional approaches to family history data collection, but its main distinguishing feature is the structure and mapping of family data.

The genogram uses symbols to illustrate the specifics of intrafamily relationships, which, along with other data, are used to depict the relationships of family members and their positions in the family system. When information has been collected on the names, ages of each family member, time of marriage, deaths, divorces, births, they begin to collect other important information about the functioning of the family system, such as the frequency and quality of contacts, emotional gaps, factors leading to conflicts and anxiety, level of openness-closedness of family subsystems and the family as a whole. Family scripts, values, rules, male and female standards of behavior can also be identified during interviews based on this technique.

Procedure

Purpose of the technique– obtain a chart showing the history of the extended family over at least three generations. The work can be carried out at any time after the start of regular meetings with the family and is a collection of information about the family to better understand the problem and find a way to solve it. It is usually performed in the presence of all family members who are able to listen and perceive information, including children. It is assumed that family members are interested in this information and are curious to know details about their close relatives.

The conversation usually begins with an assessment of the symptom presented by the family: who has it, when it first appeared, what its clinical course was. Moreover, physical, emotional and social symptoms are considered as a manifestation of dysfunctional emotional relationships, and the behavior of the symptom carrier reflects how anxiety manifests itself and is overcome in a given family. The timing of the initial onset and subsequent intensification of symptoms may be associated with other family events, such as the death of an immediate family member.

Then begins a description of the family history from the time the parents met until the present moment. Particular attention must be paid to the following facts: the age of the spouses, the exact date of their first meeting; what they did when they were bride and groom; the influence of the order of birth of children on their physical and psychological characteristics. It is important to find out where the family lived and when exactly it moved to another place (especially important if the moves were very close or very far from the parental family). At this stage of the conversation, information about the health, education and professional career of each parent is also clarified.

The history of the extended family on both the mother's and father's sides is discussed next. Here, at a minimum, it is necessary to find out about the brothers and sisters of the mother and father, about the emotional atmosphere in their parental families, about what all family members are doing at the present time. The exact dates of events that occurred in the parental family are important because they may correlate with events in the nuclear family.

The consultant uses the structure of the genogram to consider questions about physical and emotional boundaries in a given family, about the closedness and openness of subsystems, about the diversity or limitation of patterns of relationships between family members and the means of communication between them.

As information becomes available during the conversation with the family, it is recorded with special symbols. Each consultant can use symbols that are convenient for him, but the following symbols are generally accepted symbols:

Family sculpture

The essence of this technique proposed V. Satir, is that the arrangement of people and objects should physically symbolize intra-family relationships at a given time, determining how the place of each individual in the family system is seen. Each family member creates his own living portrait of the family, arranging his closest relatives according to his own view of the distance between them, considering each in the role they play in relation to each other, and the feelings they experience. Thus, everyone's experience is embodied in a living picture and projected onto it. One of the many advantages of the “family sculpture” method is its ability to overcome excessive “verbalization” and “intellectualization” (various defenses, projections and accusations) that often exist in the family system. Family members are not allowed to interact with each other through the usual verbal hints, but are forced to communicate on a qualitatively different, more spontaneous level. When triangles, alliances and conflicts are visually and symbolically depicted, various possibilities arise for interaction based on feelings in their subtlest shades. In this regard, the “family sculpture” is a pretty good diagnostic tool.

Another advantage of “family sculpture” is the effect it has on family members, making them think of themselves as a kind of unity in diversity, where both the whole and each of its elements are important. It is impossible to isolate any system of intra-family interaction without taking into account the consequences that they will have for the entire family. The sculpture not only unites the family, it also emphasizes the individuality of everyone. In addition, it requires the family member to summarize his personal experience, make sense of it, and then interpret it. Sculpture also provides the therapist with the opportunity to directly intervene in the family system. The structural therapist helps family members redistribute their positions in the family, thus contributing to the creation of more acceptable boundaries within family subsystems. In this context, it can be argued that sculpture is used to bring positive changes to the family for its full functioning.

Procedure

The “Family Sculpture” technique is used at any stage of diagnosis and therapy. To conduct it, at least three or four people, a certain amount of easily movable furniture and objects that are used as a replacement for family members absent from the session are sufficient. The sculpture can depict both the present and the past of the family and include any number of extended family members required for therapeutic purposes.

