July 14, 1956 is the day when pensions appeared in the USSR. Then the corresponding law was adopted. According to it, men could count on pensions from the age of 60, with at least 25 years of experience, women - at 55 years, and they had to work for the benefit of the state for at least 20 years. Moreover, if a person worked in difficult conditions, for example in the Far North, or performed work that was significant to society - a teacher, a doctor - it was possible to retire earlier. The size of pensions depended on wages. In cities, pensioners received an average of 70 to 120 rubles.
The minimum pension in the USSR was 35 rubles. This is the so-called social pension, which was intended for people who did not work, or those who did not receive the required length of service.
The pension was calculated based on either the average salary that a person received a year before entering a well-deserved retirement, or, at his choice, for any five-year period out of ten years of continuous work. For additional length of service, bonuses were awarded: for 35 years of experience for men, and 30 years for women, as well as for work without breaks for more than 15 years, 10 percent were due; for 25 years of work in the same place with a total work experience of 35 years an additional 20 percent was due.
The maximum old-age pension was no more than 120 rubles.
A feature of the Soviet pension payment system was that there was no centralized unified pension fund. Enterprises paid insurance contributions to the budget, and pensions were paid from these funds. A separate conversation is the collective farmer's pension. Collective farm artels, which had a special fund for such payments, were responsible for their provision. In 1964, with the adoption of new pension legislation, the country committed itself to paying pensions to all citizens.
The USSR made a significant contribution to the politics of modern Russia in many ways. It was during the existence of a superpower that comprehensive pension provision was created. This historically important law was issued on July 14, 1956.
To calculate the pension salary, 2 options were used:
- At the request of the future pensioner, one of the five-year plans was selected, which was included in the ten years of continuous professional activity, and the average salary in it was calculated.
- The basis was the salary a person received one year before reaching retirement age.
- PENSION IN 1980
- In 1980, the number of pensioners in the Soviet Union increased significantly. However, this did not prevent the state from paying their pensions on time at the same level, taking into account inflation, as before. The average pension salary in these years was 67 rubles.
- PENSION SIZE IN 1985
- In 1985, thanks to inflation and rising living standards, pensions in the USSR reached their peak, its average value was 72 rubles. At the same time, collective farmers received a significantly smaller amount than city residents. Their pension averaged 47 rubles.
- AVERAGE PENSION
- Over the entire period of the existence of the USSR, the size of the average pension provision has undergone significant changes. The reason for this was not only inflation, but also a significant increase in the standard of living among Soviet residents.
And, if in the early 1970s the average pension was only 34 rubles, then by 1986, this amount increased to 76 rubles. In general, the pension salary of those years is quite consistent with the amount of money received by modern pensioners.
MAXIMUM PENSION
In the USSR, the maximum pension was 120 rubles. City residents working in areas of mental work could count on it: engineers, doctors and teachers. Naturally, it was received by people who had worked full time.
Pension of people's deputies
In 1989, people's deputies were appointed as the highest authority and held congresses to discuss government issues. The last congress took place on September 5, 1991. It was on this day that the decision was made to dissolve the deputies. At the moment, the majority of people's deputies have retired due to old age and in the State Duma they raised the issue of increasing pension payments for this category of citizens. Today the number of “former” people’s deputies is only 285 people.
The Ministry of Labor and Social Protection proposes to set the pension amount at 200,000 rubles. The main reason for the draft law is the elimination of the provision on personal pensions for this category of citizens, according to which people's deputies and their families could receive a decent pension. Law on Pensions The main bill of the USSR, which regulated the issues of calculating pensions, is the law “On State Pensions” dated July 14, 1956. The law establishes such important points as: maximum retirement age; experience; average monthly pension, etc.
Many points of the bill are outdated, but the reform developed in 1956 allowed older people to receive a decent pension. At the same time, annual inflation was not taken into account, because prices for goods only grew every year. Therefore, adjustments were constantly made to the reform, and even at the moment the authorities are planning to radically change the pension system so that citizens can independently form their future pension.
Pensions in the USSR are most often written in two forms.
In rainbow: Each Soviet pensioner received 100-120 rubles per month.
