Techniques for memorizing information, or what mnemonics are. Features of memory development at different age periods in children - abstract Memorizing information at different ages

How to better perceive and remember the abundance of information that hits the brain modern man? Surely, everyone asks this question, especially when it becomes extremely relevant, for example, during study, an exam, speaking in front of an audience, reading scientific literature.

To make the process of obtaining and storing information more effective, there are various memorization techniques.

Using mnemonic systems

Psychology has determined that in order to master any activity, it is necessary to develop certain skills. The same rule applies to successfully memorizing a large amount of knowledge. The basic skills of this process are acquired and formed under the influence of various technologies. What memorization methods can be considered the most effective?

Nowadays, mnemonics or the art of memorization is becoming increasingly popular, which consists of a set (system) of certain methods, methods, techniques and techniques that greatly facilitate working with text materials.

Mnemonics has been valued at all times, people showed special interest in it and intensively developed technologies, ensuring that the main properties of their techniques were simplicity, versatility, and efficiency.

Confirmation of this technology is the Giordano system. Its essence lies in the fact that memory work occurs in stages. First, information is encoded into visual images; then comes the process of memorization itself; followed by the necessary assimilation of the sequence of material, at the last stage – consolidation and storage of information in the brain. Based on this, techniques for memorizing information will be systematized according to the developed stages.

According to experts, the Giordano system is the most effective and practical in Everyday life of all existing ones, it is used for assimilation and preservation of frequently occurring, fairly clear information. For example, you need to record in memory the digits of a telephone number, street name, last name, first name, patronymic, exact dates, geographical names.

The same memorization technique can be used when working with encyclopedic materials and educational texts, if only you can correctly highlight key words or phrases. You just need to take into account that the material is not memorized thoroughly, but close to the text, and the principle “from the particular to the whole” is used.

Such a system presupposes the need to develop memorization skills, since the process of working with information itself depends on the degree of training of a person and on the complexity of the material. For example, even the shortest training makes it possible to remember a two-digit number in 3 seconds, and in 5 minutes you can remember 100 two-digit numbers.

The interesting thing is that, working according to Giordano’s method, you can quickly find knowledge in your mind that contains the same elements, for example, dates with similar numbers.

Another, no less effective technology designed for memorizing a large amount of information is considered to be Cicero’s technique, in which a consistent system of image-associations is built. It can contain up to 50 images or more, so the memorized information will be more voluminous than other methods of memorization suggest.

The technology of memorization according to Cicero’s method is that objects important for perception must be mentally arranged in a strictly defined order, using the furnishings of the room. Further, when reproducing the material, it is enough to remember the room.

Cicero did the same thing when preparing for his speeches. Walking around the house, he mentally placed the important points of his speech everywhere, then, recalling the situation at home, he remembered the key phrases.

To build a system of images, you can use the furnishings of other rooms or even an imaginary room.

As variants of this system, a road along which a person has to walk every day or a familiar situation is often used.

Cicero's method is useful when memorizing numbers, but you just need to convert them from an abstract form to a concrete one. For example, in psychology it is recommended to associate numbers with letters: 0 - o, 4 - h, 6 - b, etc., and then remember them according to a proven pattern.

The effectiveness of quick memorization techniques

When information is difficult to comprehend and time is limited, rational memorization techniques come to the rescue. Having mastered them, a person can work with any material in a short time.

As the most effective, we can offer techniques that have proven themselves in mnemonics.

For example, a technique such as text rhyming is widely used when creating advertising. Everyone knows that rhyming phrases of advertising, regardless of a person’s desire, are etched into the memory and remain there for a long time. The same can be done with any material. Therefore, when a person is faced with important, but illogical, difficult-to-remember information, you can rhyme it.

A classic example is the rhyme when learning eleven verbs of exclusion (drive, breathe, hold, offend, hear, see, hate, and also twirl, look, and depend, and endure).

Similarly, an invented rhyming phrase is used to help in the study of cases: “Ivan chopped the wood, Varvara lit the stove.” Similarly, you can rhyme the rules of the Russian language: “I can’t bear to get married.”

Other methods of memorization are just as relevant. For example, the abbreviation technique is often used to better remember various unrelated objects. Everyone knows the popular phrase when studying the colors of the rainbow.

The technique of memorizing using abbreviations is useful in that it allows not only to shorten long phrases, but also to fix them for a long time in the mind, for example, when naming government, educational institutions or scientific concepts: university, sopromat, traffic police, hydroelectric power station, Unified State Examination.