Introducing clients to this technique, the psychotherapist explains that it helps, first of all, to feel what it means to be a member of a given family. Sometimes it is easier to show it than to tell it. Each family member takes turns showing their vision of family relationships, depicting them in living sculpture so that their poses and positions in space reflect actions and feelings towards each other.

The consultant suggests that the sculptor treat the family members as if they were made of clay. The sculptor puts everyone in a position that could characterize him non-verbally. In this case, the psychotherapist takes the place of the sculptor himself in the family sculpture, as the sculptor himself sees him. The “sculpting” continues until the sculptor is satisfied with his creation. It is important that other family members allow the sculptor to freely treat themselves as “material”, knowing that they will then change places with him.

When each family member creates their own real “family sculpture”, reflecting the emotional situation in the family at the moment, you can ask to create a sculpture of the “ideal” family.

The consultant has the opportunity to intervene in this process, offering his options and directly commenting on what is happening. Subsequently, you can turn to the sculpture of the “ideal” family in order to trace the dynamics of the advisory process. At the same time, inconsistencies between the ideas about the structure of the family of its various members are very significant for understanding what is happening in the family, and they are easier to identify with the help of “family sculpture” than on the basis of traditional verbal techniques.

There are many options for using the Family Sculpture technique. Some psychologists who use this technique ask the sculptor to come up with a word or phrase for each family member that would best describe that person's behavior. Family members are asked to pronounce these phrases sequentially, and not only a visual, but also an auditory effect is achieved.

Not only the entire sculpture as a whole is discussed, but also its individual parts. The consultant may also ask questions. For example, these:

1. (every family member) How do you feel in this place among your relatives?

2. (the whole family) Did this sculpture surprise you?

3. (every family member) Did you know before that the sculptor perceives you exactly the way he depicted it?

4. (the whole family) Do you agree that your family functions exactly as depicted in the sculpture?

5. (sculptor or family) What changes would you like to see in your family's life?

6. (to the sculptor before all other questions) Come up with a title for your work.

You can organize a discussion between the family, the sculptor and the consultant about the work done right at the session. The sculpture is also used in individual psychotherapeutic work. In this case, the roles of family members are played by furniture and other large objects located in the office. Although this approach sometimes lacks the living presence of family members, it also helps to bring positive changes to the family system.

At the same time, the sculpture should not be interpreted too harshly, since it does not reflect an objective intra-family situation, but only the subjective opinion of one of the family members, the subjective reality of his inner world.

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St. Petersburg State

University of Culture and Arts

Faculty of Family and Childhood Culture

Essay

“Methods for diagnosing family and family relationships» »

I've done the work

Korolev P.V.

Saint Petersburg

Introduction……………………….................................................. ................................3

1. Psychodiagnostics as an activity and scientific discipline………………4

2. Specifics of family diagnostics……………………………………………7

3. The role of psychodiagnostics in the effective study of family and marriage……..8

Some methods of psychodiagnostics of marriage and family relations...105. Diagnosis of parent-child relationships…………………………….14

Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………17

Literature………………………………………………………………………………18

Introduction

Currently, increased interest in family and marriage is due to various reasons. A third of all marriages turn out to be unviable. The issue of strengthening marriage and improving the marriage structure of the population is acquiring critical national importance in connection with the problem of the birth rate. Solving such problems is unthinkable without studying the mechanisms of intrafamily relationships. The socio-psychological climate in the family determines the stability of these relationships and has a decisive influence on the development of both children and adults. This explains the interest in the chosen topic.

Considering the relevance of the problem of studying marriage and family relations at the present stage of development of society, this work sets the goal: to analyze research in the field of marriage and family relations by both domestic and foreign scientists working in the field of social philosophy, social psychology, sociology, philosophy of culture.

To achieve this goal, it seems necessary to solve the following tasks:

consider the state of the problem of marriage and family relations in modern scientific and popular literature;

identify methods for diagnosing marriage and family relations;

show the general and special features of the proposed methods, determine the practical significance of the methods.

To identify the purpose and how the study of the child’s relationship with his parents is carried out using some psychodiagnostic techniques.

