What is corundum? Many people have heard the word, but not everyone knows what it means. Someone will answer that these are “Corundum Chameleon” masks, and they will be absolutely right. Indeed, under this name they produce quality masks for welders. But that’s not all! Liquid thermal insulation “Corundum” is also known, which is considered one of the best products in the Russian market in its category. And yet the main meaning of this word is a mineral highly valued by humanity. Its scope of use is wide and aesthetic appearance after processing it attracts connoisseurs of beauty.
Lovely and natural
For a long time, jewelry has been highly valued by humanity, and the demand for sapphires and rubies is especially high. Few ordinary people think about it, but these beautiful stones are subspecies of corundum. What it is? This word refers to a mineral - aluminum oxide, which in its wild form “grows” in crystals. Corundum is usually found in the form of small inclusions in various rocks. These may be groups of crystals or grains. The mineral corundum is often created by nature in the shape of a pseudocube: prisms with six faces and cones are found somewhat less frequently.
In nature, transparent stones are formed no more than 10 cm in size, while opaque stones can reach a meter in size.
Historical aspects
The mineral corundum has attracted the attention of people for a long time, as it has a very high hardness index. In the Middle Ages, it was customary to separate breeds developed in the east and in Europe. The epithet “eastern” was usually applied to the former, but the coloring of both was quite similar. At the same time, historical evidence has been preserved that virtually no corundum deposits were found in Europe; the stone was mainly brought from India and the southern Asian regions.
Precious corundum is extracted from inclusions in igneous rock. It can be found when studying volcanic eruptions. Often these are veins, nests, shales, as well as individual point inclusions. Undoubtedly, any red corundum is beautiful, but the highest price is for samples mined from placers.
Features of origin
The properties of corundum are most pronounced if the material is mined from deposits in the form of placers. This material can only form deep within a magma rock that is rich in alumina and poor in silica. Often the stone is found in bauxite, that is, sedimentary rocks that have no obvious connection with volcanoes.
Currently, synthetic corundum is mainly sold in stores. An industrial production process has been developed precious stones, which involves the presence of bauxite, which is processed under high heating conditions in an electric oven. The starting material melts and crystallizes. Iron filings are involved in the process.
Historical references
Pliny the Elder wrote in his works about what corundum is. In fact, this is the oldest mention of the stone that has survived to this day. It was then that he studied some of the properties of the material, and also collected all known data about the mineral. In Pliny you can also find a description of the coloring, its features, including unevenness. Separate paragraphs are devoted to the brilliance of the mineral and its ability to change color in movement. Surprisingly, Pliny gave detailed description process of material extraction.
The works of Pliny the Elder are not only applied information, but also amazing stories about the qualities and properties of truly magical ones. What is corundum? According to the ancient scientist, there were female and male stones, and some specimens had to be kept in vinegar for two weeks, which gave a specific shine for 14 months.
Love and respect
Reviews of corundum from the inhabitants of the ancient East were the most respectful. The stone enjoyed no less admiration among the peoples inhabiting Ancient India. Legends say that rubies are divine drops of blood. Both they and sapphires are varieties of corundum. The second subspecies is colored bluish. If previously any blue stones were called sapphires, then since the nineteenth century the classification has changed - now this term applies only to the corundum variety.
Nowadays, corundum mining sites located in India and Burma are quite famous. Relatively small deposits were found in Canada and Kazakhstan. There are American, Norwegian jewelry births. In our country, gems are mined in the Chelyabinsk region and some regions of the Urals.
Technical features
Corundum formula: Al2O3. The material is grown industrially using the Verneuil method. Low-grade ore can be enriched. On the hardness scale - level nine. Density is about 4,000 kg/m3. The stone is characterized by pleochroism, and some subspecies - asterism.
Corundums: what types are there?
One of the most valuable and famous subspecies is sapphire. It is painted in blue tones, but not only: it can be shades of green, yellow and even pink. In fact, only red corundum is called ruby, and all other shades of the gemstone are now classified as sapphires. There are white specimens, but there are also deep blue ones.
Corundums are very beautiful, their colors vary from purple to red with a brownish tint. They are usually called Siamese. But in Ceylon, luxurious minerals are mined, whose colors range from lilac to red with a purple tint. Only in the last century was it possible to discover a new deposit that produces a different stone - this is African corundum, similar to that mined in Burma.
Valuable and rare
The most expensive corundums are minerals colored red with an admixture of violet. The stronger the second shade, the lower the price. But the cheapest option is a brown-painted mineral.
White corundum can be found in nature. This is a pure breed that real conditions observed extremely rarely. Mostly, deposits are found that are yellowish or gray with a bluish tint. As a rule, such a stone is translucent and sparkles beautifully.
Beautiful and useful
As evidenced by the works of Pliny the Elder mentioned above, corundum is characterized by some magical, magical, mysterious, inexplicable qualities. To this day, many are convinced that the stone has a positive effect on human health. In addition to affecting physical condition, corundum can also change life situation, in which the person found himself.
