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A message about human skin hygiene. Rules of personal hygiene. Causes of skin diseases. Skin diseases

A message about human skin hygiene. Rules of personal hygiene. Causes of skin diseases. Skin diseases

29.02.2024

The cells of our body live in a liquid environment. Through blood, lymph and tissue fluid, they receive nutrients and oxygen and release decay products into them. The whole organism is in a gaseous environment, surrounded by air. The skin is the organ that separates the internal environment from the external, reliably protecting its constancy.

Chapter 1. Methodological recommendations for conducting lessons on the topic: “Structure, functions and hygiene of the skin”

The material on this topic reveals the enormous importance of the skin as an integumentary organ that acts as an external barrier in the metabolism of the body with the environment.

When considering the content of the concept of “skin,” the teacher should touch upon the properties of the skin as the largest organ of our body, the main functions of which are related to its structure. Of particular importance are hygienic concepts, such as “skin, clothing and footwear hygiene” and “hardening the body.”

The topic can be studied in 4-5 lessons. The first lesson reveals the meaning of the skin, its structure and functions. At the second stage, it is recommended to study one of the most important functions of the skin - maintaining a constant body temperature. The third stage is the assimilation of material on hygiene of the skin and its derivatives (hair and nails), hygiene of clothing and shoes. The fourth lesson can be devoted to studying material about hardening the body. In lesson 5, it is advisable to consider skin diseases and measures to prevent them.

In the course of studying the topic material, along with educational tasks, the problems of development and education of students are solved. This is facilitated by studying issues in a logical sequence, establishing interdisciplinary connections in order to obtain a unified picture of the world.

Microscopic preparations of the skin structure, wall tables, educational films, and atlases are used as visual aids when studying the topic. To demonstrate experiments and observations, a magnifying glass, a microscope, an electric iron with a heat regulator and a signal light, and jars of water of different temperatures are used.

Studying this topic is important for the development of concepts about metabolism, homeostasis, neurohumoral regulation, as well as for acquiring the most important hygienic knowledge, skills and abilities. It is necessary to organize and conduct students’ observations of their own skin in order to identify its characteristic properties.

The topic continues to clarify the concepts of the relationship between the structure of organs and the functions they perform.

I. Development of cognitive interest.

1. In the Russian folk tale “The Frog Princess,” Vasilisa the Wise sheds her frog skin in order to take on human form. While she bakes bread and weaves a carpet overnight, amazing those present at the feast, the frog skin lies in a secluded place, while maintaining full vitality. Her husband puts an end to these disguises - he burns the skin in the oven. This forces Vasilisa to go to the kingdom of the dead to Koshchei the Immortal. Presenting this situation from a medical point of view, we can say that Vasilisa, in the form of a frog, receives a thermal burn that is incompatible with life. But in a fairy tale, everything ends well. Ivan rescues his wife from Koshcheev’s captivity, that is, he carries out her resuscitation. And Vasilisa’s liberation from the embrace of death ends successfully. Unfortunately, in real life, the fight against damage to large areas of human skin often ends in the death of the body.

2. Skin is the outer integumentary organ, it is the oldest organ of protection of our body. When the integrity of the skin is damaged, pathogenic microorganisms enter the body. Burns affecting about a third of the body surface are deadly. They are accompanied by painful shock and poisoning of the body by decay products of damaged tissues. Now, if, like Vasilisa, it was possible to put on new skin in a critical situation, then many problems of burn therapy would be solved. Meanwhile, this situation is no longer a fantasy.

3. In the middle of the 17th century. Rich Italian cities loved to organize lavish celebrations. The nobles sought to outdo each other in sophistication and pomp. In 1646, a festive procession took place in Milan, led by the “golden boy” - the personification of the “golden age”. The child's body was covered with gold paint. The holiday was a success. The boy was forgotten after the procession. He spent the whole night in the cold castle and was very cold. The gold paint that covered the body caused a sharp dilation of the blood vessels in the skin, as a result he lost a lot of heat, his body temperature dropped sharply, the boy fell ill and soon died.

For a long time they could not explain the cause of the child’s death. It was assumed that the gold paint disrupted the sweating and breathing of the skin. Only much later, in the 19th century, an experiment carried out on two men who were covered with varnish showed that the reason was also a violation of the body’s heat regulation.

4. The first attempts to preserve living pieces of human skin outside the body were made back in the 19th century. Taken from volunteer donors, they were kept in a nutrient fluid consisting of salts, blood plasma and glucose. In such an environment, the skin pieces remained viable for some time and took root after transplantation to their original place. But this method was not suitable for closing large wound surfaces.

Advances in modern biology make it possible to cultivate (grow) various types of cells of living organisms outside the body. But the problem is that it is difficult to find exactly the cells from which skin is formed. This integumentary organ consists of several layers of cells. Figuratively, the skin can be compared to a house, the basements of which form the deep part of the skin - the dermis. There, among the interweaving of various communications (blood vessels and nerve endings), cells live - fibroblasts. They secrete collage protein, which forms collagen fibers similar to marine ropes. In its structure, this structure resembles reinforced concrete. In it, a rigid metal frame (collagen fibers) is filled with cement (proteins and polysaccharides that connect the fibers). Together they form connective tissue - a strong foundation on which the cellular walls of the upper layers of the skin - the epidermis - are built. Only in it the old cells lie at the top, and new ones are formed at the bottom at the border of the dermis and epidermis. Here are keratin cross-linked stem cells that are constantly dividing. They are gradually pushed towards the surface of the skin. Once they lose contact with the dermis, these cells lose their ability to divide and instead begin to produce keratin, the main protein of hair, feathers, horns and hooves.