1. Psychodiagnostics as an activity and scientific discipline

Diagnostics in modern methodological literature is understood as a special type of cognitive process, as a special recognition activity in contrast to scientific knowledge, on the one hand, and recognition, on the other.

Almost all researchers are unanimous that recognition of the state of a single object is carried out on the basis of knowledge about the general. In this sense, diagnostics is a special intermediate link of cognition, standing between scientific knowledge of the general essence and recognition of a single, specific phenomenon, i.e. when, knowing the general information about the corresponding class of objects, we at the same time do not know the given subject of our research.

Diagnostics is the scientific and practical activity of recognizing the state of a single object from the point of view of its compliance with the norm. It is carried out on the basis of placing a given object under a class known to science, and has the goal of forecasting, returning or maintaining the system in a state of normal functioning.

Diagnostics as a science strives for a strict description of the patterns of diagnostic activity in all cases of medical practice. Based on the methods of scientific knowledge, it is built only on precisely established facts and proceeds from the logical conclusion of the diagnosis from them.

On the other hand, diagnostics is also an art that is not accessible to every practitioner, and that the basis of its diagnostic activity is intuition.

The overwhelming majority of researchers and practitioners believe that it is both a science and an art.

In diagnostics as a scientific discipline, in most works in relation to human-human systems, it is customary to distinguish four main inextricably linked sections - semiotic, technical, logical and deontological.

Semiotic – contains a description of features characterizing the normal state or deviation from it, i.e. description of various types of symptoms, signs of disease.

The technical description describes the methods (techniques) and means of examining the diagnostic object.

The logical section characterizes diagnostic thinking, i.e. A specific process of recognizing the internal states of a diagnostic object based on external signs (symptoms) that occurs when deviations from the norm appear.

In deontology - the principles of communication with the patient and medical practice.

Psychodiagnostics as an activity is the process of recognizing the current state of the psychological characteristics of an individual or group of people as the causes of the parameters of activity or conflict from the point of view of compliance with the norm. The recognition process is carried out on the basis of a system of concepts known to the diagnostician as the behavior of an individual subject (person or group) under a general type in order to predict psychological characteristics, implement corrective or preventive influence on them to ensure the required parameters of activity or eliminate conflict.

The structure of psychodiagnostics as a scientific discipline is formed by a set of four interrelated theories: the object of examination, the development of psychodiagnostic techniques, the interaction of the diagnostician with the subject, and the formulation of a psychological diagnosis.

The development of psychodiagnostics began to gain momentum in its time as a result of the creation of criterion-oriented tests that record the current level of development of certain skills and knowledge to determine a person’s readiness to perform activities that he will engage in immediately after diagnosis.

Experience in developing an expert system shows that the process of creating a system can be divided into five stages:

1. Problem identification - at this stage the problem is clarified, sources of knowledge are determined (books, information received from experts, methods).

2. Conceptualization - at this stage the structure of the acquired knowledge is formed, i.e. a list of basic concepts and their attributes is determined; relationships between concepts, structure of information at input and output, logical reasoning strategies, restrictions on decision-making strategies, etc. The task of the conceptualization stage is to develop an informal description of knowledge about the subject area in the form of knowledge maps, graphs, tables, diagrams that reflect the main concepts and relationships between concepts and the subject area.

3. Formalization – a formalized representation of the concepts of the subject area is built based on the selected language for representing and processing knowledge; Usually at this stage formalisms implemented in the selected tool are used - logical methods, production models, semantic networks, objective-oriented languages based on the hierarchy of object classes, etc.

4. Implementation - to build an expert prepared and formalized knowledge base, it is also necessary to have a special product, a tool - an expert system shell. The task of this stage is to develop a software package in the environment of the selected tool.

5. Testing – the work of the created expert system is evaluated and verified in order to bring it into line with the real needs of users; The main task of the stage is to identify mistakes made at previous stages.

2. Specifics of family diagnosis

Family diagnosis is an assessment of the family system from the point of view of disorders that result in somatic or neurotic disorders in one of the family members. There are different diagnostic methods: projective, blank, play, etc. There are different directions in family therapy (strategic, structural, dynamic, behavioral, etc.) and each of them has its own approaches to family diagnosis.

One of the tasks of the psychology of marriage and family relations is to rebuild the personality and eliminate harmful negative psychological factors, as well as “...to help the individual independently resolve a difficult situation for him, in order to facilitate the achievement of emotional maturity, which will make independent decision-making possible.” and responsibility for their implementation."