To create your own abbreviation, you can come up with a simple, meaningful sentence, all the words of which will begin with the first letters of the words you remember.

In psychology it is believed that the optimal ones are classical techniques memorizing information - pictograms, associations, active repetition.

The technology of the pictogram method is built on the principle of highlighting keywords, for which an image is then invented. When sketching it, a visual association arises. No artistic skills are required here, just the pictogram should remind you of a key expression or word.

Associations are a time-tested memory technology where a connection is established between objects. It is actively used for people of any age. The essence of this method of memorization is that when one object appears in consciousness, another is remembered.

Associations may be different types, for example, chains, associative links, “matryoshka”. Their selection depends on the content of the material being memorized.

This memorization technique can be used when working on a sequence of words, when recording numbers, phone numbers, dates.

Sometimes there are difficulties in making connections between objects. Then experts recommend creating the most unusual, even absurd connections, which are even better remembered.

The technique of active repetition involves repeated reproduction of already memorized material. The acquired knowledge is reproduced mentally or orally only from memory in order to preserve it for a long time, perhaps forever. An example would be poetic lines, rules, theorems, anecdotes, retrieved from memory at every opportunity. In the same way, you can use active repetition for any material.

By nature, man is given memory, which cannot be considered perfect. But in order to actively use acquired knowledge, retain it in memory, and ensure that it becomes systematic and deeper, special work is needed to develop memorization skills. Having acquired knowledge, calling on imagination and thinking, everyone can come up with techniques that make it easier to memorize information.

Patterns of memory (conditions for successful memorization and reproduction) are associated with forms of memory.

Involuntary memorization

The conditions for successful involuntary memorization are:

• strong and significant physical stimuli (the sound of a gunshot, bright spotlight);
• what causes increased orientation activity(cessation or resumption of an action, process, unusualness of the phenomenon, its contrast in relation to the background, etc.);
• stimuli that are most significant for a given individual (for example, professionally significant objects);
• stimuli that have a special emotional connotation;
• what is most related to the needs of a given person;
• something that is the object of active activity.

Thus, the conditions of a problem that we have been solving for a long time are remembered involuntarily and firmly.

Voluntary memorization

But in human activity, more often there is a need to specifically remember something and reproduce it under appropriate conditions. This is voluntary memorization, in which the task is always to remember, i.e., special mnemonic activity is carried out.

In the process of human development, voluntary memorization is formed relatively late (mainly by the period schooling). This type of memorization is intensively developed in teaching and.

Conditions for successful voluntary memorization are:

• awareness of the significance and meaning of the memorized material;
• identification of its structure, logical relationship of parts and elements, semantic and spatial grouping of material;
• identifying the plan in verbal and textual material, supporting words in the content of each part, presenting the material in the form of a diagram, table, diagram, drawing, visual image;
• the content and accessibility of the memorized material, its correlation with the experience and orientation of the subject of memorization;
• emotional and aesthetic richness of the material;
• the possibility of using this material in professional activity subject;
• setting the need to reproduce this material under certain conditions;
• material that acts as a means of achieving significant goals, plays a significant role in solving life problems, and acts as an object of active mental activity.

When memorizing material, a rational distribution of it over time and active reproduction of the memorized material are essential.

Mnemonics

If it is impossible to establish semantic connections in heterogeneous material, use artificial methods to facilitate memorization - mnemonics(the art of memorization): the creation of auxiliary artificial associations, the mental placement of memorized material in a well-known space, a familiar pattern, and an easily memorized rhythmic tempo. So, from school, everyone knows the mnemonic technique for memorizing the sequence of colors of the light spectrum: “Every Hunter Wants to Know Where the Pheasant Sits.”

Voluntary memory is purposefully organized. Research shows that a person can easily hold and reproduce only three or four isolated objects (with their simultaneous perception). The limited scope of simultaneous retention and reproduction of material is due to retroactive and proactive inhibition (inhibition arising, respectively, from subsequent and previous influences).

Edge factor

If a subject is given a series of 10 syllables, then the first and last syllables are remembered more easily, and the middle ones - worse. What explains this fact? The first elements do not experience inhibition from previous impressions, and the last members of the series do not experience inhibition from subsequent elements. The middle members of the series experience inhibition both from the preceding ones (proactive inhibition) and from the subsequent elements (retroactive, inverse inhibition). This pattern of memory (better memorization of extreme elements) is called edge factor.