For a long time, corundum was used if a person was moping, he was consumed by depression and apathy. It is believed that the mineral has a positive effect on the nervous system, eliminates sleep problems and even fights schizophrenia. If a person suffers from nightmares, you need to give him a pendant with a ruby - this will drive away bad dreams. According to magicians who work with stones, corundum can lower blood pressure, eliminate problems with vision, heart and even the musculoskeletal system. It is believed that jewelry has a positive effect on a person’s internal systems and enhances the efficiency of the liver, kidneys, and stomach.
Lithotherapy: corundum
According to many, fine corundum eliminates fears provoked various factors. It gives you self-confidence and strength to cope with difficult situations, reinforces self-esteem. According to lithotherapy specialists, any corundum is good, but blue and red affect a person differently. Sapphire helps with ophthalmic problems, and ruby helps with paralysis. Also, a red stone will save you if you are tormented by problems with metabolism and blood flow. But the purple-hued mineral will put your psyche in order, have a positive effect on your well-being, eliminate the symptoms of neuralgia and help you recover from a concussion.
But for some it won’t suit you!
Stone experts say that corundum is completely unsuitable for people with weak character and those who like to be lazy. Such a mineral actively affects a person, forces him to move in the rhythm of life, work without stopping, and be active. Corundum is good for a careerist; it will become a vital support for those whose aspirations are high and justified. The mineral is recommended for those who study at school, university, or graduate school - it has a positive effect on perseverance, makes a person more patient and interested in new knowledge.
Corundum: wear correctly
It is believed that the influence of a stone on a person depends on what part of the body it is located on. Thus, touching the chest eliminates obsessive thoughts, phobias, irritability, and a tendency to anger. At the same time, such a neck decoration will allow you not only to come to terms with the boring routine at work, but also to begin to enjoy it.
If you wear earrings with transparent corundum, these will evoke thoughts about the lofty meaning of life. The stone will help to objectively evaluate the behavior of others, a person’s attitude towards other participants in society. The mineral will help in building harmonious relationships with other people.
It is recommended to wear a ring with corundum on the right middle finger. This does not depend on which hand a person has dominant, since it is on the right that corundum has a positive effect on the owner, expanding his abilities. This amulet is aimed at spiritual enrichment; it helps to use talents more widely.
Astrology and corundum
As astrologers say, corundum is beneficial for some, but for others it can be a source of danger. The most relevant use of jewelry with rubies and sapphires is for Cancers. Capricorns, on the contrary, should not even touch the mineral. As experts say, such a person will soon become susceptible to mania and fanaticism. Pisces and Aquarius can safely choose jewelry from a transparent variety of stone. Leos have no benefit or harm from corundum, but some, under the influence of the mineral, may be more easily disappointed in others. But it is recommended to constantly wear jewelry with corundum for women aged 40 years and older if they belong to the sign of Aries. It is believed that such gems will return the enthusiasm and carelessness of youth and allow you to feel much better.
Corundum: coloring secrets
By nature, the mineral has no color, and in hardness it is second only to diamond. But various inclusions of other compounds give the stone the very shades that are so highly valued by man. Bright, pure colors are what makes corundum in great demand in the jewelry industry.
For a stone to acquire a reddish tint, it must contain chromium. The blue color is provided by titanium. Magnesium and iron can have different effects - depending on the degree of oxidation. For use in the jewelry industry, only transparent stones are taken, uniformly colored throughout the entire volume. All other minerals have found application in industry.
Technical features
It is known that when heated, corundum can be completely discolored. Radiation exposure, on the contrary, enhances the brightness of the color. Corundum melts at a temperature of 2050 degrees Celsius, due to which it is widely used in industry to create a fire-resistant layer.
The luster of corundum is metallic or matte. Sometimes it resembles a diamond, but more often it resembles glass. The chemical resistance of the mineral is high; it is not afraid of acids.
Coloring: features and classification
In nature, stones with uniform colors are relatively rare. Some deposits produce a layered mineral that simultaneously contains both blue and red areas. It is very difficult to find the perfect stone, and its price is extremely high. A color classification system was developed and a number of unevenness criteria were introduced. This makes it possible to fairly evaluate corundum mined in different countries, different technologies, from different deposits.
Of the blue stones, the bright cornflower blue color is the most rated. With darker light shade the price immediately decreases. If the original mineral, in addition to titanium impurities, contains iron, then the shade will be blue with green.
Corundums: red and yellow
Chromium oxide gives the transparent parent mineral a reddish tint. The concentration of the impurity and its specific characteristics determine how deep the color will be. The price of transparent, rich, bright rubies is high - they are more expensive than diamonds and even diamonds. To determine the color intensity, a colorimetric table is used.
The yellow variety of the gem is known as Padparadscha. This is an old word that is sometimes also used to describe orange colored stones. This color is provided by iron oxide or nickel. Specialists in magical features stones say that yellow varieties have a positive effect on intellectual abilities and give joy to their owner.
Corundum: brown and gray
Brownish shades are inexpensive, but they also have fans. The color is due to the presence of titanium in high concentration, due to which the connection becomes strong. Often, such corundums contain iron oxide in abundance. Most often, a mineral of this category is used for industrial purposes - it makes excellent abrasive tools. Brown with a pinkish tint, translucent, ghostly stone has been called “oriental hyacinth” since ancient times. Yellow with spots of brown is a gold sapphire.
Stones gray with a low level of transparency are common, are inexpensively valued, and in nature can appear in quite large forms. The most significant qualities of this corundum are heat resistance and abrasiveness.