Psychological assistance to the family will consist of changing a number of existing, fixed in the mind attitudes of one or both marriage partners, and instilling a number of new ways of responding both to life situations and to the other partner in the marriage. Spouses often need help to understand the nature and essence of conflict situations, and suggest possible ways and techniques for their favorable resolution. Of course, there are many real life problems that are practically insoluble. In such a case, the task will be to perceive them psychologically in a new way, softening their unpleasant sides.

Based on this, the creation of a methodology for diagnosing family relationships, as well as forecasting the development of these relationships, is of particular importance.

3. The role of social psychology in effective research of family and marriage

The family as an object of research attracts the attention of a number of scientific disciplines, each of which finds its own subject for study within the framework of its life activity. Thus, history studies the family in retrospect of its development; psychology sees its subject in the analysis of interpersonal relationships; demography – in the family’s performance of childbearing functions; medicine - in the study of the health status of family members; sociology – in the study of cause-and-effect relationships in the formation and functioning of marriage, etc.

A great contribution to understanding the problem of family relationships was made by famous Russian psychologists B.G. Ananyev, V.A. Labunskaya, I.N. Obozov and others.

Considering the problem of personality relationships, B.G. Ananyev showed the importance of the category of communication among other determinants that determine the development of the human psyche. He emphasized that in his everyday life a person is connected with other people, among whom the most significant are the parents and close relatives of the child, that is, his family.

Empirical studies of marital relations in the family of L.S. Benjamin, T. Haston, E. Schaefer and others, give reason to highlight the “love-hate” axis as a universal and most important dimension of the relationship between spouses, as well as parents and children. In the works of E. Schaefer, it is called “freedom-dependence” as a parameter. Similar dimensions of relationships – “attachment-autonomy” and “goodwill-hostility” – have been identified in the empirical study of social orientations. A number of researchers (E. Bogardus, A. Mol, D. Feldes) emphasize that the most important characteristic of interpersonal relationships is the psychological distance between partners. They highlight such a dimension as “proximity-distance”.

General family diagnostic schemes. There are several schemes for psychodiagnostic research: Stages of the psychodiagnostic process according to J. Švanczare 1) Formulation of the problem based on the study of all information about the individual (history, special medical reports, information about the individual in terms of his performance in an educational institution, etc.). 2) Formulation of hypotheses and selection of diagnostic methods. 3) Testing; analysis of the obtained data. 4) Formulation of conclusions (for example, about the level of mental development). 5) Answers to the questions posed at the first stage. 6) Formulation of activities that are desirable on the basis of a psychological conclusion.

T. Hering's Family System Test (FAST) T. Hering and I. Wheeler A projective personality research technique for measuring the degree of closeness and assessing the hierarchy of relationships between family members, diagnosing interpersonal relationships in the family. There are no restrictions on the age of the subjects. On a board divided into 81 squares with a side of 5 cm, the subject is asked to place figures representing family members so that the degree of closeness between them is reflected by the distance between the figures. The figures have conventionally marked eyes with dots. The figures can be placed on the board so that they “look” at each other directly, sideways or turned away. They can be installed on cubes of different heights (1, 5, 3, 4, 5, 7, 5 cm) depending on the degree of influence on decisions made by the family on certain issues.

Marriage Satisfaction Questionnaire Test (V.V. Stolin, G.P. Butenko, T.L. Romanova) Designed for express diagnostics of the degree of satisfaction-dissatisfaction, as well as agreement-disagreement of marital satisfaction in a specific married couple. The questionnaire is used individually in psychotherapeutic and counseling practice.

Questionnaire “Understanding, Emotional Attractiveness, Authority” (PEA) by A. N. Volkova Designed to diagnose three relationship phenomena: understanding of the partner, emotional attractiveness of the partner, respect for the partner. Each scale contains 15 questions. The understanding scale allows us to judge whether the client has an image of a partner that allows him to behave adequately towards him. Emotional attractiveness is measured by a number of projective questions that allow one to judge attraction to a partner and acceptance of his personal manifestations. The respect scale allows you to judge the degree of authority, significance, and referentiality of a spouse in the eyes of another.