Epidermal cells gradually change their shape, becoming flatter. They then turn into keratinized dead scales. Once on the surface, they separate from the body, giving way to other cells.

From the above, it is clear that to grow skin outside the human body, special cells are needed - fibroblasts and keratinocytes.

For cultivation, only 1 cm of donor skin is taken, and all keratinocytes are isolated from it. After a few days of culturing (growing outside the body), these cells will occupy an area of about 1 m2. Then you can package the grown keratinocytes into plastic tubes, freeze them in liquid nitrogen and create a bank of skin cells. It may soon be possible to freeze not only cells, but also pieces of skin grown outside the body (in vitro, as scientists say). Such frozen epithelium is not difficult to transport by plane to any point in the country in a few hours. You can also go the other way - to create small laboratories at emergency institutes, large clinics and burn centers that are constantly engaged in growing skin material for transplants. Unfortunately, there will always be a need for it. According to the World Health Organization, burns rank third among all types of injuries. So, a new era in the treatment of injuries begins - the era of tissue engineering. Perhaps the time is not far when samples of human skin cells taken from him at birth will be stored in special banks, just in case.

II. A conversation about the structure and functions of the skin.

First, students recall material about integumentary tissues, the meaning and properties of skin, answering the following questions: What tissues make up the skin? What part of the body is the skin? What is the meaning of skin? What functions does the skin perform?

After this, they move on to studying the connection between skin functions and its structure. The reasoning may be as follows: “In the process of evolution, integumentary tissues were formed in animals and humans - leather. It directly borders on a changing environment, and therefore its functions are varied.”

Problematic questions arise: what role does the skin play in connecting the body with the environment and what is the dependence of its structure on function?

To answer these questions, it is necessary to become familiar with the various functions of the skin: protective, thermoregulatory, excretory, receptor and partially respiratory.

Then you should answer the question: What structural formations are these or those functions associated with? To do this, students must study the microstructure of the skin, its blood supply, gain an understanding of the receptors located in it, their role in ensuring the unity of the body with the environment.

Test task on the topic “Skin”

Next to the questions (indicated in capital letters from A to F) there are answer options (from 1 to 12). The student indicates the selected answer with a cross or a tick in the corresponding column of the answer card.

Answer card on the topic “Leather”

1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12
A
B
IN
G
D
E
AND

III. Laboratory work.

Students examine the skin of their hand with a magnifying glass. Diamonds and triangles, visible under a magnifying glass, shine. The question involuntarily arises - Why?

If necessary, the teacher answers this question: “The sebaceous glands secrete secretions into the hair follicle. Through the pores it reaches the surface and lubricates the skin, making it elastic.

There are many sweat glands on the palmar side of the hand. The exits of their ducts are visible as barely noticeable dots.

Next, students examine the features of the internal structure of the skin using a microscope. The layers of the skin are studied; devices for regulating heat transfer; lot glands, blood vessels; receptors (pain, tactile, cold and heat), the mechanism of influence of adequate environmental factors on them.

Experience: observation of temperature adaptation of skin receptors.

Adaptation is the ability of sensory organs to reduce their excitability during prolonged exposure to a stimulus. The presence of adaptation can be seen by the example of the sensation of cold and heat. As a result of adaptation to heat, cold is felt more sharply, and vice versa

To demonstrate temperature adaptation, water with a temperature of +10°C, +25°C, +40°C is poured into three vessels. The right hand is placed in the first vessel, and the left hand in the third. Then transfer both hands to a medium vessel with a temperature of 25°C. In the right hand, when exposed to average temperature, a feeling of warmth arises, while the left hand will feel cold.

Explain the results and draw a conclusion.

IV. Age-related features of the structure and function of the skin.

One of the main features of the skin of children and adolescents is that their skin surface is relatively larger than that of adults (for example, per 1 kg of body weight in a 1-year-old child there is 528 cm2, in schoolchildren 10 years old - 428 cm2, in a 15-year-old teenager - 378 cm2 and in an adult - 221 cm2). Consequently, the child’s body has greater heat transfer. And regulation of skin temperature according to the adult type is established only by the age of 9.

Subcutaneous tissue from 3 to 8 years of age almost does not increase, and then from 9 years of age it begins to grow rapidly, being deposited as much as possible in places determined by the sex of the child.

The number of sweat glands per unit of body surface in children is 10 times greater than in adults. Their development is mostly completed by the age of 7 years. From the age of 13-14, the functioning of apocrine sweat glands begins, the secretion of which has a pungent odor. This places special demands on skin hygiene in adolescents.

The secretory activity of the sebaceous glands also changes with age. Their activity reaches a high level before the birth of the child. They create a “lubricant” that facilitates the passage of the baby through the birth canal. After the birth of a child, the secretion of the sebaceous glands subsides and its intensification occurs again during puberty. The mornings of adolescence appear. Increased secretion of the sebaceous glands often leads to juvenile seborrhea, which disappears by 20-22 years.

V. Hardening the body.

Hardening is considered as a systematic adaptation of the body to unfavorable environmental factors. At the same time, vascular reflexes and thermoregulation mechanisms are improved. So, when the body cools, the blood vessels narrow, blood flows to the internal organs, and the skin turns pale. At the same time, heart contractions become more frequent and intensified, blood pressure rises, and chills (involuntary muscle contractions) appear. All this leads to increased heat production. At the same time, the body temperature rises. Then the skin turns red and a feeling of warmth occurs throughout the body, as heat production exceeds heat loss from the body.

Next, the principles of hardening are explained: gradualism, systematicity, continuity (vegetative vascular reflexes quickly fade, and after a break you have to start all over again), individuality and complexity.