In brown: Soviet pensioners lived on 10-15 rubles a month. It’s interesting that both rainbows and browns are right in their own way...
On a unified scale, the old-age pension on a general basis for workers and employees was calculated as follows (1980s):
Monthly earnings in rubles | In % of earnings | The smallest pension amount in rubles
Up to 50 rub. — 85% of earnings — 40 rubles.
From 50 to 60 rubles. — 75% of earnings — 42 rubles. 50 kopecks
From 60 to 80 rub. — 65% of earnings — 45 rubles.
From 80 to 100 rubles. — 55% of earnings — 52 rubles.
From 100 and above - 50% of earnings - 55 rubles.
The size of the pension in the USSR depended on salary. A cleaning lady on a well-deserved rest received 70-80 rubles, a specialist - 120-150. Some old Bolshevik could receive a personal pension of Union value - 300 rubles. For people who, for some reason, did not work or did not have enough work experience, a social pension of 35 rubles was provided - the minimum pension in the USSR. The average pension in the USSR was thus approximately 100 rubles - the cost of half a ton of wheat bread or a men's three-piece suit made of pure wool.
Rural residents were assigned a pension 15% less than workers and employees. That is, the maximum pension for this category of citizens was 102 rubles, and the minimum was 34 rubles. At the same time, villagers had a certain advantage over workers and employees. The fact is that working rural pensioners received a full pension, regardless of the amount of their earnings. For workers and employees this was more complicated - a working pensioner could not have a total income (pension + salary) above a certain amount. If the limit was exceeded, the pension was reduced by the amount of this very excess.
The old-age pension was established on a general basis when men reached 60 years of age, and women reached 55 years of age, with a total work experience of at least 25 and 20 years, respectively.
An old-age pension with incomplete work experience was assigned to workers and employees if the following conditions were met:
- reaching retirement age (see above) during working life,
- if they have worked for a total of at least five years,
- have worked for at least three years immediately before retirement,
- applied for a pension no later than one month from the date of termination of work. Please note that no supplements were accrued to this pension.
Supplements were also provided to the standard pension (this did not apply to pensioners with incomplete work experience).
Supplement 1: For continuous work experience (more than 15 years) - 10%.
Supplement 2: For long work experience (over 35 years for men and over 30 years for women) - 10% Both bonuses could not be accrued at the same time. Either the first or the second.
Supplement 3: For long continuous service at one enterprise (25 years) with long total experience (35 years) - 20%. This bonus could not be accrued with other bonuses.
The word “pension” is one of the most popular in the modern world. In almost all countries, every person can count on state support in their declining years. However, this was not always the case. By the way, the modern retirement age in Russia was established in 1932. The history of pensions in our country is quite interesting.
PENSIONS IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE. NO AGE REQUIREMENT
According to the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation, pensions in Russia began to be introduced gradually back in the 17th century by Peter I, and detailed pension legislation was adopted under Nicholas I. Military personnel and their widows, as well as high-ranking officials, were the first to benefit from state support.
Subsequently, the pension system in Russia steadily expanded to include large categories of people who are today called “public sector employees.” The right to pensions was given to lower-ranking employees who did not have ranks, teachers of state educational institutions, medical staff of state hospitals, engineers and foremen, and since 1913, workers of state enterprises and railways. True, the villagers could only count on their savings and the help of their relatives.
By 1914, officials of all classes, clerical workers, officers, customs officers, gendarmes, school teachers, university professors, scientists and engineers of all state-owned factories, doctors, medical staff of all state-owned hospitals, workers of state-owned factories and railways had the right to a long-service pension.
A pension in the amount of full salary was awarded to those who worked in one place for 35 years. Those who worked in one place for at least 25 years received a pension of 50% of their salary.
At the same time, there was no age limit when a person could retire in the Russian Empire.
People knew that after working from 20 to 30 years, you can count on a pension of up to 2/3 of your salary, and with 10-20 years of experience - up to 1/3 of your salary.
The amount of the pension was not subject to appeal. If a pensioner died, his family (widow, minor children) continued to receive a pension.