Questionnaire “Conflicts” G. Lerom The questionnaire allows you to determine the nature and sources of conflict in spouses, the degree of their severity, and the impact of conflicts on marital satisfaction. The technique is a set of 49 questions and six answer options. It allows one to judge the degree of tension of an individual in three areas: production, household, and partnership. The total indicator of the respondent's conflict level is also displayed.

Methodology “The nature of interaction between spouses in conflict situations” (Yu. E. Aleshina, L. Ya. Gozman) Allows you to characterize the examined family according to a number of parameters: the most conflict areas of family relationships, the degree of agreement (disagreement) in conflict situations, the level of conflict in the couple.

Test-questionnaire of parental attitudes (ORT) (A. Ya. Varg, V. V. Stolin) Identification of parental attitudes among people seeking psychological help on raising children and communicating with them.

Test-questionnaire for the analysis of family upbringing and prevention of educational disorders (ASV) (E. G. Eidemiller, V. V. Justitskis) Designed to study disturbances in family life and the causes of deviations in family upbringing. DIA questionnaire for parents of children aged 3-10 years DIA questionnaire for parents of adolescents aged 11 to 21 years

Test “Diagnostics of emotional relationships in the family” (E. Bene and D. Anthony) adaptation by A.G. Leaders and I.V. Anisimova Designed to study the emotional relationships of a child in the family, and primarily to determine the child’s position in the family. The test allows you to assess the feelings that a child experiences towards his family members and how he perceives their relationship to him. The types of psychological defenses used by the child are identified.

Questionnaire “Parental attitudes. PARY” (E. Sheffer and K. Bell) Designed to study the attitudes of parents towards children in general, as well as towards various aspects of family life (family role). The technique allows you to assess the specifics of intrafamily relationships and the peculiarities of the organization of family life.

Questionnaire “Parent-Child Interaction” I. M. Markovskaya Designed to diagnose the characteristics of interaction between parents and children. The questionnaire makes it possible to find out not only the parents’ assessment of the current situation in the family, but also to form an idea of the vision of interaction from the other side – from the children’s position.

Rene Gilles' technique is intended to study the social adaptability of a child, the scope of his interpersonal relationships and their characteristics, his perception of intrafamily relationships, and some characteristics of his behavior. The technique allows us to identify conflict zones in the child’s system of interpersonal relationships, thereby making it possible, by influencing these relationships, to influence the further development of the child’s personality. Scales: attitude towards mother, attitude towards father, attitude towards parents, attitude towards brothers and sisters, attitude towards close relatives, attitude towards a friend, attitude towards a teacher, curiosity, sociability, desire for leadership, aggressiveness, reaction to frustration, desire for solitude

Questionnaire “Analysis of Family Anxiety” (ACT) (E. G. Eidemiller, V. V. Justitskis) Designed to study the general background of an individual’s experiences associated with his position in the family, with how he perceives himself in the family.

Methodology “Typical family state” (E. G. Eidemiller, I. V. Justitskis) Allows us to identify the most typical state of an individual in his own family: satisfactory - unsatisfactory; neuropsychic tension; family anxiety.

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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RF

FEDERAL STATE BUDGET EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

"NOVOSIBIRSK STATE PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY"

DEPARTMENT OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY AND HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY

ABSTRACT

METHODS FOR DIAGNOSIS OF FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS

Checked:

Borodina Victorina Nikolaevna

Cand. psychological sciences, associate professor

Caf. Personality psychology and specialties. psychology

NOVOSIBIRSK 2015

SPECIFICITY OF FAMILY DIAGNOSTICS

Family diagnosis is an assessment of the family system from the point of view of disorders that result in somatic or neurotic disorders in one of the family members. There are different diagnostic methods: projective, blank, play, etc. There are different directions in family therapy (strategic, structural, dynamic, behavioral, etc.) and each of them has its own approaches to family diagnosis.

One of the tasks of the psychology of marriage and family relations is to rebuild the personality and eliminate harmful negative psychological factors, as well as to help the individual independently resolve a difficult situation for him in order to facilitate the achievement of emotional maturity, which will make it possible to make independent decisions and take responsibility for them. implementation. Based on this, the creation of a methodology for diagnosing family relationships, as well as forecasting the development of these relationships, is of particular importance.