VI. Skin hygiene.

1. The teacher asks students to explain the following hygiene requirements:

a) the skin must be kept clean;

b) skin should be disinfected with iodine near the wound;

c) excess sweat must be removed from the skin;

d) underwear should be changed every week, and if necessary, more often;

e) when purchasing shoes, you should pay attention to their compliance with hygiene requirements;

f) it is necessary to properly care for hair and nails;

g) Does fashion always follow hygienic requirements?

2. It has been experimentally proven that on clean human skin in 10 minutes. 85% of pathogenic bacteria die, but only 5% in dirty bacteria.

Explain:

a) what is the reason for the death of bacteria?

b) what hygienic conclusion follows from this fact?

Explanation of hygiene requirements

1-a): Only healthy, clean skin can perform its functions normally. Proper skin care prevents skin diseases and premature aging (decrease in elasticity, formation of wrinkles and folds, deterioration of color). You should wash your face with water at room temperature, since hot water reduces elasticity and makes it flabby, and cold water disrupts the normal outflow of sebaceous gland secretions, contributes to blockage of their excretory ducts and the formation of acne.

1-b); When the integrity of the skin is damaged, bacteria enter the wound. But you should not disinfect the wound with iodine, since living skin cells - keratinocytes - are very sensitive to iodine. Therefore, it is recommended to treat only the edges of the wound with iodine.

1-c): In adolescence and adolescence, sweating increases. Often sweat develops an unpleasant odor over time. Therefore, it is necessary to regularly wash your armpits with soap, without delaying this procedure until your weekly bath.

Irregular washing of feet, rare changes of stockings and socks contribute to sweating of the feet and the appearance of a strong unpleasant odor. With constant moisture and irritation, the epidermis then loosens and can be damaged, abrasions and cracks appear through which pathogenic microorganisms penetrate into the dermis.

1-d): Underwear should provide an easy change of air under clothing. The air adjacent to the body contains carbon dioxide, evaporation of waste products from the sebaceous and sweat glands. Good breathability and hygroscopicity of underwear promotes gas exchange, removing excess harmful vapors, and maintaining a constant body temperature. Regularly changing cotton underwear promotes skin respiration and good skin condition.

1-d): Shoes should always be dry, clean and not tight. Winter shoes should be warm, as cooling the feet contributes to the occurrence of colds. Tight shoes compress the foot, deform the foot, and increase the skin's tendency to sweat. If the shoes have rubber soles, you should put a felt pad in them and make sure that they are not wet.

1st): A person’s appearance depends largely on the quality of hair. Healthy hair is soft and flexible and has shine. The main way to care for your hair is to wash it regularly. Dry hair is washed after 10 days, and oily hair is washed once a week, more often if necessary. But frequent hair washing is not recommended, as the hair becomes dry and brittle. Hypothermia of the scalp adversely affects hair growth: when walking bareheaded in cold weather, the superficial blood vessels narrow. And this disrupts hair nutrition.

When nails are trimmed irregularly, a huge number of pathogenic microorganisms accumulate under them. Therefore, nails must be trimmed carefully, observing the rules of hygiene. Fingernails should be cut in a semicircle, and toenails should be cut straight, without rounding the corners. Otherwise, the edges of the nails may cut into the nail bed and will have to be removed.

1-g): Fashion and customs often dictate styles of clothing and shoes that do not at all meet hygiene requirements. Although they provide an opportunity to somehow stand out from others and attract attention. Thus, high-heeled shoes are harmful for girls, since the incorrect position of the foot resting on the toes leads to its deformation, reduces the area of support and the stability of the body. In such shoes it is easy to twist your foot and stretch ligaments.

2-a): The bactericidal properties of dirty skin are sharply reduced; they turn out to be almost 17 times lower than those of clean skin. Only clean skin is capable of secreting a special substance - “antibiotic” (lysozyme).

2-b): You should wash your hands, face, neck and feet with soap every morning and evening, A throughout the day - before eating and after using the toilet, as well as after interacting with animals. Each time after washing, hands must be dried dry, otherwise cracks will appear on the skin. Microbes get into them and the cracks turn red - so-called “pimples” are formed.

VII. Solving the search problem.

Data

Causes

A. The color of the skin varies from person to person in shade and color. After being in the sun, a tan appears.

B. Thin people freeze faster than fat people.

B. With special exercises you can “achieve” greater facial expression.

D. At the sight of a dog, the cat's fur ruffles. When we are cold or scared, our “hairs stand on end.”

D. Examine the fingertips and the capillary lines on them. Most of the receptors in the hand are located here.

E. After the bath you can “breathe easier.”

G. Increased sweating reduces the load on the kidneys.

1. Facial muscles give the face liveliness and expressiveness. By contracting, they form folds of skin that determine facial expression.

2. The skin participates in gas exchange. Skin respiration accounts for approximately 2% of total GVDOobmsna. Air enters the cavity of the sweat gland tube.

3. The function of the kidneys is partially performed by the skin. Sweat contains 98% water, 1% dissolved table salt, 1% organic matter. The composition of sweat is similar to urine, but less concentrated.

4. At the root of the hair there is a tiny muscle, the contraction of which lifts the hair. This is a vestige of those muscles that “puff up” the fur of a frightened or hypothermic animal. In such cases, a person becomes covered with goose bumps.

5. Skin color is determined by the amount of coloring pigment - melanin. With gradual exposure to ultraviolet rays, the amount of melanin increases.

6. The subcutaneous fat layer protects against cooling.

7. There are more receptors on the fingertips than on the palms. They are located in the recesses of the grooves formed by capillary lines. We usually feel objects with our fingertips; their patterns are individual for each person and are therefore used in forensic medicine.