But few people know that sapphires and rubies are obtained from the same semi-precious stone - corundum. This beautiful natural stone comes in a variety of colors.
It is durable, beautiful, quite expensive and very popular. Today we will learn more information about this precious stone: we will consider its properties, description, varieties, deposits and areas of application, much more.
Precious or not?
Corundum is a precious stone. Sapphires and rubies are famous varieties of corundum. These are not just valuable stones, but precious stones of the first category.
Appearance, meaning of the stone
Corundums are a group of minerals. They are united by physical properties, chemical composition, and structure. Long time it was generally accepted that different types Corundum is an independent mineral. But then geology and chemistry developed significantly. And it became obvious that all the minerals of the group, differing in appearance, are only different types of the same corundum.
Why does the stone have such a name? It is believed that the name comes from the Sanskrit words “kuruvinda”, “kauruntaka”, which in translation mean ruby. Around the world, corundum is called differently: padparadscha, violet, oriental diamond, leucosapphire, almandine sapphire.
It turns out there is also pure corundum. It is this kind of stone that is especially highly valued on the world market, since pure corundum is rarely found in nature. Pure stone is completely transparent, has no color, and has a bright glass luster. In appearance it resembles a diamond.
In deposits, already colored corundum crystals are most often found, in which there are all kinds of inclusions, including colloidal ones. Shades can be varied: blue, scarlet, bluish and purple, red and green.
Since ancient times, red corundums have been especially important: they symbolize power.
Origin story
Corundum has a long history. Back in ancient times beautiful stone was in great demand and was available only to a select few. In Ancient Egypt, jewelry with corundums (sapphires) was worn by priests, and in Judea - by high priests.
Corundums began to be imported from India to Europe. That is why the stones were given such names: “oriental diamond”, “oriental amethyst”, “oriental emerald”. Quite quickly the gem gained great popularity. He is especially appreciated in narrow diplomatic circles. Thus, in higher diplomacy in good form It is considered to present jewelry with red or blue corundum as a gift. This is a sign of respect.
Since the Middle Ages, there have been corundums in Russia. In those distant times, these stones were usually called yakhonts. The sapphire was called the azure yakhont, and the ruby was called the scarlet yakhont.
physical characteristics
Corundum is aluminum oxide. In order for corundum to form under natural conditions, it is important that there is a high alumina content, as well as a deficiency of silica. The mineral consists of 53.2% aluminum. The chemical formula is: Al203. If corundum is pure, it has increased hardness, has a grayish tint, and is highly translucent.
It is quite rare to find completely colorless corundums that have a wonderful glassy luster.
In most cases, the mineral contains all kinds of impurities: titanium, manganese, iron and chromium. They are the ones who provide coloring of the stone in different shades.
Let's consider the principle by which natural coloring of stones can take place:
- Yellow corundums contain impurities of iron oxides.
- Pink stones are colored with iron and manganese.
- Iron causes the brown tint of the mineral.
- Titans transform corundums into sapphires.
- Chromium produces ruby.
When X-ray irradiation is carried out, more saturated shades are achieved and colorless minerals are colored. If corundums are heated significantly, they will lose color intensity: for example, purple stones will turn pink.
The hardness of corundum is 9 on the Mohs scale. This figure is higher only for diamond. Density is in the range of 3.94 – 4.10 g/cm3.
Place of Birth
There are famous world's largest deposits of corundum: they are located in India, Burma, as well as in Africa, Canada, the USA, Norway and Thailand, Turkey and Greece. Also, corundum is mined in Kazakhstan, on the island of Sri Lanka. There are deposits in Russia: in Primorye, in the Urals, and also in the Krasnoyarsk Territory.
Types of stone
The most valuable types of corundum are ruby and sapphire. These are first category gems. Let's consider all types of mineral.
Rubies
Ruby is a red gemstone. It has the first category and can cost more than a diamond. It has fairly high transparency and has various red shades. The range can range from rich, dark cherry color to pale, pinkish-red. The most highly valued stones are those with rich shades: these are rubies with bright scarlet colors, as well as rich dark red, almost burgundy.
There are also varieties of rubies. Let's look at their main characteristics:
Star-shaped
These minerals are quite rare and have an exotic appearance. This is an optical effect when a star is visible on a cut of a stone.
Ceylonese
The stones have rich purple and lilac colors.
Siamese
Shades can be purple, reddish-brown. Minerals look very impressive and catchy.
Sapphires
The famous sapphire captivates everyone with its blue shades and high transparency. The beauty of the stone is very attractive. It is also classified as a first category gemstone. Shades can be very diverse: from bright cornflower blue to pale, slightly bluish. The most valued stones on the market are those that have medium color saturation, but at the same time have very deep shades.
There are quite a few types of fancy sapphires: they have a wide range of colors.
Let's find out what types of fancy sapphires there are:
Purple
They attract with rich shades of purple. Previously, it was customary to call such minerals “oriental amethysts.”
Chlorosapphire
This kind of stone is very highly valued. It has a green color scheme. Sometimes it is extremely difficult to distinguish chlorosapphires from emeralds. For quite a long time, these minerals were called “oriental emeralds.”