If the memorized series consists of four elements, then the first, second and fourth are remembered first, the third is worse. Therefore, in the quatrains you should pay attention to the third line - the “Achilles heel” of the structure. It is characteristic that it is in the third lines of quatrains that poets often allow violations of meter in order to attract increased attention to it. This is what, for example, the first quatrain of N. M. Yazykov’s poem “Muse” sounds like:

The goddess of strings survived

Gods and thunder and damask steel.

She didn't let her beautiful hands into chains

Centuries of tyranny and debauchery.

It's hard to remember a list of 18 different items. But listing the purchases of the hero of “Dead Souls” Nozdryov does not turn out to be too difficult to remember. The author himself helps us with this, providing the necessary contrastive organization of the list. “If he [Nozdryov] at the fair was lucky enough to attack a simpleton and beat him, he bought a bunch of everything that had previously caught his eye in the shops: clamps, smoking tar, calico, candles, nanny scarves, a stallion, raisins, a silver washstand, Dutch canvas, fine flour, tobacco, pistols, herrings, paintings, sharpening tools, pots, boots, earthenware - as much as there was enough money.”

When moving from memorizing one complex material to memorizing another, it is necessary to take breaks (at least 15 minutes), which prevent retroactive inhibition.

The assumption that traces do not disappear at all, but are only inhibited under the influence of other influences, is confirmed by the phenomenon of reminiscence (Latin reminiscentia - memory). Often, when reproducing material immediately after perceiving it, the number of elements retained in memory is less than the amount that a person can reproduce after a pause. This is explained by the fact that during the rest period the effect of braking is removed.

To expand the volume of voluntary memory, it is necessary to attach to the memorized material certain structure, group his. It is unlikely, for example, that anyone will be able to quickly remember a series of 16 isolated numbers: 1001110101110011. If we group this series in the form of two-digit numbers: 10 01 11 01 01 11 00 11, then they are easier to remember. In the form of four-digit numbers, this series is remembered even easier, since it no longer consists of 16 elements, but of four enlarged groups: 1001 1101 0111 0011. Combining elements into groups reduces the number of those elements that experience proactive and retroactive inhibition, allowing you to compare these elements, that is, to include intellectual activity in the memorization process.

Rice. 1. Techniques for organizing a voluntary mnemonic action

The productivity of semantic memory is 25 times higher than mechanical memory. Establishing connections, structure, principle, and patterns of constructing an object is the main condition for its successful memorization. It is difficult to mechanically remember the numbers 248163264128256, but it is very easy to remember these same numbers if you establish a certain pattern in a number of numbers (doubling each subsequent digit). The number 123-456-789 is easy to remember by finding the principle of its construction (Fig. 1).

Voluntary memorization of figurative material is also facilitated by identifying the principle of its organization (Fig. 2).

In experimental studies, it is found that subjects “remember” more information than what was presented to them for memorization. If, for example, the sentence “Ivanov chopped sugar” is given for memorization, then when reproducing it, subjects often reconstruct this material as follows: “Ivanov chopped sugar with tongs.” This phenomenon is explained by the involuntary connection to memorization of an individual’s judgments and conclusions.

So, memory is not a repository of static information. It is organized by systematizing processes of perception and thinking.

Rice. 2. Remember and reproduce this series of figures in the same sequence (the task can be completed only after establishing the principle of arrangement of the figures)

At playback material, those objects that structurally organized the field of perception and regulated the activity of the subject of memorization should be used as support.

A special type of reproduction is memories. Memory- the individual’s attribution of figurative ideas to a specific place and moment in his life. Localization of memories is facilitated by the reproduction of complete behavioral events and their sequence.

Reproduction associated with overcoming difficulties is called recollection. Overcoming difficulties in remembering is facilitated by the establishment of various associations.

Reproducible images of objects or phenomena are called representations. They are divided into types corresponding to the types of perceptions (visual, auditory, etc.).

The peculiarity of the representations is their generality And fragmentation. Representations do not convey with equal brightness all the features and characteristics of objects. If certain ideas are connected with our activity, then in them those aspects of the object that are most significant for this activity are brought to the fore.

Representations are generalized images of reality. They preserve the constant attributes of things and discard the random ones. Ideas are a higher level of cognition than sensation and perception. They are a transitional step from sensations to thoughts. But ideas are always paler, less complete than perceptions. When imagining an image of a well-known object, for example, the facade of your house, you may find that this image is fragmentary and somewhat reconstructed.