Correct answers: A - 5; B - 6; IN 1; G - 4; D 7; E - 2; F - 3.

VIII. To consolidate the material, the following programmed work is proposed.

Question 1. What are the functions of the skin?

Answer: a) protective, maintaining a constant composition of the internal environment of the body; b) protective, excretory, respiration, thermoregulation, receptor; c) protective, receptor, secretory, integumentary; d) protective, receptor, thermoregulation.

Question 2. What is the structure of the skin?

Answer: a) cuticle, skin itself, receptors, sebaceous and sweat glands, hair, nails; b) cuticle, skin itself (receptors, sebaceous and sweat glands, hair follicles), subcutaneous fatty tissue, hair, nails; d) cuticle, subcutaneous fatty tissue, hair, nails.

Question 3. What skin features indicate that our ancestors were mammals?

Answer: a) the presence of hair, nails, receptors, b) sweat and sebaceous glands; c) receptors in the skin; d) hair and nails.

Question 4. Which tissue forms the skin itself and which subcutaneous fatty tissue?

Answer: a) epithelial; b) connecting; c) connective and nervous; d) connective and epithelial.

Question 5. What tissue forms the cuticle?

Answer: a) epithelial; b) connecting; c) epithelial and nervous; d) nervous.

Question 6. Why do microorganisms die on clean skin?

Answer: a) a substance secreted by the skin has a detrimental effect; b) ultraviolet rays of the sun and oxygen in the air have a detrimental effect; c) there is no nutrient medium for microorganisms; d) clean skin cannot contain microorganisms.

Answers to work: 1b; 2c; 3g; 4b; 5a; 6a.

When consolidating the mother, you can also propose problematic questions:

1. Why, despite the continuous sloughing of scales, does the skin not become thinner or wear out?

2. Explain why a person in the cold, intoxicated with alcohol, freezes and dies faster than a sober person, although he initially feels warm?

3. A man lies under a blanket and trembles with chills: “It’s cold, cover it with something else!” They cover him with another blanket, but he can't get warm. The man got sick. They measure his body temperature - 39.8°. How so? The patient has a high temperature, he has a fever, but he is cold. How to explain this contradiction?

Chapter 2. Functions of the skin. skin diseases and their prevention

Functions of the skin. The cells of our body live in a liquid environment. Through blood, lymph and tissue fluid, they receive nutrients and oxygen and release decay products into them. The whole organism is in a gaseous environment, surrounded by air. The skin is the organ that separates the internal environment from the external, reliably protecting its constancy.

On the outside, the skin is covered with a thin layer of integumentary tissue - the epidermis. It consists of several layers of fairly small cells. The epidermis is followed by the skin itself - the dermis. It is mainly connective tissue. Bundles of collagen fibers give the skin strength, and elastic in fibers make the skin elastic. Thanks to them, the skin of young people is elastic and elastic. In older people, elastic fibers become thinner and the skin becomes loose. The dermis is penetrated by a dense network of blood vessels and nerves. The skin itself contains muscles that can lift hair. Since the secretions of the sebaceous glands enter the hair follicles through their ducts, with every movement of the hair, sebum is squeezed out to the surface.

Subcutaneous tissue connects the dermis to deeper lying muscles and bones. It is rich in fat cells. Adipose tissue is a reserve storage of nutrients and in water and protects the body from cooling. Water is stored in numerous lymphatic vessels and capillaries, as well as in tissue fluid. There is little water in the fat cells themselves.

The first function of the skin is mechanical. The skin protects deeper tissues from damage, drying, physical, chemical and biological influences. Let us remember that the skin performs a barrier function, separating the internal environment from the continuously changing external environment. But in this case, how do cells living directly adjacent to the air live? The cells of the most superficial layer of the epidermis are dead. Only the inner cells of the epidermis are alive. They multiply intensively, near the dermis, the same layers that are pushed closer to the surface become horny, gradually die and, finally, slough off. Thus, epidermal cells are continuously renewed, layer by layer.

This process occurs from the moment a person is born until his last hour and continues for some time even after death.

Sebum and sweat secreted by the sebaceous and sweat glands create an environment unfavorable for microorganisms harmful to humans and prevent the penetration of chemicals and water. However, any adaptation is relative. Some substances, including harmful ones like mercury salts, can penetrate the body through the skin. Animal and vegetable fats can also be absorbed into the skin through the openings of the sebaceous ducts. This is the basis for the use of various medicinal ointments and cosmetics.

The second function of the skin is related to thermoregulation. The skin has sweat glands. Released to the surface of the skin, sweat evaporates and cools it. Cooling of the skin is also achieved by dilating the skin blood vessels. The blood passing through them gives off part of its heat to the external environment. Constriction of blood vessels and decreased sweating help retain heat.

The third function of the skin is receptor function. In the dermis and subcutaneous tissue there are many receptors - the endings of sensitive nerve fibers and specialized formations that perceive touch, pressure, cold, heat, pain. Many receptors are involved in reflexes that protect our body from injury; through them we receive information about objects with which we come into contact. The pads of the fingers are especially sensitive to touch. There are noticeable grooves and grooves on them, forming a pattern individual for each person. Under the epidermis, at the bottom of these depressions, there are numerous receptors that perform tactile functions. Thanks to them, a person is able to subtly perceive the relief of the surface with which the fingers come into contact. This ability of the hand arose in connection with work activity.

The fourth function of the skin is excretory. Together with sweat, many liquid and gaseous substances that are harmful to the body are removed from the body: mineral salts, some metabolic products.