Padparadscha
Such corundums have rich orange, pink and yellow shades, can be light or darker, and differ in the degree of transparency.
Leucosapphires
These stones have impeccable transparency. In ancient times, they were known as oriental diamonds.
Star sapphire
A fairly rare gemstone with the same asterism effect as a star ruby.
Pure stones, of absolute transparency, are highly valued. Large, well-formed crystals are also in demand among collectors.
Magic properties
First of all, corundum helps active, strong-willed, purposeful people. These stones are able to activate a person’s internal resources and help him achieve his goals. You can gain confidence, emotional balance, and significantly improve your memory if you regularly wear jewelry with corundum.
It has long been known that corundums can enhance the thirst for knowledge, as well as promote the activation of mental activity. This talisman will be useful for students and scientists, inventors, as well as representatives of creative professions, and anyone who creates or implements something new.
Experts also divide the direction of the stone’s influence depending on the type of jewelry:
- The ring helps to realize hidden abilities and develop spiritually. You can unexpectedly discover new talents in yourself if you regularly wear a ring with corundum.
- Earrings provide an objective analysis of behavior, actions, and also evoke thoughts about the meaning of life. It is important that corundum earrings often help to establish harmonious relationships with the entire world around us.
- For emotionally unstable people, it is best to choose pendants. They allow you to cope with anxiety and aggression, gain increased performance, and forget about anxiety and mood swings.
Medicinal properties
Traditional healers place a lot of trust in corundum. It is believed that you can wear jewelry with a stone, have the mineral with you, for example, in a bag, or only wear it occasionally jewelry. And this will allow you to quickly cope with some diseases, ensure the restoration of health, and stimulate the normal functioning of various systems in the body.
It is believed that the directional effect of the stone on a person directly depends on the color of the corundum.
Let’s find out exactly what advantages corundums of different shades have:
- Rubies restore normal metabolic processes. They are useful for all people with disabilities to wear. of cardio-vascular system as they improve blood circulation. Also, red corundums activate the functioning of the endocrine glands and restore hormonal levels.
- Sapphires can help gradually return normal eye and cranial pressure. It is blue stones that are beneficial for the eyes and are used in the treatment of eye diseases.
- Yellow corundums have long been known as stones responsible for a person’s appearance. They are quite capable of preserving youth and providing a rejuvenating effect. It is important that with such minerals you can quickly restore metabolic processes and improve the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract. This has a positive effect on the condition of the skin, hair, and also on the figure.
- Purple corundums extremely useful for the nervous system, they save you from depression. They are recommended to be worn by people who suffer from anxiety and mood swings. It is useful to wear purple corundum if there have been skull injuries or concussions. They also help with neuralgia and vascular diseases.
Combine different stones to provide essential support to the body.
Who is corundum suitable for? Let's find out the correspondences according to the zodiac signs
Let's find out which zodiac signs corundum is suitable for. This stone is ideal for Pisces, Cancer and Aquarius. It will give strength, confidence, concentrate positive energy and repel negative energy. It is believed that the mineral not only helps businessmen and creative people, but also protects against.
It is believed that Aries should not wear corundum. In fact, this restriction only applies to young representatives of the sign. For mature Aries, who have already crossed the 40-year mark, the mineral also helps a lot, both in their personal lives and in work and creative pursuits.
Corundum is well suited for representatives of other zodiac signs. Only it is better for them to combine it with some additional talismans. For example, Taurus It’s good to carry corundum with you in a small bag along with turquoise, and for Leo The optimal complement to corundum would be brown agate.
Talismans, amulets
Amulets and talismans made of corundum can have great power. So, it is believed that ruby attracts positive energy, creates protection for its owner. Sapphire talismans are often carried with them to attract love energy. Absolutely transparent corundum can help you achieve success, confidence, and develop willpower - it is a stone with special power.
Rings or pendants most often become amulets. A good option is to carry the raw mineral with you without showing it to anyone.
Decorations
The stone is widely used in jewelry. Corundum is inserted into earrings and rings. You can also find cufflinks, pendants and tiaras with corundums. Ruby rings have long been considered throughout the world as a sign of chosenness, special greatness, and sacred power.
Where else is the stone used?
Synthetic corundum has high hardness, which is why it is used as an abrasive material in sharpening machines.
Price
The price of corundum per gram can vary significantly. Artificial stones are even sold for 500 rubles. Of course, natural corundum is much more expensive. So, earrings with light sapphires will cost 4-6 thousand rubles. But especially expensive red corundum is sometimes even more expensive than diamond.
Care
You should regularly wipe the stones with a damp cloth. You can also clean with ammonia water. The stone is difficult to damage due to its hardness, but care must be taken to ensure that it sits firmly in the setting.
How to distinguish real from fake?
It is not easy to distinguish synthetic corundum from natural corundum. However, natural stones often contain inclusions and small defects, for example, you can see a barely noticeable crack or bubble. They try to make artificial stones ideal in structure and rich in color.
What stones does it go with?
You can combine corundums with various stones, depending on their shade. For example, sapphires harmonize perfectly with alexandrites. Transparent corundums are suitable for almost any stone. You can also create ensembles with semiprecious stones: for example, combine rubies and, green sapphires and malachite, transparent corundum and.