DUEL – A SPECIAL CASE
The only exceptions were those cases when a man died in a duel - in this case the widow was deprived of financial support.
Also, pensions were paid only to those who were not found to have done anything wrong, that is, were not involved, were not fired under the article. Those who stumbled were deprived of their pension and could submit a petition to the sovereign or try to re-earn their pensionable service in another place through unblemished service. Pensions were also deprived of those who took monastic vows or left Russia forever.
THERE WERE ALMOST NO PENSIONS AFTER THE 1917 REVOLUTION
After the formation of the USSR, all royal pensions were abolished in one fell swoop. The majority of Soviet workers did not receive old-age pensions for a long time - they were provided only for a small part of the population.
Thus, in August 1918, pensions were introduced for disabled people of the Red Army, in 1923 - for Old Bolsheviks, in 1928 - for workers in the mining and textile industries.
Only in 1930 was the “Regulation on pensions and social insurance benefits” adopted in Soviet Russia, and from 1937 pensions began to be paid to all city workers and employees.
1937: SCHOLARSHIP MORE THAN PENSION
Until 1956, the size of pensions in the USSR was meager: participants in the Civil War, soldiers of the Red Army who became disabled, were entitled to 25 rubles. — 45 rub. (second disability group) and 65 rubles. (first group).
Pensions were also paid to disabled family members of such disabled people (from 15 to 45 rubles). If we consider that in 1937 the student scholarship was 130 rubles, then people who fought and became disabled were paid mere crumbs.
In 1926-1927, the average age of men in the USSR was 40.23 years, women - 45.61 years.
And in 1932, the retirement age for old age was legally established: 55 years for women and 60 for men.
This law is still used today, almost 85 years later, although now (2017 data) life expectancy in Russia for men is 67.5 years, for women - 77.4 years.
The maximum pension is 300 rubles. in the early 50s of the 20th century was no more than 25% of the average salary (1200 rubles). Despite the rise in prices and wages in the country, this maximum remained unchanged. Considering that most pensioners received 40-60 rubles, it was absolutely impossible to live on that kind of money without the support of relatives.
1956: STATE PENSIONS ACT
The pension system in the USSR was finally established only in 1956, together with the adoption of the law “On State Pensions”, i.e. under the leadership of Nikita Khrushchev, a pension reform was carried out, and the average size of old-age pensions was increased by more than two times, and for disability - by one and a half times.
Nikita Khrushchev is usually given credit for “giving pensions to collective farmers.” In fact, all collective farmers were given the same pension of 12 rubles a month, which was approximately equal to the cost of four kilograms of doctor’s sausage.
In 1973, pension payments were increased to 20 rubles, and in 1987 to 50 rubles. Collective farms were allowed to pay pension supplements to their pensioners, i.e. collective farmers were obliged to create funds that were supposed to help pensioners monthly - with money, food or workdays. The retirement age and length of service required to receive a pension were set by the members of the agricultural association themselves.
Against this background, the pension system of Tsarist Russia looks simply luxurious.
GRANDCHILDREN REMEMBER
And at the end of my story I want to offer you memories of the life of USSR pensioners.
Tatyana Rubanova:
— Towards the end of the 60s, I was 4-5 years old, I remember from a conversation between adults. My grandmother, who worked on a collective farm all her life, survived the war, the occupation (the Kursk Bulge just passed through their village), began to receive a pension in the amount of 12 rubles. And they lived mainly on what they grew in their garden.
Galina Vrublevskaya:
— The issue of pensions was discussed in our family when it was assigned to my grandmother in 1957. She was 59 years old at that time, and she had not received any pension before, because, as I understood, she had a long break without work. She stopped working in 1942, when she was evacuated from Leningrad along with her husband (my grandfather) and his factory.
However, her overall work experience was long, because she worked “as an apprentice” for the owner in a furrier’s workshop from the age of 10, and later, in Soviet times, in a fur factory. Her pension was about 30 rubles (this is already in 1961 prices).
Sergey Aleksandrovich:
— Grandmother worked very little, but lived in the city. She had four children. She received, it seems, 25 rubles - in the early 1960s. My grandmother bought 150 g of doctor’s sausage “from retirement,” asked her to cut it, and she and I (I was about 7 years old) ate the sausage right outside the store. It was so delicious that you couldn't imagine anything better.