Finally, the skin also has a respiratory function. Carbon dioxide is removed through the sweat glands, and oxygen from the air, dissolving in the sweat fluid, penetrates the tubes of the sweat glands and is captured here by red blood cells flowing in the parietal vessels. This gas exchange is called skin respiration. Its significance for the body is small, but skin breathing is beneficial for the condition of the skin itself.

Causes of skin disorders and skin damage. Usually, a distinction is made between internal and external causes that disrupt the normal condition of the skin. Internal causes may include errors in diet, contact with substances that cause allergies, disruption of hormonal regulation, and lack of vitamins.

So, too much nutrition leads to the skin turning red and taking on a greasy appearance. Consumption of alcoholic beverages changes complexion, leads to swelling and other cosmetic defects due to disruption of the functioning of skin vessels and changes in blood circulation.

Contact with allergens often causes hives and itching. Allergic reactions can be caused by eating certain foods - eggs, strawberries, oranges, inhaling pollen or the smell of fresh hay.

Skin disorders are largely determined by the state of the hormonal system. Thus, skin pigmentation depends on pituitary hormones; their absence can lead to complete discoloration of the skin. A lack of thyroid hormones makes the skin swollen, and an excess makes the skin red, hot and clammy. The skin of people suffering from diabetes is sticky, streaks of blood vessels are visible on the face, purulent infections and itching are common.

Diabetes develops when the pancreas does not produce enough hormone insulin. This leads to disruption of the constancy of the internal environment: excess glucose in the blood dehydrates tissues and disrupts liver function. At the same time, fat metabolism also suffers.

Vitamins have a strong effect on the condition of the skin. Thus, vitamin A affects the growth of nails and hair, as well as the functioning of the sebaceous and sweat glands. With a lack of vitamin A, the skin becomes dry, cracks, darkens, baldness appears, and the composition of the secretion of the sebaceous glands changes. A lack of B vitamins can lead to atrophy of the sebaceous glands, cracks in the corners of the mouth and brittle nails, and eczema. An insufficient amount of vitamin C in food leads to subcutaneous hemorrhages, roughness and pallor of the skin, and a decrease in the body's resistance to colds.

Chapter 3. Methodological developments on the topic “Skin structure”

Lesson #1. Hardening the body. Hygiene of skin, clothing, shoes.

1. Educational:

a) Reveal the essence and role of hardening the body, its forms, conditions and physiological mechanisms.

b) Study the hygienic requirements for leather, clothing, and shoes.

2. Developmental:

a) Show the connection with the processes occurring throughout the body;

3. Educational:

a) The influence of hardening on human health, compliance with hygienic requirements for skin, clothing, and shoes.

Methods: story, conversation, student reports, defense of project work, questionnaires, testing.

Equipment: tests, quick questionnaire questions, train model, phonogram “Sounds of the Forest”, station names - “Recreation Area”, “Kozhnaya”, “Hardening Club”, “Hygienic”, “Moidodyr”, “Neboleyka”, “Bad Habits” ", posters “Skin is the mirror of the soul”, “Sun, air and water are our best friends”, etc.

During the classes.

I. Organizational moment.

II. Updating knowledge - testing.

1) Name the layers of skin.

2) What is the most important function of the skin? 3) Name the derivatives of leather.

4) In which layer of the skin are the sebaceous and sweat glands located?

III. Learning new material.

The topic and purpose of the lesson are announced.

Introductory word from the teacher.

Dear Guys!

Today we will go with you on a journey on the “Health” train. The next station is called “Recreation Area” (phonogram - “Sounds of the Forest”).

Relaxation:

Sit up straight, lower your arms along your body, close your eyes and relax. Imagine that we are now in the forest, in a forest clearing. We are caressed by the warm rays of the sun, a fresh breeze gently blows. We feel the pleasant aroma of flowers. The leaves rustle tremblingly, the birds chirp loudly. You can hear the babbling of a stream. We feel good, we feel very good! We listen, feel and enjoy!

We opened our eyes. I wish that the pleasant feelings that arose in you will continue throughout the day.

The station we are at now is called “Kozhnaya”.

Do you know that…

1. Skin mass is approximately 15% of the mass of an average 12 year old person.

2. For every 6.45 sq. see skin on average:

94 sebaceous glands;

65 hair follicles;

650 sweat glands.

3. If the skin of an adult of average height is laid out on the ground, it will take up approximately 10 square meters. m.

4. Skin has a wide range of colors due to its different melanin content, but its functions remain the same regardless of color.

5. Lips, palms, and heels are hairless. Our train leaves for the “Tempering Club” station.

At different times, there were various health systems and schools:

1. Competitions for young men of primitive tribes.

2. Athenian educational system.

3. Spartan education system “Severity or cruelty.”

4. Chinese gymnastics “Qigong - a method of eliminating diseases and lengthening life.”

5. Yoga is the path to improvement.

6. Knight tournaments of the Middle Ages.

7. Modern Olympic Games.

Question: Who is Porfiry Ivanov? What do you know about his followers?

A message about Porfiry Ivanov is heard.

Question: Who are walruses? Is it possible to swim in an ice hole in winter without preparation?

Speech by a student involved in winter swimming at the Walrus club.

Let's conduct a blitz survey.

1. How often have you had a cold this year:

0) never;

1) from 1 to 4 times;

2) more than 4 times.

2. Do you have chronic respiratory diseases?

1) 1 disease;

2) a complex of diseases.

3) Do you have days of general malaise (lethargy, loss of energy, drowsiness, mild headaches)?

Let's summarize the results of the quick survey.

0 - 1 point - health is fine;

2 - 4 points - you are at risk;

5 - 6 points - your body is weakened.