In Moscow you can see a magnificent cornflower blue sapphire weighing 250 carats. But a huge sapphire of 951 carats is recognized as the largest nugget in history. Interestingly, corundum has excellent thermal insulation properties.
Decorate yourself with beautiful corundums!
Corundum– one of the hardest minerals on Earth, which is crystalline aluminum oxide (Al2O3), is a component of alumina. On the Mohs scale, corundum is second only to diamond - its hardness is 9.0 out of 10.
In nature, it occurs in the form of individual crystals in igneous rocks poor in silica (syenites, pegmatites), large crystals are found in metamorphic rocks (gneisses, amphibolites), and can be formed during contact metamorphism of sedimentary rocks rich in alumina (such as emery).
But it is mainly found in the form fine-grained placers.
Corundum sapphire - what is it?
Sapphire corundum- This is a natural stone. It got its name from the Greek sapherios and Hebrew sappir - blue. Other names: blue yakhont, azure yakhont. In ancient times, all blue stones were called sapphires.
Minerals can be of various colors - from white, turning pink, yellow, orange, green, to blue, gray and black.
In ancient times, colored varieties of sapphire were called differently:
- were called topazes;
- yellowish-green - ;
- green - emeralds;
- bluish-green - aquamarines;
- purple - amethysts;
- pink - hyacinths.
Today, jewelers use the word “sapphire” to describe all varieties of corundum, except . Natural sapphire is extremely rare and expensive.
The main criteria for evaluating a stone are:
- color– due to origin. The best sapphires are mined in Kashmir, Sri Lanka and Ceylon;
- – the presence of even the smallest amount of impurities can significantly affect the cost of the stone;
- cut– the more perfectly the stone is processed, the more expensive it is;
- weight– higher stones are considered larger
Sapphire, like ruby, can be found in nature in the form of a rare and especially valuable variety - star sapphire. When looking at the stone from a certain angle, you can see symmetrical rays that are created due to microscopic inclusions of rutile. The color of the star is usually white, but you can find stars of a golden hue.
Corundum ruby - what is it?
The name ruby comes from the Latin rubens - red. In ancient times, this term denoted all red stones. In Rus' in the old days, a ruby was called a yakhont. It was the ruby that was valued higher than the diamond in ancient times. The color of ruby is red with all its shades.
There is a classification of rubies according to color groups:
- bright red;
- normal and medium red;
- light red.
The red color contains bluish, violet and yellowish tints, which are removed when heated. The highest grades of ruby are garnet and saffron.
Found in nature star rubies– stones of a transparent red color with the inclusion of the finest rutile needles, which fold in the form of clear rays (asterism effect). The main large deposits of ruby are Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Kenya, Madagascar, Tanzania, Thailand, India, Pakistan.
Differences between corundum and sapphire and ruby
Corundum is a stone that has several varieties depending on the impurities included in its composition. IN pure form Corundum is colorless, but this form is extremely rare. Corundum, ruby and sapphire have a number of similar properties - they are minerals that have a glassy luster, are resistant to acids, chemically stable and very durable.
They differ only in that the ruby gemstone is a corundum crystal with an admixture of chromium, while sapphire contains various impurities. For example, titanium gives corundum crystals Blue colour, and iron and vanadium are golden-orange shades.
Yet the color that most people think of when they think of sapphire is deep blue. Blue sapphires range from pale blue with a hint of gray to rich dark blue tones.
Cost of ruby corundum and sapphire corundum
Cost of corundum sapphire:
- Average cost of 1 carat blue cut sapphire– a little cheaper than a ruby – from 40 to 500 dollars per carat.
- Stones weighing up to 5 carats will cost already up to 1 thousand dollarsper carat
- Single carat sapphires the best quality can cost up to 3 thousand dollars .
- Pink and purple sapphires are also rated as orange – from 20 to 300 dollars per carat Only unique specimens, which beautifully shimmer in yellow and peach tones, are more expensive.
- Colorless corundum sapphire you can buy 5-150 dollars per carat .
- Black sapphires without effects– low-grade ornamental raw materials. They're standing up to 5 dollars per carat and are used to produce silver jewelry or costume jewelry.
- Ordinary opaque corundum used industrially as emery or a source of aluminum. Its cost is approaching zero.
- The most expensive sapphire– Kashmiri, mined in India. The largest deposits of sapphires have been discovered in Thailand, Australia, and Burma. Mining is also carried out in Kenya, Zimbabwe, Rwanda, China, USA, Vietnam, Madagascar.
- Blue sapphires with a grayish tint found in the Urals, a greenish tint with a deep cornflower blue color is a distinctive feature of Kola sapphires.
The price of a ruby is determined depending on the color saturation, degree of transparency and absence of defects.
Cost of rubies:
- Low quality rubies– opaque stones, unsuitable for processing, can be purchased for a few dollars per carat.
- With similar weight and quality, a ruby is more expensive than a diamond. The most expensive ruby, weighing 8.62 carats, was sold to London jeweler Laurence de Graff in 2006 for £3.6 million., you can find out here.
- The cost is significantly affected by the presence of inclusions. In some cases, the presence of a uniform soft “silk” can significantly increase the value of the stone. However, excessive impurity content can dull the color and transparency of the stone, thereby reducing its price.