And today it’s up to you and me to decide: to expect tender care from the state for us or to decide for ourselves how to live.
Review prepared by Marina Vyazemskaya / “New Pensioner”
Post Views: 55,127
The creation of social security bodies of the Soviet period began literally in the first days after the October Revolution. So, already on October 29 (November 11, new style) 1917, the head of the new government, Vladimir Lenin, signed a decree on the creation of the People's Commissariat of State Charity.
Already on October 30 (November 12), Lenin had a conversation with Alexandra Kollontai, who, after extensive experience in party work at the beginning of the 20th century, was invited to the post of first minister in the Soviet government. The choice of candidate for the post of People's Commissar of Charity was not accidental.
Alexandra Kollontai headed the People's Commissariat of State Charity for only a few months: from October 30, 1917 to March 19, 1918. But even in such a short period of time, the activities of the first People's Commissar of Charity played a crucial role in the formation of guardianship bodies in the Soviet Republic - in the emergency conditions of two wars (world and civil), with a huge flow of wounded soldiers and people left without a livelihood.
In August 1918, pensions were introduced for disabled people of the Red Army, and in 1923 - for party activists (“Old Bolsheviks”). In 1928 - for workers in the mining and textile industries. Universal pensions for urban workers and employees will be introduced only in 1937.
Pension provision for military personnel in the first years of Soviet power was regulated by the resolution of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR dated October 29, 1924 “On approval of the Code of Laws on Benefits and Advantages for military personnel of the Workers’ and Peasants’ Red Army and the Workers’ and Peasants’ Red Fleet of the USSR and members of their families.”
Literally on the eve of the Great Patriotic War, on June 5, 1941, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR adopted a resolution “On pension provision for military personnel and members of their families,” which determined the size of the pension depending on wages and the causes of disability of military personnel.
With the end of the NEP period and the beginning of collectivization in 1929, the standard of living of the working population fell rapidly.
In the pre-war period (before the start of the Great Patriotic War), the minimum standard of living for workers - in terms of the ratio of wages and the cost of the consumer basket - was recorded in 1940. It was half the standard of living of a Russian worker in 1913.
As for the peasants, their position in the country did not change for a long time, starting from the period of serfdom. Peasants did not receive pensions in pre-revolutionary Russia. Under Soviet rule, rural workers still remained virtually powerless. Until the 60s, when during the Khrushchev “thaw” significant changes took place in the social sphere. At the same time, the formation of the Soviet pension system, which became universal for the first time, was basically completed.
In 1956, the USSR adopted the Law “On State Pensions”.
In 1964, with the adoption of the Law “On Pensions and Benefits to Collective Farm Members,” collective farmers received pension rights for the first time in the Soviet Union.
Since the 1960s, the USSR pension system has included two basic components: pensions for workers and employees of state enterprises and pensions for collective farmers. For the first time, a universal right to receive an old-age pension was legislated.
In the period 1973-1974, disability and survivors' pensions were introduced.
Some categories of workers were given the right to receive a pension for long service, but these norms, like many other exceptions to the general rule for assigning pensions in the Soviet Union, were regulated by separate laws.
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Pension provision in the USSR was virtually free for workers. In the absence of insurance contributions from citizens' income, pensions were financed from public consumption funds.
Sources of pension payments were formed from the state budget and deductions from the wage fund of enterprises (the deduction rate ranged from 4% to 12%, depending on the field of activity).
Another distinctive feature of the Soviet pension system is the low retirement age: 60 years for men and 55 years for women. This level has remained unchanged since the early 1930s, when it was established based on the results of a commission survey of men and women workers retiring due to disability. The findings of the commissions boiled down to the following conclusion: “By the age of 55, the majority of women and by the age of 60, the majority of men lose the opportunity to continue working.”
On the one hand, early retirement age was considered one of the special privileges of workers under socialism. On the other hand, increasing the age limit was unprofitable for the state: early retirement was a kind of compensation for the low amount of pension payments.