To prevent a person from catching a cold, he needs training in cold exposure. Our body is a hostel for microbes. The body's defenses restrain reproduction and “subversive activity.” But under unfavorable conditions, the defenses weaken and the person falls ill.

Summing up the results of the survey, we saw that among you there are people who have poor health and are susceptible to colds and illnesses.

Question: How to help yourself?

There is only one answer - hardening.

Question: What is hardening?

Question: Name the methods of hardening.

Hardening methods:

Washing your face with cold water.

Washing with cold water up to the waist.

Pouring cold water over the entire body.

Cold foot baths.

Cold and hot shower.

Swimming in a pond.

Wiping down with snow up to the waist.

Rubbing with water up to the waist.

But, starting to harden, you need to remember that...

First you need to get rid of the “microbial nest” in the body, in the form of diseased teeth, inflamed tonsils, etc.

Hardening should be gradual.

You need to harden yourself systematically, without missing a single day.

It is necessary to take into account the individual characteristics of the body.

You need to use every opportunity to harden yourself and have a good emotional mood.

Question: Name the means of hardening.

Let's hear from students:

a) Hardening with water.

b) Air hardening.

c) Sun hardening.

Now let's do the test task.

Choose the correct answer:

1. You decided to harden your body. Where do you start?

a) Consult with your doctor and parents;

b) Start pouring cold water over your entire body;

c) You will swim in the river until you freeze.

2. What time of year is it better to start hardening?

c) at any time of the year.

3. Arrange the hardening sequence in the form of a series of numbers:

1 - washing the face with cold water 2 - bathing in a pond 3 - rubbing with cold water up to the waist 4 - contrast shower 5 - dousing the body with water

(Answer - 1,3,4,5,2)

Test results (mutual verification).

Hardening rules:

Hardening procedures are carried out taking into account the health status, individual characteristics and development of the student, study conditions and extracurricular activities.

Systematic use of hardening procedures.

Gradual increase in the strength of the irritant effect.

Consistency in carrying out hardening procedures.

It's impossible to know everything, but there are some things everyone should know about skin care.

Skin is a mirror of health!!!

And now we are heading to the next station, “Gigienicheskaya”.

Student messages:

Skin hygiene.

Hair hygiene.

Foot hygiene.

Shoe hygiene.

Clothing hygiene.

Speeches by students on the project work “Profession cosmetologist”.

The next station is “Moidodyr”.

Q: The berries of this plant whiten the skin of the face, making it elastic. (strawberries).

Q: Use an infusion of the leaves of this plant to wash your hair (celandine)

Q: A decoction of this plant gives the hair a golden hue, and the skin becomes soft and velvety (chamomile flowers).

Q: Signs of which disease: redness, itching of the hands, desire to itch constantly (scabies).

Q: How to avoid sunstroke? (headdress, shadow).

Q: How to avoid head lice? (wash your hair, don’t use someone else’s comb, someone else’s bed).

The train goes to the “Bad Habits” station.

Q: A friend asks you to give her a comb.

Your actions:

a) offer a comb;

b) give it, but wash it after use;

c) politely refuse.

Q: Why can’t you exchange clothes and shoes?

(You can become infected with lice, infectious and fungal diseases).

Our train returns to the Kozhnaya station.

Assignment: I present facts, opinions about skin care. Determine what is “true” and what is “false”:

Our mood does not affect the condition of our skin and hair (lies - stress - metabolic disorders

Communication with animals does not affect the condition of human skin (false - fungal diseases, lichen)

I started going to the pool for hardening, and my nails became brittle, with a white coating (though walking barefoot means fungal diseases).

Narcotic substances make the skin ruddy and healthy (false - sharp redness and wrinkling, a person loses weight sharply).

Taking multivitamins in winter improves skin condition (true)

In the summer you need to wear synthetic clothes, it’s nice and not hot (false - it doesn’t allow air to pass through, the body sweats - heat stroke).

Many people's skin deteriorates when poplar and quinoa bloom (although - allergies - rash, redness of the mucous membrane).

Final words from the teacher:

We had a very interesting time and learned a lot. You are growing and changing, so you always need hygienic rules and procedures, and the choice of skin care products and medications for the treatment of skin diseases will be advised to you by cosmetologists and dermatologists, magazines “Health”, “Liza”, etc.

Homework: pp. 174 - 181, questions, RT.

Literature

1. Bayer K., Sheinberg L. Healthy lifestyle: Transl. from English Educational edition. - M.: Mir, 1997. - 368 pp., ill.

2. Belov V.I. Encyclopedia of health. Youth up to a hundred years: Reference. Ed. - M.: Chemistry, 1993. - 400 pp., ill.

4. Home hygiene guide: Ref. Ed. / Auth. Comp.V. V. Semenova, V.V. Toporkov. - St. Petersburg: Chemistry, 1995. - 304 p., ill.

5. Zaitsev G.K., Kolbanov V.V., Kolesnikova M.G. Pedagogy of health: Educational programs in valeology. - St. Petersburg: GUPM, - 1994. - 78 p.

6. Lishchuk V.A., Mostkova E.V. Nine steps to health. - M.: Eastern Book Company, 1997. - 320 p., ill. - (Episode: “Help yourself”)

7. Subject weeks at school: biology, ecology, healthy lifestyle. - Volgograd: Publishing House “Teacher”, 2001. - 153 p.

8. Kolycheva Z.I. Biochemical foundations of a healthy lifestyle. Tobolsk, TGPI named after D.I. Mendeleeva, 2000.

9. Rezanova E.A., Antonova I.P., Rezanov A.A. Human biology in tables, figures and diagrams. M.: Publishing School, 1998.