- The most expensive ruby is worth from 50 to 500 dollars per carat. The price for a sample weighing over 5 carats can reach 1500 dollars per carat . The worse the contrast between the star and the main color, symmetry and proportions, the cheaper it costs.
- The presence of a symmetrical star in a stone can significantly increase the cost not even the most transparent sample. For example, an ordinary ruby costs 1 5 dollars per carat , whereas the same stone with the asterism effect will cost at 25 dollars per carat.
Corundum ruby and synthetic corundum sapphire
Both rubies and sapphires have always enjoyed incredible popularity, so it is not surprising that since 1837 they began to be actively synthesized in laboratories.
Initially, artificial ruby was a fused fragment of a natural crystal and reached a mass of up to 10 carats. But this ruby was not synthetic, but so-called reconstructed, and therefore did not attract jewelry interest.
In 1892, the French scientist Auguste Verneuil came up with an original technology for growing ruby crystals weighing up to 30 carats by synthesizing corundum crystals and pure aluminum oxide. Verneuil's method gave rise to the organization of a whole production of artificial rubies and sapphires, first in France and then throughout the world.
Crystals grown using the Verneuil method are known as boules, due to the fact that they initially had a round shape. Today, cylindrical boules with a diameter of 20 mm and a length of up to 70 cm are grown. Such raw materials are not measured in carats, but if you recalculate its average volume, the weight will be about 250 carats.
Corundum can also be used for the following purposes:
- The use of corundum in industry is quite widespread. So, powdered stones are used as an abrasive. The well-known “emery” is nothing more than powdered corundum mixed with magnetite and other heavy minerals. For grinding, “diamond spar” is used - crushed corundum from India.
- Corundum is a material for the manufacture of bearings for moving parts in the production of high-precision instruments and watches.
- Synthetic corundum is used in medicine. Surgical instruments are made from them, which are distinguished by their high strength and wear resistance.
- Chemically inert implants and prostheses are made from artificial corundum, which do not cause a rejection reaction.
Initially, the artificial corundum crystal is colorless, and is painted in various colors by introducing the following impurities:
- chromium ions will give the crystals a red color;
- vanadium – grayish-green color;
- manganese – yellowish-pink;
- nickel – yellow;
- titanium – pink-violet.
It is noteworthy that only sapphires grown artificially and having a blue color are considered precious. The remaining synthetic corundums are semi-precious stones. Synthetic corundums correspond to natural crystals in terms of chemical composition, crystal structure, optical and physical properties.
Modern methods of producing and coloring crystals make it possible to achieve stable, irreversible results, making it possible to establish the authenticity of stones only using instrumental methods.
Despite the fact that it is quite difficult to distinguish a synthesized stone from a natural one, there are a number of external signs, which you should pay attention to when purchasing products with rubies or sapphires.
Main differences artificial stone from present:
- Artificial stones are more beautiful, they are free of inclusions and defects.
- The color of such crystals is deeper and more saturated. Typically, blue sapphire is replaced with aquamarine or tanzanite. It is worth knowing that natural sapphire has white reflections, while its synthetic substitutes do not have such reflections.
- Microscopic air bubbles are often visible in artificial crystals, noticeable when viewing crystals through a magnifying glass. In natural stones, the presence of bubbles is also possible, but in artificial ones they have a spherical shape.
- You can check the authenticity of a sapphire by running a stone across its surface., the hardness of which exceeds 8.5 on the Mohs scale. There will be no traces left on a genuine stone.
- Natural stone can be distinguished by its various inclusions. Natural stones may contain small zircon crystals surrounded by black voids. Crystals mined in Thailand are characterized by inclusions of dark, opaque crystals surrounded by feathers. Cashmere crystals have liquid inclusions.
Properties of sapphire corundum and ruby corundum
Since ancient times, people have believed that corundum sapphire and corundum ruby have healing and magical properties and can cure serious diseases. For these reasons, it was also called the “stone of life.” For example, ruby has a beneficial effect on the nervous system, helping to cope with depression, insomnia and even schizophrenia.
Constantly wearing items with sapphires has the following health effects:
- normalizes blood pressure;
- helps with diseases of the organs of vision and blood circulation;
- relieve pain in joints and spine;
- promote good functioning of the digestive organs, kidneys and liver.
Magical protective properties of stones:
- Ruby is able to protect a person from infectious diseases, from vicious and criminal desires, scare away unpleasant dreams and even purify contaminated air. As trouble approaches, the ruby begins to darken.
- it will protect its owner from enemies and their attacks, protects innocence, and with its touch neutralizes the sting of a scorpion. If sapphire is applied to the bridge of the nose, it can help stop bleeding.
In a powdered state, sapphire dissolved in milk is used internally and externally to combat inflammatory diseases and as an antipyretic.
Corundum is sapphire, say researchers of the earth's crust. But if you find out more about its origin, corundum is a crystalline mineral. In some cases, its cost significantly exceeds the price of a diamond, and no other mineral has its properties. In nature, it is found in the form of an fused group or individual stones. Their shape resembles small barrels or tabular, dipyramidal crystals. The appearance is pseudohexal with isolated inclusions and granularity.
Corundum: properties
The natural properties of the mineral corundum show that it has good cleavage, that is, it divides (splits) well, after which a smooth and even surface is formed.