METHODS FOR RESEARCHING FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS

family diagnostics psychology marital

Diagnostics of relationships between young people during the premarital period

The nature of premarital courtship makes it possible to identify the origins of those difficulties that can directly or indirectly manifest themselves at any stage of the life cycle.

Tests used by psychologists in practice can be divided into two groups:

· the first one allows us to study boys’ and girls’ assessment of themselves as future spouses and parents;

· the second - aimed at the optimal selection of couples for acquaintance and potential marriage, helps to predict marital relationships in the future.

Methods for diagnosing marital relationships

Methods for studying the characteristics of communication and relationships in a married couple. Communication between spouses is the basis of family well-being and includes a very important function - it helps a person provide personal comfort to himself and his loved ones. Communication makes it possible to manifest one of the most important marital roles - psychotherapeutic.

Communication and relationships between spouses in prosperous families are characterized by openness, intimacy, trust in each other, a high level of mutual sympathy, constructiveness, reflexivity, flexible, democratic distribution of roles in the family, moral and emotional support.

Features of the distribution of family roles, expectations and aspirations in marriage, and the compatibility of a married couple are studied using special techniques.

· Questionnaire “Communication in the Family”(Yu.E. Aleshina, L.Ya. Gozman, E.M. Dubovskaya) includes 48 questions, measures the trust of communication in a married couple, similarity of views, commonality of symbols, mutual understanding of spouses, ease and psychotherapeutic nature of communication.

· Projective test “Family sociogram”(E. G. Eidemiller) is aimed at diagnosing the nature of communications in the family.

The subjects are given a form with a drawn circle with a diameter of 110 mm. Instructions: “On the sheet in front of you there is a circle. Draw yourself and your family members in it in the form of circles and sign them with their names.” Family members carry out this task without consulting each other.

The following criteria are proposed for assessing the results of psychodiagnostics:

1) the number of family members within the circle area;

2) the size of the circles;

3) the location of the circles relative to each other;

4) the distance between them.

Using a “family sociogram” allows you to visualize the relationships between family members in a matter of minutes in a “here and now” situation during a consultation or a family psychotherapy session, and then discuss what happened

· Methodology “Role expectations and claims in marriage”(A.N. Volkova) reveals spouses’ ideas about the importance of certain roles in family life, as well as their desired distribution between husband and wife.

The method “Role expectations and aspirations in marriage” contains 36 statements in each version (male and female) and consists of 7 scales. Spouses are asked to independently familiarize themselves with a set of statements corresponding to their gender and express their attitude to each statement using the following answer options: “I completely agree,” “In general, this is true,” “This is not entirely true,” “This is incorrect.” The “ROP” technique allows you to determine the subjective value, as well as the role expectations and claims of spouses regarding the implementation of the following family functions:

Intimate-sexual function;

Function of personal identification with the spouse;

Household function;

Parent-educational;

Social activity;

Emotional therapeutic function;

External attractiveness of the partner

· Family Environment Scale (FES)

The Family Environment Scale (FES) is designed to assess the social climate in families of all types. It is based on the original Family Environmental Scale (FES) methodology, proposed by R. H. Moos in 1974. The SES focuses on measuring and describing: A) relationships between family members (relationship indicators), B) areas of personal growth that are given special importance in the family value (indicators of personal growth), B) the basic organizational structure of the family (indicators governing the family system).

· Methodology “Distribution of roles in the family”(Yu.E. Aleshina, L.Ya. Gozman, E.M. Dubovskaya).

Determines the degree to which a husband and wife fulfill a particular role: responsible for the financial support of the family, owner (mistress) of the house, responsible for raising children, organizer of family subculture, entertainment, sexual partner, psychotherapist.

· Methodology “Typical family condition”(E. G. Eidemiller, V. V. Justitskis).

Allows us to identify the most typical state of an individual in his own family: satisfactory - unsatisfactory; neuropsychic stress; family anxiety.

Methods for studying family leisure, interests and values.

The spiritual interaction of partners, their spiritual compatibility, manifests itself at the sociocultural level of marital relations. This is a commonality of value orientations, life goals, motivation, social behavior, interests, needs, as well as a commonality of views on family leisure. It is known that the similarity of interests, needs, values, etc. is one of the factors of marital compatibility and stability of marriage.