10. Semenysheva A.V., Kolpakova O.A. Health and food safety issues. I'm going to class. Man and his health. M.: First of September. 2000, pp. 73 - 101

Chapter 1. Methodological recommendations for conducting lessons on the topic: “Structure, functions and hygiene of the skin”

The material on this topic reveals the enormous importance of the skin as an integumentary organ that acts as an external barrier in the metabolism of the body with the environment.

The topic continues to clarify the concepts of the relationship between the structure of organs and the functions they perform.

I. Development of cognitive interest.

Epidermal cells gradually change their shape, becoming flatter. They then turn into keratinized dead scales. Once on the surface, they separate from the body, giving way to other cells.

From the above, it is clear that to grow skin outside the human body, special cells are needed - fibroblasts and keratinocytes.

For cultivation, only 1 cm of donor skin is taken, and all keratinocytes are isolated from it. After a few days of cultivation (growing outside the body), these cells will occupy an area of about 1 m 2. Then you can package the grown keratinocytes into plastic tubes, freeze them in liquid nitrogen and create a bank of skin cells. It may soon be possible to freeze not only cells, but also pieces of skin grown outside the body (in vitro, as scientists say). Such frozen epithelium is not difficult to transport by plane to any point in the country in a few hours. You can also go the other way - to create small laboratories at emergency institutes, large clinics and burn centers that are constantly engaged in growing skin material for transplants. Unfortunately, there will always be a need for it. According to the World Health Organization, burns rank third among all types of injuries. So, a new era in the treatment of injuries begins - the era of tissue engineering. Perhaps the time is not far when samples of human skin cells taken from him at birth will be stored in special banks, just in case.

II. A conversation about the structure and functions of the skin.

Problematic questions arise: what role does the skin play in connecting the body with the environment and what is the dependence of its structure on function?

To answer these questions, it is necessary to become familiar with the various functions of the skin: protective, thermoregulatory, excretory, receptor and partially respiratory.

Test task on the topic "Skin"

Answer card on the topic “Leather”

Skin hygiene is the basis of personal hygiene. The importance of skin hygiene is very great: thanks to it, your skin can be ensured that your skin remains beautiful, young and healthy.

In case of inadequate or insufficient nutrition, unsatisfactory working and living conditions, many dermatoses may occur.

To avoid any skin diseases, it is recommended to follow the rules of skin hygiene and, if possible, eliminate harmful household and professional factors.

Human skin hygiene

To maintain good skin condition, it is necessary that the gastrointestinal tract functions normally and that nutrition is adequate. With a lack of vitamins A, B, D, C, PP, the appearance or exacerbation of certain skin diseases, including psoriasis and eczema, may occur.

To cleanse your skin of sweat, impurities, sebum, microorganisms and scales, you must regularly follow the rules of skin hygiene. It is recommended to take baths, the duration of which should be no more than 15 minutes, at least once a week. It is advisable to take a shower every day without using soap, and the water should be at room temperature.

No matter what your skin type is, it needs to be moisturized and nourished. When choosing cosmetics, you need to take into account their composition and effect on a specific skin type.

Nourishing creams contain numerous additives that have a beneficial effect on the functioning of cells. Such additives include vitamins, extracts, beeswax, lanolin, plant juices, and kernel oil. Fats and oils that are included in cosmetic preparations, as a rule, are well absorbed; they reduce the release of water from the skin, thereby preventing it from drying out. In addition, they prevent microbes from penetrating the skin and also have a protective effect on the skin from irritating environmental factors.

The importance of skin hygiene is maintaining water balance in skin cells. To do this, you need to regularly use moisturizing lotions and creams. Moisturizing cream is universal, so its use is suitable for both oily and dry skin, especially aging skin, since thanks to it the skin is not only moisturized, but also vitamins, fats, biologically active components and other beneficial substances are added to its layers.

Hygiene of the skin of the face and neck includes washing with warm water. In the case of thin and dry skin, which is sensitive to sunlight and atmospheric influences, it is advisable not to use soap, but to use soft water - boiled, tap or rain, adding ¼ teaspoon of baking soda to 1 liter of water.

To ensure proper skin hygiene, it is useful to take a contrast shower, which helps relieve fatigue, has a beneficial effect on the skin, and also improves its blood supply due to the fact that blood vessels periodically narrow and dilate. It is recommended to start taking a shower with warm water, gradually increasing its temperature. Then you need to quickly douse yourself with cold water. Repeat the procedure 2-3 times and finish with cold or cool water. You should avoid hypothermia and do not use scalding ice water.

Of no small importance is the protection of the skin from injuries, which act as a gateway for pyogenic infection. For this purpose, if necessary, you need to use special clothing, protective paste and special detergents.

While observing the rules of skin hygiene, it is necessary to take into account that the skin has a beneficial effect on moderate exposure to sunlight, fresh air, and water procedures, including sea bathing. With these measures, the skin's resistance to external irritants increases. In addition, it is useful to engage in physical exercise or sports.

■ It is necessary to wash the body with hot water and soap at least once a week, it prevents inflammation of the skin, the development of lice, and scabies.

■ Washing must be accompanied by a mandatory change of underwear and bed linen.

■ Hair should be washed once a week for dry skin, and once every 3-4 days for oily skin.

■ Be sure to wash your hands before eating.

The skin of the neck, armpits and under the mammary glands should be washed daily.

■ Regularly carry out procedures to harden the body: stay in the fresh air, sunbathing and water procedures.

■ Clothing and shoes should be loose and accurately match the proportions of the body.

■ Clothes and shoes must be kept clean at all times.

■ It is harmful to wear rubberized clothing and shoes.

■ Children's clothing should not have rough seams or scars.