The past is restored with the participation of thinking - generally and indirectly. Consciousness of reproduction inevitably leads to a categorical, conceptual embrace of the past. And only specially organized control activities - comparison, critical assessment - bring the reconstructed picture closer to the real events.

The material of reproduction is a product not only of memory, but also of the entire mental uniqueness of a given person.

The material is remembered in the context of human activity. First of all, what is stored in memory is what was most relevant and significant in human activity, how this activity began and ended, what obstacles arose on the way to its implementation. At the same time, some people remember better the facilitating factors, while others remember the hindering factors of activity.

In interpersonal interactions, what affects the most significant personal characteristics of an individual is more firmly remembered.

There are also personal tendencies towards the reconstruction of material stored in memory. A person remembers events in the form in which he comprehends them in the process of perception. Already an elementary act of synthesis of perception and memory - recognition differs in a number of ways individual characteristics. Bad memory for faces can be combined with good memory for other objects.

The accuracy and completeness of reproduction depend on the suggestibility and conformity of the individual, his tendency to fantasize. Significant deformations of cognitive processes occur in emotionally stressful states.

So, memory is not a warehouse finished products. Her material is subject to personal reconstruction. Personal reconstruction of the reproduced material can manifest itself in distortion of the semantic content of the source material, illusory detailing of the reproduced event, combination of disparate elements, separation of related elements, replacement of content with other similar content, spatial and temporal mixing of events or their fragments, exaggeration, emphasis on personally significant aspects of the event, confusion functionally similar objects.

A person’s memory stores not only the factual side of events, but also their corresponding interpretation. Meaningful memorization is characterized by the inclusion of material in the semantic (categorical-conceptual) field of the individual. Reproduction, restoration of past influences is not a “result” of these influences. The degree of discrepancy between ideas and real events varies from person to person. It depends on the type of higher nervous activity of the individual, the structure of individual consciousness, value systems, motives and goals of activity.

It functions intensively even beyond the threshold of consciousness. Currently, it is simulated using electronic computers. However, these machines provide only information storage, while human memory is a constantly self-organizing process, a mental mechanism that integrates the results of all mental processes, a mechanism for storing directly perceived and logically processed information.

Some people may have complete, vivid ideas after a single and involuntary perception of an object. Such representations are called eidetic(from Greek eidos - image). Sometimes there is an involuntary, obsessive, cyclical emergence of images - perseveration(Latin perseveratio - perseverance).

Memory is based on those mental processes that occur during the initial meeting with the memorized material. Accordingly, during reproduction, the main role is played by updating the material according to the functional connections of its elements, their semantic context, and the structural relationship of its parts. And for this, the material in the process of imprinting must be clearly analyzed (divided into structural and semantic units) and synthesized (conceptually united). Reserves human memory inexhaustible.

According to the calculations of the famous cybernetician J. Neumann, the human brain can accommodate the entire amount of information stored in the largest libraries in the world. Alexander the Great knew by sight and name all the soldiers of his army of thousands. A. A. Alekhine could play from memory (blind) with 40 partners at the same time.

A certain E. Gaon knew by heart all 2.5 thousand books he had read during his life, and could reproduce any passage from them. There are numerous cases of outstanding figurative memory of people of the artistic type. W. A. ​​Mozart could record a large piece of music after listening to it only once. Composers L.K. Glazunov and S.V. Rachmaninov were distinguished by the same musical memory. The artist N. N. Ge could accurately depict from memory what he had seen only once.

A person involuntarily remembers everything that attracts his attention: the captivating colors of spring evenings, the graceful outlines of ancient cathedrals, the joyful faces of people close to him, the smells of the sea and pine forest. All these numerous images constitute the figurative and intellectual fund of his psyche.

Every person has the opportunity to significantly expand their memory capacity. At the same time, it is necessary to discipline the intellect - to highlight the essential from the background of the secondary, to actively reproduce the necessary material, and to widely use mnemonic techniques. The habit of remembering what you need is reinforced, like any other skill. School folklore about “Pythagorean pants” and “every hunter who wants to know where the pheasant sits” testifies to the ineradicable desire of our mind to find a pattern, an association, even where it is impossible to establish logical connections.

Each person has characteristics of his memory: some people have a strong verbal-logical memory, others have a strong figurative memory; Some people remember quickly, while others need more careful processing of the memorized material. But in all cases it is necessary to avoid what causes proactive and retroactive inhibition. And at the first difficulties of reproduction, the phenomenon of reminiscence should be used.