In addition, the state used the level of pension service as an effective tool for regulating employment: preferential retirement age - when it was possible to retire much earlier than 60 and 55 years - was established in dangerous working conditions, as well as for workers in extreme climatic conditions , for example, in the Far North and the Far East. Moreover, all regional and sectoral benefits were provided exclusively through government funding. Like many other pension privileges, of which there were many throughout Soviet history.
The system of pension privileges in the USSR began to take shape already in the first years of Soviet power.
First Decree of the Council of People's Commissars "On personal pensions for persons who have exceptional services to the republic"was published on February 16, 1923, with amendments and additions in the Decree of April 24 of the same year.
Regardless of specific merits to the state, throughout the Soviet period of pensions there were three categories of pension privileges:pensioners of union, republican and local significance.
Traditionally, the right to receive a personal pension was given to outstanding scientists, honored party workers, as well as holders of honorary titles and awards: Heroes of the Soviet Union, Heroes of Socialist Labor, full holders of the Order of Glory (three degrees).
The size of the union pension was 250 rubles per month. Republican and local significance - 160 and 140 rubles per month, respectively. Along with regular cash payments, personal pensioners received an annual health supplement in the amount of one or two monthly pensions.
Personal pension rates were relatively low compared to departmental allowances.
For example, full members of the USSR Academy of Sciences received a bonus for academic title in the amount of 500 rubles per month. Corresponding members - 400 rubles. The additional payment for the rank was paid for life: first in the form of a salary supplement, then as a pension.
Military pensioners also had a special position in the USSR. The pension level of retired officers was on average twice the level of civilian pensions. For example, retired officers of the army and security agencies received a pension salary of 250 rubles per month, employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs - 220 rubles. The level of pensions for senior command personnel started from 300 rubles per month.
At the same time, officers in senior positions were one of the few categories of pensioners in the Soviet Union who had the privilege of continuing to serve without age restrictions. Which in itself was a significant increase in retirement income.
Despite the variety of pension privileges, including compensation for special working conditions, the average level of pension provision in the USSR still remained quite low relative to pension income in European countries, including being inferior to the European countries of the so-called “socialist camp”.
One of the reasons for this situation was imperfect pension legislation. In the Soviet Union, there was no legislative provision for the possibility of indexing pension payments in connection with changes in the external and internal economic situation. They changed much more often than there was a real increase in pensions in the country. Also, the regulations for changing the rates of minimum and maximum pensions depending on salary growth were not prescribed.
Pension problems in the country worsened sharply in the late 80s. At that time, there was a whole complex of reasons why this happened.
The financial condition of the USSR pension system depended entirely on the dynamics of filling the state budget. In turn, the country's budget was almost entirely dependent on the dynamics of world oil prices.
In the mid-1980s, falling energy prices led the Soviet economy into a state of collapse: the outflow of foreign exchange earnings sharply reduced the overall level of national income, followed by an avalanche-like drop in production volumes.
Already at the end of the 80s, the level of the state budget deficit increased to 10% of GDP. Social programs, including pensions, were curtailed in all areas.
But the oil crisis of the 80s only exposed the problems of the Soviet pension system, and did not at all become their cause.
The number of pensioners in the USSR has increased significantly over the past 30 years: from approximately 14 million to 34 million from 1961 to 990. At the same time, social contribution rates for enterprises remained virtually unchanged. The share of government funding for pensions has increased steadily. By 1980, the share of subsidies from the Union budget in the state social insurance fund reached 60%.
In pursuance of the USSR law “On urgent measures to improve pension provision and social services for the population,” a resolution of the USSR Council of Ministers of December 30, 1989 “On the tariffs of contributions for state social insurance for trade unions” was adopted.
The adopted changes to regulate pension savings in the USSR in the new economic conditions were in effect, however, for a very short time: from January 1, 1990 to January 1, 1991.
As for the general shortcomings of the distribution pension system that developed in the Soviet Union, the most important of them were as follows.
Firstly, the lack of a uniform pension strategy with unified rules for assigning pensions. The multiplicity of options for pension schemes, along with additional social benefits and privileges (regional, sectoral, status and others), gave rise to an opaque and extremely cumbersome system for calculating individual pensions.