Underwear should be made of thin and soft natural fabrics.

■ An important element of clothing is a headdress.

■ Clothing and shoes must be appropriate for the season and nature of the activity.

Hardening is a set of measures aimed at increasing the functional reserves of the body and its resistance to the adverse effects of environmental factors. The essence of hardening is training the mechanisms by which the body reacts to a certain climatic factor. In the process of such training, the body's resistance to a specific factor increases. Hardening methods are staying outdoors(walking, skating, skiing, etc.), water procedures(rubbing, dousing, showering, bathing, etc.); Sunbathing.

Fresh air contains more oxygen and has a detrimental effect on pathogens. Frequent exposure to cold or hot air teaches the body to quickly and promptly respond to changes in environmental temperature.

Water procedures train skin vessels, activate their ability to quickly narrow or expand. Cool water, irritating numerous cold receptors in the skin, enhances the activity of the central nervous system, increases nervous tone, metabolism, blood circulation, and all this contributes to vigor and increases the body's resistance to adverse conditions.

Sun rays dilate the blood vessels of the skin, increase blood circulation, promote the formation of vitamin D in the body, and increase skin pigmentation. If a person does not spend enough time under the sun, he develops light starvation, which manifests itself through disorders of the functional state of the central nervous system: mental depression, irritability, decreased performance, etc.

The methods of hardening are considered and should be combined with physical training: sports and physical education, which creates reliable fitness of a person. The hygienic requirements for hardening are a regular and gradual increase in the duration and strength of the procedures, taking into account the individual characteristics of the body, and systematic monitoring of the condition of one’s body during hardening.

Hardening activates the immune system, improves blood circulation, metabolism, increases the tone of the nervous system, as well as mental activity and physical performance.

It’s a miracle - I drink coffee, water, tea, and porridge, but only tea comes out of me.

K. I. Chukovsky. "Two to Five"

Hygiene as a science is a very broad concept that covers almost all aspects of people's lives. The word "hygiene" comes from the Greek hygieno s, which means "bringing health" There are a lot of definitions of Hygiene, but perhaps they all mean one thing: hygiene is the science of human improvement and preservation.

Hygiene includes many sections, such as: hygiene, hygiene of children and adolescents, occupational hygiene, personal hygiene, municipal hygiene, environmental hygiene, military hygiene, etc. Since the topic of the site is completely included in the concept of “Hygiene”, for ease of understanding in this section of the site we will cover only the topic of Personal Hygiene.

Personal hygiene - a set of rules of human behavior in everyday life and at work. In a narrow sense, hygiene is the hygienic maintenance of the body, clothing and household items. Violations of personal hygiene requirements can affect the health of both one person and very large groups of people (enterprise teams, families, members of various communities, and even residents of entire regions).

RULES OF PERSONAL HYGIENE

1. Body hygiene. Human skin protects the entire body from all kinds of environmental influences. Keeping the skin clean is extremely important, because in addition to its protective function, it performs the following functions: thermoregulatory, metabolic, immune, secretory, receptor, respiratory and other functions.

Wash daily with warm water. The water temperature should be 37-38 degrees, i.e. slightly above normal body temperature. Up to 300 g of fat and up to 7 liters of sweat are released through the human skin per week. To ensure that the protective properties of the skin are not impaired, these secretions must be washed off regularly. Otherwise, favorable conditions are created on the skin for the proliferation of pathogenic microbes, fungi and other harmful microorganisms.

It is necessary to take water procedures (bath, shower, sauna) at least once a week.

Keep your hands and nails clean. Exposed skin areas are especially susceptible to contamination. Dirt containing pathogenic microbes can get from your hands into your mouth through food. Dysentery, for example, is called the disease of dirty hands. Hands should be washed before using the toilet and always after using the toilet, before and after eating, and after contact with animals (both street and domestic). If you are on the road, then you need to wipe your hands with a damp cloth to eliminate at least some germs.

Feet should be washed every day with cool water and soap. Cold water reduces sweating.

2. Hair hygiene. normalizes the activity of the sebaceous glands, and also improves blood circulation and metabolic processes. Therefore, the hair washing procedure must be taken responsibly.

The hair must be washed as soon as it gets dirty. It is impossible to say the exact number of times. The frequency of hair washing depends on various factors: hair length, hair and scalp type, nature of work, time of year, etc. In winter, as a rule, you wash your hair more often, because a hat does not allow the scalp to breathe, which is why much more sebum is released than usual.

Do not wash your hair with hot water. Hair can become very oily as hot water activates the sebaceous glands. In addition, such water helps detergents (soaps and shampoos) settle on the hair in the form of a gray coating that is difficult to wash off.

Be careful when choosing hair care products (shampoos, balms, lotions, etc.). Hair absorbs water very well, and with it substances that can harm the hair, scalp and the body as a whole.

After rinsing, it is useful to rinse your hair with cool water.

It is advisable to dry your hair after washing with a warm towel, and then let your hair air dry. It is not advisable to use a hairdryer because it dries your hair very much.

When combing your hair, it is unacceptable to use other people's combs.

3. Oral hygiene. Proper oral care helps keep teeth in good condition for many years, and also helps prevent many diseases of internal organs.

You need to brush your teeth every morning and evening.

It is unacceptable to take advantage of another person.

After eating, be sure to rinse your mouth.

If you notice the first signs of tooth or gum disease, contact your dentist immediately.

Visit your dentist at least twice a year for a routine checkup.

4. Hygiene of underwear, clothing and shoes. The cleanliness of our clothes plays an important role in personal hygiene. Clothing protects the human body from pollution, mechanical and chemical damage, cooling, insects, and so on.