The human brain, like a super-powerful computer, is capable of processing and storing an amazing amount of information. A person could remember absolutely everything that his organs of perception recognized at least once, if there were no “buts”. And this “but” is the process of losing access to acquired knowledge. In other words - forgetting.

Forgetting is a protective unloading mechanism. But it is precisely this property of memory that often prevents us from reproducing previously received information at the right time. But by understanding what memory is and how it works, you can significantly improve its performance and master the technique of quick memorization.

Unsolved mystery

Memory is the ability to store and reproduce previously acquired information. The connections between the nerve cells of the brain - neurons - are responsible for this process. The quantity and quality of these connections is directly proportional to the amount of accumulated knowledge and the amount of life experience of the individual.

However, not everything is as obvious and simple as it might seem at first glance. And here there is an interesting paradox: over 10 years, brain cells are completely renewed, but the memories remain and do not lose any of their quality. Numerous experiments using hypnosis techniques prove that absolutely everything that we encounter along the path of life is stored in our memory. And although most of this information is stored at the subconscious level, under certain conditions it is quite possible to bring these memories out.

Memorization process

At the physiological level, perceived information causes irritation of a group of neurons. Under the influence of such information impulses, neural connections are formed. Each repetition of the same material will activate the corresponding group of neurons, and the connections between them will become stronger each time. Accordingly, the memory itself at the level of consciousness will become more stable and long-lasting. Although, in addition to the usual mechanical repetition, other factors also influence the quality of memorization.

Factors influencing the speed of memorization

1. Emotions

As you know, emotionally intense events always leave a vivid mark on a person’s memory. By the same principle, information associated with great joy or great grief, will certainly be remembered deeply and for a long time.

2. Concentration

The ability to abstract from external distractions and focus on the object of memorization also plays a significant role. Associated with the ability to concentrate, of course, are both motivation to remember and willpower.

3. Interest

This is one of the most productive states for memorization. Interest in something releases incredible energy potential, and the person finds himself in the so-called flow state. Many people are probably familiar with the state when some activity is so captivating that sometimes even the need for food and sleep is forgotten.

4. Physical and psychological condition

It is obvious that in a harmonious state a person will be more effective. It's a completely different matter when the body's resources are depleted by lack of sleep, poor nutrition, illness or emotional stress. In this case, there simply will not be enough energy for full-fledged brain activity.

5. Importance and usefulness of information

We remember more easily what is applicable in our daily life. The brain's defense mechanisms quickly erase useless information from RAM so that overload does not occur. As an example, a foreign language will quickly be forgotten if there is no constant language practice.

Quick Memorization Methods

1. Associations

With the help of associations, you can create connections between new unfamiliar information and already well-studied old information. This method is especially good when you need to memorize something with maximum accuracy. For example, an excerpt from a work of fiction, a poem, foreign words, a set of symbols, or a theoretical definition.

Examples various types associations:

• Consonance: ion pair – horse pair;
• Simple associations: snowboard - winter - snow - north - deer - antlers;
• Specifying concepts: mammal – cow, berry – blackberry;
• Similarity of shapes and colors: graphite – night, planet – ball

2. Structuring

Dividing it into logical sections and building cause-and-effect relationships between them will help you quickly absorb information.

For example, in history, certain turning points can serve as points of division: the outbreak of war, the conclusion of a treaty, restructuring in the government, a revolution. And connections will be formed around these key points when analyzing previous and subsequent events (for example: the causes of the war, the consequences of the war);

3. Emotional content

As previously noted, things that have a bright emotional color are remembered better. Therefore, by connecting the information being memorized with personal emotional experiences, this process can be significantly accelerated. A text read dramatically with appropriate gestures and facial expressions will be remembered much better and faster than the same text read monotonously and insensitively;

4. Intent

Preliminary volitional adjustment to learn a given amount of information will also increase the efficiency of memorization;

5. Practical examples

Long-term memorization is facilitated by awareness of the applicability of the material being studied in real life. life situations. Therefore, it is important to draw your own conclusions from any information you learn: ethical lessons, current legislative precedents, or everyday tricks. Everything that has practical benefits will take root in memory for a long time.

The integrated application of the above methods will significantly reduce the time spent on memorization. And as a bonus, boring cramming is transformed into an exciting learning practice.