Secondly, the selectivity of the action of pension law, which became especially noticeable with the adoption of the law on entrepreneurial activity in the USSR. The massive emergence of private enterprises and the development of forms of independent employment actually deprived the most active groups of the population of the right to pensions.
Thirdly, the relatively early retirement age (60 years for men and 55 years for women) in the context of a general “aging” of the population increased the burden on the pension system, and primarily on the state budget. The critical dependence of the USSR pension system on budgetary filling led to a critically low margin of safety of the country's social system as a whole.
Despite the fact that the country's constitution declared universal social guarantees, the overall standard of living in the last years of the USSR's existence dropped sharply, including due to an increase in the proportion of the population of retirement age. According to living standards studies conducted in the 1980s, up to 80% of the poor in the Soviet Union were pensioners, mostly older and older people.
The Soviet pension system, which was finally formed in the 1950s and 1960s, included two main components: pensions for workers and employees of state enterprises and pensions for collective farmers. Pensions were provided for old age (age), disability and survivors. Some categories of employees had the right to receive a long-service pension, which were regulated by separate laws. There were also republican and union personal pensions awarded for special merits.
Formally, pension provision in the USSR was free for workers - they did not pay anything into the pension system from their income. Pensions were financed from the so-called public consumption funds, which consisted of funds from the state budget and contributions from enterprises (from 4 to 12% of the wage fund, depending on the industry).
Another achievement of workers under socialism was the relatively low retirement age - 55 years for women and 60 years for men. It has remained unchanged since the early 1930s, when surveys of workers on disability retirement showed that by age 55, most women and by age 60, most men were no longer able to continue working. Since then, the structure of industries, conditions and content of work have changed, and workers, according to medical examinations, began to lose their ability to work later. But increasing the age limit was unprofitable: early retirement guaranteed a tolerant attitude of the population towards the amount of payments. Moreover, it was possible to become a pensioner 5–10 years earlier: such benefits were provided for working in hazardous working conditions and in difficult climatic conditions, they were financed by the state and used as an important instrument of employment policy.
Despite various bonuses and compensation for work in hazardous conditions and in the Far North, the level of pension provision in the USSR remained low, even in comparison with other socialist countries. The legislation did not establish a procedure for indexing pension payments in the event of an increase in the cost of living or rapid growth of wages. The mechanism for changing the maximum and minimum pensions was not prescribed either. The size of the pension was set for a person once and did not change, no matter how the salary grew or the cost of living increased. Therefore, according to studies of living standards conducted in the 1980s, up to 80% of the poor in the USSR were pensioners, and of older ages.
In addition to pensions, numerous groups of pensioners were provided with benefits and privileges, free or partially paid services (transport, housing and communal services, healthcare, etc.). Under these conditions, pensions provided a socially acceptable level of material security for the majority of older people, which many years later significantly influenced the fate of the pension reform.
Problems in Soviet pension provision emerged even before the start of economic reforms. As the number of pensioners grew rapidly (from 13.7 million to 33.8 million between 1961 and 1990) and the contribution rates for enterprises remained virtually unchanged, the state's share of pension funding grew. By 1980, the share of subsidies from the Union budget in the state social insurance budget reached 60%. At the same time, in the mid-1980s, the situation worsened due to the fall in world prices for oil and gas: national income and production volumes declined, the state budget deficit grew, and at the end of the 1980s it approached 10% of the gross national product (GNP) . The financial condition of the pension system has also deteriorated, given its dependence on the budget.
Thus, the problems of the Soviet pension system became obvious already in the late 1980s. The most important of them:
1) the multiplicity of different pension systems, as a result - the opacity and complexity of the rules for assigning and calculating pensions;
2) limited coverage of pensions, which became obvious as individual entrepreneurs and employees of private enterprises appeared in the country who did not have the right to a pension;
3) low differentiation of pensions as a consequence of the general equalization policy, which led to a significant redistribution of funds from well-earning workers in favor of those who had low wages; “unfair” gap in the pension amounts of “old” and “new” pensioners;
4) relatively early retirement age (60 years for men and 55 years for women), which predetermined an increase in the load on the pension system in the context of an aging population;
5) the widespread practice of early retirement for various categories of workers, which meant that the actual retirement age was significantly lower than 55 or 60 years;
6) dependence of the pension system on budget funds and a low margin of safety, which manifested itself in the context of an increase in the number of pensioners.