· Questionnaire “Measuring attitudes in a married couple”(Yu.E. Aleshina, L.Ya. Gozman)

The questionnaire makes it possible to explore the views of respondents on the ten most significant areas of life in family interaction.

Both purely “family” issues and the respondent’s position regarding general problems are considered (for example, the idea of people in general or the alternative between a sense of duty and the desire for pleasure).

· Self-Actualization Test (CAT)(Yu.E. Aleshina, L.Ya. Gozman, E.M. Dubovskaya) was developed on the basis of Shostrom’s Personal Orientation Questionnaire (POI) and is used individually and in groups for research purposes, as well as in individual cases of correctional work; allows you to determine value orientations, behavioral flexibility, self-sensitivity, self-esteem and self-acceptance.

Methods of studying morality-psychologicalnatural foundations of marital relations.

The large number of divorces indicates that family dysfunction remains one of the most pressing social problems. Conventionally, among them there are conflict, crisis, problem (V.A. Sysenko), as well as neurotic (E.G. Eidemiller). In each of these families there are constant areas where the interests, needs, intentions and desires of the spouses come into conflict, giving rise to especially strong and lasting negative emotions. In such cases, they speak of a negative psychological climate of the family, which is based on the moral and psychological factors of marital relations.

A practical psychologist, starting to study the moral and psychological foundations of marital relations, can use tests that diagnose marital conflicts, marital satisfaction, and its stability.

· scaleand Burgess

The technique contains 2 subscales. The first of them allows you to evaluate and identify the most significant features of marital relationships for the subject (feelings, understanding of each other, prevailing values). The second scale involves each partner assessing each other’s personal shortcomings. The totality of scores on both subscales allows us to determine the level of adaptability of spouses to the existing family and marital relationships.

Extremely maladapted;

Undoubtedly unfit;

Unfit;

Uncertain;

More or less adapted;

Adapted;

Undoubtedly adapted;

Well adapted.

There is no Russian-language adaptation of the questionnaire

· Shkala subjectivemarital satisfaction(T.M. Trapeznikova)

The methodology contains 5 points, each of which is assessed on a 10-point scale:

Strength of marriage;

Subjective feeling of happiness;

Fulfilling the expectations of social groups;

Full development of the personality of spouses in marriage;

Achieving family integration.

· Methodology “The nature of interaction between spouses in conflict situations”(Yu.E. Aleshina, L.Ya. Gozman).

It makes it possible to characterize the family being examined according to a number of parameters: the most conflicting areas of family relationships, the degree of agreement (disagreement) in conflict situations, the level of conflict in the couple. The technique allows us to identify the characteristics of spouses’ reactions in 8 areas of conflict situations:

Problems in relationships with relatives and friends;

Issues related to raising children;

Demonstrating a desire for autonomy;

Violation of role expectations;

Mismatch of norms of behavior;

Displays of dominance;

Manifestations of jealousy;

Differences in attitudes towards money.

· Wiesbaden Family Relations Questionnaire(WIPPF).

The technique was developed to determine abilities or mechanisms for responding to conflicts in family relationships. The methodology contains 27 scales reflecting behavioral characteristics in frustrating situations of family life.

LIST OF SOURCES USED

1. Andreeva T.V. Family psychology: Textbook. allowance. - St. Petersburg: Rech, 2004. - 244 p.

2. Artamonova Psychology of family relationships with the basics of family counseling M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2002.

3. Volkova A.N. Methodological techniques for diagnosing marital difficulties // Questions of psychology. 1985. No. 5. pp. 110 - 116.

4. Navaitis G.A. Experience in psychological counseling of marital conflicts // Psychological Journal. - 1983. - T.4, No. 3

5. Raigorodsky D. Ya. Psychology of the family. Textbook for faculties of psychology, sociology, economics and journalism. -Samara: Publishing House “BAKHRAH-M”. 2002. -752 s

6. Filippova Yu.V. Psychological foundations of working with families. Textbook, Yaroslavl 2003

7. Eidemiller E. G., Dobryakov I. V., Nikolskaya I. M. Family diagnosis and family psychotherapy. Textbook for doctors and psychologists. - St. Petersburg: Rech, 2006, 352 p.

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