Everyone has to remember and learn something from time to time. Schoolchildren know better than anyone how difficult this can be. Especially on the eve of difficult tests and exams like the State Examination and the Unified State Exam. It seems that you need to wrap your head around everything you’ve learned in 9 or 11 years. Not an easy task!

We are all naturally endowed with the ability to memorize, remember and reproduce information at the right time. But not everyone realizes this potential to the fullest. Someone easily keeps in memory the telephone numbers of all relatives and the periodic table to boot. And for some, the necessary formulas immediately disappear from memory after the test.

I have good news for you: your memory can and should be trained. Just as muscles grow after regular exercise, the human brain can be trained. You will find ways to help you memorize effectively in this article.

What is memory and what does it look like?

We will not delve into the jungle of neurobiology and how neurons in the brain exchange “handshakes” using synapses and how our impressions are transmitted using nerve impulses and “recorded” in the cerebral cortex.

It’s better to say what scientists have calculated: in fact, the human brain does not forget anything. It’s just that he can’t fish out all of the impressions he’s received in life from the dusty mezzanines of memory to carefully study at the right moment and on demand.

Let’s also say that memory can be short term(right now you are reading and for some time you remember everything that is written in this paragraph) and long term(you will remember your name all your life). Some information, for example, impressions of the happiest day of your life, goes through a chain of complex transformations without any difficulty and seems to settle into long-term memory by itself. But much of what should be stored in it has to be memorized for a long time and painfully. Do you remember how poems and excerpts from poems were taught? That's the same thing.

Memory can also be divided into the following types:

• visual-figurative;
• verbal-logical;
• motor (also kinesthetic and motor);
• emotional.

1. To be remembered more easily, it must be interesting.
2. Reflecting is more effective than cramming.
3. If you give yourself the mindset to remember, you will remember more and easier.
4. Consolidation in practice greatly improves memorization.
5. Context is important (connect new things you learn with old things you already know through associations).
6. New information “overlaps” similar old information.
7. It is better to learn in portions comparable to the volume of short-term memory (small, in general).
8. Information from the end and beginning of a text/message, etc. is remembered better.
9. Repetition improves memorization.
10. Unfinished and incomplete things are remembered better. Check...

Regarding the last point, I have the following consideration: our internal computer freezes on unfinished processes. It seems like the task is not completed and therefore cannot be closed yet.

Methods of remembering - we do it effectively

Anyone who watches American comedy series will probably remember the eccentric Sheldon Cooper from “The Big Bang Theory” and his eidetic memory. All people have it to varying degrees. And if you apply eidetic techniques, you can actually remember more and more easily.

How to do it? Can be used figurative memory and remember using associations. For example, this is how you can learn poetry: try to imagine each stanza in every detail, including color and sound. By using method of analogies (associations) you can increase your memorization efficiency by 40-50%. Find associations, not necessarily logical ones, in your past experiences. Usually such things happen unconsciously and then we say, “all this reminds me of...”. But anyone can use this memorization mechanism consciously.

People have different perception mechanisms: after going to the cinema, visual learners better remembered the faces of the actors and how the characters were dressed, auditory learners – the main theme of the soundtrack, and kinesthetic learners – whether the handrails of the chairs were smooth or rough. Therefore, different emphasis should be placed on methods of memorization.

It is easier for auditory learners to remember what they hear. Use a voice recorder(on your phone or separately) to record the teacher’s explanations in class. Or read them at home yourself. Use audio courses and podcasts. You can listen to all this in between other classes and make good use of your time on the way to school.

It will be effective for visual learners engage visual memory : remember what the page looked like in the textbook, whether its corner was crooked, in which paragraph the necessary information was written. At the right moment, try to start with these memories and the text itself will emerge in your memory next.

A method that we will call conventionally can increase the efficiency of memorizing information by 60%. "Simonides method": trying to remember something, “tie” it to external circumstances. Under what conditions and in what place do you remember what is around you, what is happening at that moment. Try to focus on a mental image of your class where the teacher was explaining a lesson to you, for example. Or play some light, non-distracting music at home while you study. Sensual images and emotions will help memorization and, most importantly, subsequent reproduction.

Another method is a little similar to the previous one, only the profit from it is higher - up to 80%. Let's call it this way: " put on shelves" The point is to connect information (for example, foreign words or dates on a history exam) to surrounding objects or an imaginary interior.