The hardness of this mineral is determined on a scale as 9 out of 10; if the surface of talc can be damaged by a slight scratch, then corundum can only be processed with a diamond. The best way to determine hardness is the Mohs scale.
The melting point at which the mineral changes its solid to liquid state (or vice versa) must reach 2050 ° C.
Corundum is colorless and comes in a variety of colors (from blue to purple and even red).
The luster of the mineral can be compared to metallic or matte. After processing and creating a round, convex shape of the mineral (when looking at the stone with light), you can observe the effect of asterism, that is, the appearance of a light star (it can only be seen on sapphires and rubies).
Varieties of the mineral corundum
Corundum is a mineral, so it can be seen as:
- ruby;
- sapphire
- padparadschi;
- star ruby;
- leucosapphire, or, as it is also called, Eastern diamond;
- common corundum.
Extracted exhibits of large corundum crystals are considered rare and collectible, valued by many lovers of stones and jewelry.
Red rubies are called “red yakhont”. They are well processed, transparent with high-quality coloring, and are considered to be stones of the first sample. The price of such stones can be significantly higher than the cost of diamonds.
Corundum is also called sapphire (“blue yacht”) if it blue tint different brightness. In this shade, the most valuable stones are those with an unexpressed intensity of blue color, but they are valued at a lower price compared to ruby. Very dark or light colored stones are less valuable.
Green corundum is also called oriental emerald, and purple sapphire is called oriental amethyst.
Padparadscha corundum occurs yellow color or mixed with an orange tint.
The star ruby is rare and unlike other gemstones, it has an asterism effect, and is processed using the cabochon method.
Leucosapphire (oriental diamond) is a completely transparent and colorless stone, its cost is significantly lower than the price of other types of corundum.
Ordinary corundum is not transparent and has fine or coarse grains; the shade of such a stone is most often gray. The high hardness of the stone allows it to be used as an abrasive material, and heat indicates the fire resistance of the material, due to which the stone is used in the production of enamels.
Artificial production of corundum and its use in instruments and technology
Corundum is produced and artificial method by heat treatment of high-alumina raw materials. Special discs are made from it for machines with grinding and cutting functions. different material. The artificially mined mineral was previously used to produce corundum needles, replacing expensive diamond ones, which were used to play plates with recordings on radios and electric record players.
Artificial corundum was used to make bars and sandpaper for processing wood, metal, glass, etc. Since the Middle Ages (with the study of exact sciences), rubies began to be used in watch mechanisms, the reason was the high wear resistance of the material. And later the mineral began to be used as an element of the supporting mechanism in scales.
Many decades ago, corundum was successfully used in dentistry in the form of implants; its best qualities in this area were considered to be endurance and strength. The properties of the mineral make it possible to produce fairly thin objects, for example, microblades used in medicine during operations.
Artificially and naturally extracted minerals are used today in jewelry; they are in great demand due to their variety and beautiful appearance.
Corundum products and their use for health purposes
Rubies and sapphires, obtained from natural minerals, are considered jewelry. Corundum is a sapphire. If there were significant changes in the market and a change in types of precious stones, then rubies and sapphires were always in demand. Since the time of the government of kings, larger stones have been the property and national treasure of the royal family, passed on to other generations.
Modern magicians convince us that pendants with corundum placed in the neck area can relieve a person from fear, anxiety, irritability and anger. Earrings will force you to reconsider the meaning of life by analyzing your actions and create harmony with the world around you. Spiritual development, the discovery of talents, the realization of hidden abilities - all this will help you realize in life a ring or ring with a sapphire or ruby.
Lithotherapists recommend wearing corundum, but you should pay attention to its color. helps to increase blood circulation and resume the work of internal glands responsible for secretion. Blue corundum can improve vision and affect eye pressure. Corundum purple will calm nervous shocks, mental disorders, and quickly cure concussions.
People who wear corundum jewelry are workaholics and goal-oriented individuals who are constantly engaged in activities. Experts even recommend wearing sapphires or rubies for schoolchildren or students to develop perseverance, assimilation of knowledge, and the desire to learn, that is, it gives what is so necessary during school or student years.
Differences between synthetic corundum and natural
The differences between synthetic and real sapphire or ruby are:
- Price. An artificially produced mineral will cost much less.
- If you look closely, a real stone has internal defects, that is, imperfect color, uneven edges, transparency, etc.
- The presence of impurities is also a sign natural stone, since this mineral may contain particles of another.
- The color change under ultraviolet light of artificially grown ruby or sapphire can vary to a greenish tint.
It is worth noting that healers working with natural minerals use corundum in the treatment of osteochondrosis. It is recommended to use an orange stone as a decoration to improve digestion and for the purpose of rejuvenation.
Women love stones. Bright, unusual, attractive and somewhat magical. Even ordinary people know about sapphires and rubies. Some of the most famous representatives in the vast world of gems. Many will confidently answer that sapphire and ruby are two different stones that have nothing in common with each other. But thanks to the development of science, it became known that this is one group of minerals, which is called corundum. Independent names took root thanks to jewelers. Of course, it’s easier to name each separately, but this does not change the scientific distinction.
An interesting and memorable name goes back centuries. The opinions of historians are divided; there is a version that it appeared in India. Others believe that this is another name for ruby, in an ancient dialect.