Under socialism, this is the way it is - uniform grounds for receiving a pension, uniform requirements for length of service, a uniform procedure for calculating pensions. It should be noted that at this time a minimum pension was introduced, essentially a social one, which was established for those with insufficient work experience or for those who did not work at all. In addition, various bonuses were awarded for additional experience beyond the mandatory:
- an extra 10 years of experience, that is, 35 years worked for men and 30 for women, gave a 10% increase in pension; the same increase was accrued for continuous work experience of 15 years or more;
- if a person worked an extra 10 years, of which 25 years in one place, then his pension increased by 20%.
Frequent job changes were not encouraged in the Soviet Union. It was believed that such a worker, since he runs from place to place, is either selfish or irresponsible.
The Soviet pension system, which was finally formed in the 1950s and 1960s, included two main components: pensions for workers and employees of state enterprises and pensions for collective farmers. Pensions were provided for old age (age), disability and survivors.
Some categories of employees had the right to receive a long-service pension, which were regulated by separate laws. There were also republican and union personal pensions awarded for special merits.
Formally, pension provision in the USSR was free for workers - they did not pay anything into the pension system from their income. Pensions were financed from the so-called public consumption funds, which consisted of funds from the state budget and contributions from enterprises (from 4 to 12% of the wage fund, depending on the industry).
Pension in the USSR
Attention
Time passes, laws change... Today, the issue of raising the age limit for retirement has become a particularly pressing topic for Russians and citizens of the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Let's find out what the retirement age was in the republics of the former USSR and how it will change in the coming years in the currently operating, independent states.
The word "pension" at the beginning of its use had a meaning close to the concept of a reward, privilege or sign of the monarch's favor. Guy Julius Caesar paid aged legionnaires from his own funds, Peter I provided old age support only for naval officers.
In pre-revolutionary Russia there were also pensions; they were paid to officials, gendarmes, military personnel and other sovereign people. Of the workers, only those who worked in state-owned factories fell into this category.
What was the retirement age for men and women in the Soviet Union?
In 1964, with the adoption of new pension legislation, the country committed itself to paying pensions to all citizens. Comparison of pension provision in the USSR and the Russian Federation The Russian pension system continues to change. So there are several innovations that have come into force since 2015. Today there are three types of pensions: Attention, get a free consultation with a lawyer on pension issues!
- Moscow and region: +7 499 703 14 65
- St. Petersburg and region: +7 812 309 54 03
- All-Russian: +7 800 511 81 24
Today, the retirement age for men is 60 years old, women become pensioners five years earlier, however, as in the USSR.
Pension in Russia is an insurance part and a funded one. The average payment to pensioners is just over 11 thousand rubles.
This is 40 percent of the salary. Social pension – 7500 rubles.
Geolike.ru
Important
Another achievement of workers under socialism was the relatively low retirement age - 55 years for women and 60 years for men. It has remained unchanged since the early 1930s, when surveys of workers on disability retirement showed that by age 55, most women and by age 60, most men were no longer able to continue working.
Since then, the structure of industries, conditions and content of work have changed, and workers, according to medical examinations, began to lose their ability to work later. But increasing the age limit was unprofitable: early retirement guaranteed a tolerant attitude of the population towards the amount of payments.
Not found
However, some older people could apply for a pension 5 years earlier, namely:
- miners;
- hot shop employees;
- textile industry workers;
- citizens who have worked in the Far North for 15 (women) and 20 years (men);
- women with 5 children who are already 8 years old - at least 20 years of experience;
- women raising disabled children - 20 years of experience.
The pension was granted subject to the following conditions:
- reaching the appropriate age;
- total experience of 5 years;
- length of service before making pension contributions - 3 years or more.
Average pension indicators The total volume of pension payments in the USSR depended on the salary portion and the number of years worked.