For example, look around your room and mentally imagine it: let the date of the baptism of Rus' be “kept” under the table lamp, a new English word under the mouse pad, etc. Glancing at these objects, do a control exercise - remember what “lies” where. For each subsequent topic you will need new picture. By the way, this is how you can memorize the periodic table. Place anchored items along the route from home to school and check every day to make sure everything is in place.

Makes it easier to remember information retelling. Don’t cram the paragraph, it’s better to read and highlight for yourself the main, key points. And retell everything in your own words. Let it not be so difficult. But you will remember what you have comprehended much more accurately than what you painfully crammed without understanding the meaning.

Engage motor memory. Simply put, write and draw, not just read. Here are some options for you:

• make notes - the most important thing that you can retell later;
• make structural diagrams (flowcharts, diagrams of the order of words in a sentence in a foreign language, a schematic representation of the human brain or the structure of a cell for biology, etc.);
• draw tables for comparison and classification;
• draw up a short plan for answering the question with a thesis statement;
• write cards with terms, dates and names of historical figures, foreign words;
• prepare a literary diary for the literature exam (you can write down quotes and names of key characters);
• write new foreign words on sticky notes and hang them around the house - wherever they will often catch your eye;
• write out mathematical, physical and chemical formulas on separate cards.

In this regard, cheat sheets are also good. Provided you cook them yourself. At this time, you have to structure and summarize information. All this adds up favorably to memorization. By the way, it’s better to leave the finished cheat sheets at home.

You can also learn poetry this way - rewrite the poem by hand and learn it according to your own version. This way you remember it better than from a book.

Repetition is the mother of learning

Famous folk wisdom has a completely scientific basis: the more you repeat, the better you remember. You just need to repeat it correctly. First, skim through the material, just read and get the gist. For example, you can start learning the grammar of a foreign language with a superficial acquaintance. This way you will have a frame on which parts and details will then be built.

The lighter the material, the more volume you can remember at a time. More complex things take time to settle down. This is why repetition is so effective. Moreover, if you start repeating without a break, it will be of little use. But you can achieve a qualitative and quantitative leap if you repeat it over time. And do it well according to a certain schedule.

So, you can use the following algorithm:

• learn something;
• after about 20 minutes repeat;
• on the same day, after 6-8 hours, repeat again;
• and repeat again the next day;
• in the future, you can return to fluent repetition after a few days, a week, etc.

To repeat, the material should be divided into fragments that are convenient for reproduction without overexertion. For example, into paragraphs, stanzas. And it’s better to repeat the last time on the same day shortly before you get ready to go to bed. The fact is that even when we are not actively remembering, the supercomputer in our skull is still processing data. And while you sleep, nothing distracts him.

By the way, there is such a scientific term as reminiscence. The point is that after time it is possible to remember and reproduce more than was possible immediately after memorization. But it won’t work if you just cram without delving into the meaning. On the contrary, what is memorized is remembered worse and worse over time.

Conclusion

Use different techniques memorization, get creative and combine techniques. For example, write notes to light, pleasant music, draw diagrams and cover the house with sticky notes. Or use the technique of placing useful information in an imaginary interior and at the same time try to make the picture as alive and tangible as possible.

Everyone can use their memory effectively with a little effort. Memory can be trained in the same way as muscles are trained. For example, learning foreign languages ​​greatly contributes to this.

Eat foods that are good for your memory: garlic, nuts, seaweed, lemons, grapes, etc.

And don’t forget to write us comments: what memorization methods do you usually use? Maybe we forgot to tell you something? Constructive criticism is welcome.

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Everyone, without exception, has a memory. But for some it is better developed, and for others it is worse. If the second option is closer to you, don’t be upset - everything can be fixed. There are many ways and methods of memorization. Why not take advantage of them? We will tell you how you can remember the most complex information.

Memory from a physiological point of view

The process of memorization is one of the main functions of memory. Without it, its further functioning is impossible. Memorization allows a person to reproduce previously seen or heard information, correct it, and use it in later life.

Sometimes a person has difficulty reproducing the material. The reverse process occurs - forgetting. This situation is natural for people of any age. This happens because the brain filters out information that is unnecessary to it, or that which has not been used for a long time. But the mechanism helps you concentrate on new material and remember it better.

The process of remembering (as well as forgetting) is highly individual and depends on the characteristics of the brain.

Memory in psychology

To remember means to build an imaginary connection between something and something: for example, the name of a person with his clothing style, the date of an event with its content, etc. In psychology this is called “associative connections”.