In chemical definitions, corundum is aluminum oxide. The mineral has a gray color and this is a fairly common occurrence. Crystal clear corundum is a real treasure, but it is extremely rare in nature. That is why jewelers value it; this mineral can be painted in almost any color. The more common corundum can be naturally endowed with its own color: yellow, red, blue.
Corundum has been known to mankind for centuries. It is known that corundum jewelry was popular in Ancient Egypt and Jerusalem. Later they came to India and gained real popularity there.
Types of corundum and its colors
Mineral deposits
Corundum is mined in India, on the island of Sri Lanka, in Thailand and, of course, in the Urals. The distribution of the mineral is quite extensive. The largest finds are always in Russia. Everyone's favorite rubies and sapphires are often localized in the Urals; a large deposit was recently discovered in Kazakhstan.
The magical properties of corundum
Corundum has been credited with magical effects since ancient times. It is believed that he is very active and helps people who set big goals for themselves. It should not be worn by lazy and mediocre individuals. The mineral does not like such people and can even cause harm due to incompatible energy. Corundum has the ability to awaken inner potential. He directs all the thoughts and desires of the owner in the right direction, but only if he makes an effort and shows interest. The stone has a function that drives away fears. They are common to many. Before starting an important task, everyone experiences uncertainty. Corundum completely breaks down barriers to success.
Previously, it was worn by everyone who was engaged in mental activity. IN modern world it can be recommended to students, analysts and anyone who requires increased concentration and logic. The connection between corundum and its owner is inextricable. The owner of the stone feeds it with his aspirations, and he, in turn, gives him all his energy messages aimed at achieving his plans. This is such an interesting cycle and exchange. The stone wraps energy, transforms it. It automatically eliminates failure. The ancestors believed in all this.
The effect of the stone itself can be controlled and depends on the color of the mineral and the place on the body where it will be located.
If you wear corundum around your neck, in the form of beads, pendants or necklaces, you can find unearthly peace. Irritability and fears will disappear. They will be replaced by prudence and a competent view of things.
Everyone is thinking about the meaning of life and trying to catch a wave of harmony. Corundum will help with this if you wear earrings with it. Since ancient times, it was believed that when corundum is worn in the ears, it seems to whisper to the owner all the right actions and deeds.
Corundum rings activate all talents, even those that were previously unknown. It will push a person to acquire new knowledge.
This is the powerful effect corundum can have on actions and way of thinking.
Medicinal properties
Hand in hand with the magical effects of the stone go its healing properties. It is generally accepted that corundum gives peace of mind, it can treat depressive states on the verge of breakdowns, as well as nightmares. There is an opinion that corundum can help people with serious mental disorders.
Corundum has an effect on the digestive tract and cardiovascular system. It normalizes high blood pressure and promotes proper operation heart, nourishes the muscle and normalizes blood circulation.
Those who believe in the healing properties of corundum claim that different colors affect different diseases. Reds are responsible for blood and blood vessels. Blue - for eye health. Violet treats the same mental and nervous disorders against the background of various events.
Anyone who wants to receive help from corundum should treat the stone with respect. Legends say that the stone is harsh on mockingbirds.
Areas of application of the mineral
Of course, the first and main area of application is jewelry craftsmanship. Popular sapphires and rubies are used for framing and inserts into products. But corundum has found a niche in other areas.
It is used for the manufacture of abrasive powders, emery, and grinding discs. But only opaque corundum rocks with a porous and granular texture are used.
Modern production has learned to use corundum as a glass substitute. And it received the beautiful name “sapphire”. Most often it can be found in cameras and mobile phones.
It’s amazing what a small, but important field of application corundum has occupied.
How much does it cost to buy corundum
The price of a mineral always depends on color and transparency. The cheapest ones are corundums, which have a brown tint. And what is logical, bright representatives are considered expensive.
Artificial synthetic corundum
The first synthetic corundum was produced back in 1877. Now such laboratory production is concentrated in Russia, Germany and Switzerland. Corundum is one of the most popular minerals that is profitable and convenient to grow artificially. In the future, they are also used in jewelry.
Corundum and zodiac signs
Since the stone has a huge magical effect on a person, it must certainly apply to astrological indicators. Not all zodiac signs are lucky enough to have the opportunity to wear corundum. He favors only a few. Cancers, Aquarius and Pisces are the “favorites” of corundum. He will contribute to these signs, help and guide. Capricorn and Aries males should avoid this stone. He can literally drive these representatives to madness. The power of the stone will be concentrated in the wrong direction. Aries women, especially at an advanced age, can safely wear corundum. He may not do anything supernatural, but he will return his former enthusiasm and thirst for life, which is not bad. The rest of the zodiac signs can safely wear corundum, but it is unlikely to bring them any support and help. Only your beauty and nothing more.
When choosing corundum as an amulet, it is worth considering all parameters, both zodiac and internal. Passive and naturally calm people should not give preference to corundum. All bright, brave, active people can choose this stone as a reliable talisman.
The natural beauty of corundum is eye-catching. Its hardness makes it comparable to a diamond. Unusual properties, mysterious and powerful, make us treat the stone with respect. That's how he is famous mineral, with unknown name.
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