Rospension news
The system of pension privileges in the USSR began to take shape already in the first years of Soviet power. The first Decree of the Council of People's Commissars “On personal pensions for persons who have exceptional services to the republic” was issued on February 16, 1923, with amendments and additions in the Decree of April 24 of the same year.
Regardless of specific merits to the state, throughout the Soviet period of pensions there were three categories of pension privileges: pensioners of union, republican and local significance. Traditionally, the right to receive a personal pension was given to outstanding scientists, honored party workers, as well as holders of honorary titles and awards: Heroes of the Soviet Union, Heroes of Socialist Labor, full holders of the Order of Glory (three degrees).
The size of the union pension was 250 rubles per month.
What was the size of the pension in the USSR by year? Find out in this article. Retirement age in the fragments of the Soviet Union Russia, the surviving part of a large country and its legal successor, also inherited the pension system of the USSR.
The fragments, the former union republics, going into independence and obscurity, took with them the same system. But what to do with the socialist system in the conditions of sharply advancing capitalism? Of course, transform, create anew, since the state has relieved itself of the obligation to provide for pensioners.
December 22, 1990 would have been established
The Pension Fund of Russia (PFR), an autonomous off-budget system, which took up issues of ensuring a decent old age for the population. The pension system of the Russian Federation itself has undergone many changes, which were mainly aimed at reducing the cost of maintaining its own disabled citizens.
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The pension was calculated based on either the average salary that a person received a year before entering a well-deserved retirement, or, at his choice, for any five-year period out of ten years of continuous work. For additional length of service, bonuses were awarded: for 35 years of experience for men, and 30 years for women, as well as for work without breaks for more than 15 years, 10 percent were due; for 25 years of work in the same place with a total work experience of 35 years an additional 20 percent was due. The maximum old-age pension was no more than 120 rubles. A feature of the Soviet pension payment system was that there was no centralized unified pension fund.
Enterprises paid insurance contributions to the budget, and pensions were paid from these funds. A separate conversation is the collective farmer's pension. Collective farm artels, which had a special fund for such payments, were responsible for their provision.
Pensions in the USSR. just facts
This premium could range from 10 to 25%. The average pension was equal to approximately three-quarters of the salary, plus the Soviet Union maintained subsidized low prices for, so to speak, “essential products”, travel on public transport, and the same furniture lasted for years. At the same time, work was allowed without any restrictions.
Personal pensioners and, as has been the custom since ancient times, military pensioners were in a privileged position. Personal pensioners, who appeared in 1923, differed from “ordinary” ones not in the amount of required payments, but rather in the social package.
Their pensions were assigned personally by the secretariats of the CPSU Central Committee, the Central Committees of the Communist Parties of the Union Republics or regional party committees. Under Brezhnev, special conditions were created for senior management: they could not retire at all until their death.
They changed much more often than there was a real increase in pensions in the country. Also, the regulations for changing the rates of minimum and maximum pensions depending on salary growth were not prescribed.
Pension problems in the country worsened sharply in the late 80s. At that time, there was a whole complex of reasons why this happened.
The financial condition of the USSR pension system depended entirely on the dynamics of filling the state budget. In turn, the country's budget was almost entirely dependent on the dynamics of world oil prices.
In the mid-1980s, falling energy prices led the Soviet economy into a state of collapse: the outflow of foreign exchange earnings sharply reduced the overall level of national income, followed by an avalanche-like drop in production volumes. Already at the end of the 80s, the level of the state budget deficit increased to 10% of GDP.
Pension payments for rural residents were 15% lower than the size of pension payments for city employees! Thus, average pension contributions in the city ranged from 70-120 rubles per month. But there were also higher figures, for example, the head of a large organization could receive 250 rubles a month after receiving a pension.
Citizens who did not officially work received social payments in the amount of 35 rubles. In addition to the basic amount of pension payments, citizens could count on supplements from the state if the following conditions are met:
- Continuous experience of 15 years - 10% towards pension;
- Long-term experience of more than 30 and 35 years (women and men) - 10%;
- More than 25 years of experience at one enterprise - 20%.
How much was the minimum pension? The minimum pension in the USSR was 35 rubles.