Building such connections ensures step-by-step memorization of information with all the details. Many techniques are based on associations.

Important: determine your memory type

Setting the goal to remember “as much and as quickly as possible,” we often forget that there are certain factors that influence the speed and efficiency of memorization. By taking them into account, you can simplify this process.

• Psychological characteristics of memory. That is, determining which type is more developed.
• The nature of the material to be memorized (text, audio text, event, image).
• If this is a text, it is worth considering its theme, complexity of composition, volume, plot.
• For what period, in what detail do you need to remember.

To determine which type of memory predominates, you can take the test. To do this, you will need three sheets of paper that need to be numbered. The next step is to write down (or ask someone for such a favor) 10 words on each sheet. For example:

• deer;
• grass;
• apple;
• autumn;
• night;
• magazine;
• TV;
• music;
• dad.

Let's move on to the next sheet with 10 new words. Now you need to read them to yourself, then turn them over and write them down.

Third step, third sheet - reading words, writing them in the air.

Now let's check the results: if greatest number matches on sheet 1 - this indicates better work auditory (hearing) memory. Large matches on sheet 2 indicate well-developed visual ability. It prevails in many people. The third sheet is responsible for kinesthetic memory. This tendency is quite rare, but it does occur.

Effective Memorization Techniques

Now there are quite a few various techniques, exercises aimed at developing memory. They are based on psychological strategies or concepts.

Multisensory reception method.

The more perception receptors are involved in the perception process, the more effective the result will be. If the goal is to remember the names of objects or objects, it is best not to just read, memorize the words, but look at their image. In the same technique, some scientists recommend linking memorization with elements of art, for example, listening to classical music when studying a text.

Associative practice.

Association helps the brain build logical chains associated with remembering the necessary objects or events. By associating an object with a significant event or its physical embodiment, it is easier to remember something.

The principle of material sorting.

This principle guides those who want to save time. It consists of sorting the material into blocks or topics, memorizing it in parts. This helps to remember the material quickly, efficiently, and firmly.

Buffet method.

Such memorization methods are completely opposite to the sorting principle; they involve memorizing and repeating information in a row, without breaking it into blocks. Many memory tournament champions use this technique, arguing that it is better to learn subjects by mastering skills in a variety of categories. They associate the technique with tasting different buffet dishes rather than simply ordering from a menu.

A way of discarding words.

The necessary material for study is copied manually, with some words discarded (only the first letter needs to be left). Afterwards, read the text, restoring the missed moments from memory. There are specially created programs that, after loading the text, overlap parts of the words. This method helps when memorizing poems.

Rhyme.

The technique is often used to remember the rules. Maybe the phrase “rules in verse” sounds childish, but you can remember for a long time that “The emphasis in the word katal O g falls on the third word OG!».

Numbers.

There is a technique for linking words with numbers. This is a type of association technique. For example, 0-bagel, 2-swan, 8-points... This technique can be used when studying words with a child, giving similar examples for simple memorization.

Cicero's method is to present objects in familiar settings. The technique is effective when learning languages. When the need arises to remember a word, the association occurs with a familiar environment: the cat is lying on the bed, and the wardrobe is in the corner.

How to remember everything without any problems: 8 secrets

These details will help you concentrate on the necessary information and make the memorization process interesting.

• Important thoughts should be recorded. By writing down the necessary material, we develop mechanical memory. Keeping a written diary will be very useful. Scientists say that the brain is able to firmly concentrate on negative thoughts. “Splashing out” bad thoughts on paper before starting memorization will have a good effect on the result.
• Nature helps. Learning material in nature increases concentration by 20%. If you get out on Fresh air If it doesn’t work out, you can just devote time to yourself and relax a little.
• Volume level matters. Pronouncing words aloud and loudly increases the efficiency of memorization by 10%. This is especially true for learning foreign words.
• Using a voice recorder to record your voice uses several types of memory at once.
• A change of environment will help when the brain doesn’t want to work at all, and words “don’t fit” into your head. This indicates general fatigue, which means you should not forget to give your body rest and change your environment.
• Health comes first. When doing constant mental stress, you need to remember about the right lifestyle, exercise and good sleep.
• Stimulate yourself with a pleasant reward for the material you have completed and learned.
• Repetition is an integral part of learning any information. Repeating before bed is especially helpful.

I would like to end with the words of the American writer Jack Kerouac: “Trust your memory, the results will surprise you.” Use our recommendations and share them with your friends. By working on yourself, you can remember everything.