It is known that newborns distinguish high-contrast images best. That's why black and white pictures They are simply necessary for children to develop their vision. The baby will learn to focus his eyes on them.
By personal experience I noticed that everything black and white and contrast is very attractive to a newborn baby. Girlfriend put a mountain of pure blacks men's socks on the sofa to separate them into pairs, and her month old baby I just couldn’t take my eyes off them.
Our youngest daughter stretched and did not take her eyes off the men dressed in black. And how much she loved the black and white images that we hung around the apartment - words cannot describe.
Knowing these characteristics of babies, even during pregnancy, I sewed a black and white crib stretcher for our baby, knitted it, and printed out black and white pictures.
Let me note again that black and white contrasting images stimulate visual perception, and, consequently, brain development.
How to show black and white pictures to your baby?
Black and white pictures should be placed at a distance of 20-30 cm from the newborn baby. What can you think of?
- Hang printed pictures on the wall.
We had some of the pictures hanging on the wall near the changing table (I secured them with needles). While I was changing my daughter’s clothes and giving her a massage, she looked at the pictures.
Some of the pictures hung on the wall at the child’s eye level near the large bed. My daughter was also often there and admired the pictures.
You can attach the pictures themselves to the wall, as well as a transparent file. This way you can easily replace pictures, constantly changing the composition and stirring up the baby’s interest.
- Print the pictures and stick them on a sheet of cardboard folded in half. on both sides and placed in front of the baby when he is lying on the sofa/in the crib. I made these pictures for my eldest daughter.
- Make a crib mobile from black and white shapes(you can sew the simplest figures from felt and hang them on a hoop).
- Print and paste black and white images onto rolls from toilet paper or cylindrical boxes (for example, for children's teas). An older child can play with these toys. Just don’t forget to secure them with tape so that the child doesn’t eat too much paper, since little ones have a tough time with everything.
- Sew/buy a ready-made black and white crib banner.
This is the stretch I sewed for our Sonechka.
The base of the stretch is white dense calico. Inside there is a thin layer of padding polyester. For black pictures I used contrasting fabrics - fleece, leatherette, velvet, suit fabric, braid, satin ribbon.
The stretcher is suspended from the crib using ribbons. It can be placed or folded like an accordion, like a book.
While the baby is small, the stretcher can be tied to the sides of the crib. When the child is older, you can use it for playing, and fold it like a book, look at the pictures and chew on the ribbons.
How to sew a black and white banner?
First, decide on the size. The size of each square is 25*25 cm. The front part of the stretcher consists of square sectors on which patterns are sewn, and the back side is solid.
So, we cut out the required number of squares (I have 6 pieces) 25*25 cm + seam allowances.
Then we sew the desired pattern onto each square:
- I sewed the leather squares by hand.
- I stitched the velvet circles with a zigzag.
- I sewed a wavy braid.
- I attached a satin ribbon.
- The face was made from fleece and sewn on by hand.
After all the squares are ready, you need to connect them in one line, sewing each square sequentially.
Now measure the length of the resulting tape and turn out the back side the right size. Don't forget the seam allowances.
Cut a rectangle of the same size from padding polyester.
By placing all three parts together with the right sides facing inward and inserting the ribbons, sew the stretcher, leaving enough of an area unsewn to turn it inside out.
Turn the stretch inside out and stitch it along the very edge around the entire perimeter. To better secure the padding polyester, make a line along each sector of the stretch. Thus, it will be convenient to fold it in the form of a book (in the photo below you can see the seams along the contour and along the line of connection of the squares).
Iron the finished stretch.
It is sewn simply and quickly. Try it!
The child is constantly studying the world. At first, he listens with interest to all the sounds around him. And later he begins to study his body: fingers, arms, legs, face. The baby, being in his mother’s belly, may already experience feelings, feeling sad with his mother, or smiling when he sleeps.
Once, during a consultation about lactostasis in a nursing mother, I happened to see black and white pictures for newborns, according to which the mother was engaged in the development of the baby. The situation was a little paradoxical: my mother’s temperature was below 40, and she told me that I shouldn’t miss classes with my one-month-old baby, because it helps him develop faster.
I became interested in what kind of technique this is and I’ll tell you about it today.
How are black and white pictures useful?
Studying black and white pictures helps to form:
- color perception;
- line of sight;
- visual acuity;
- contrast sensitivity.
The period from birth to six months is the active stage for the formation of the newborn’s vision system. Therefore, visual stimulation has a beneficial effect on the overall development of the newborn.
Which pictures should I choose?
In fact, the conditions of this technique allow you to use your imagination; the only condition when creating your own types of black and white blanks is to take into account the rules of use. It’s not at all difficult to find black and white pictures to print, or to redraw them. When choosing pictures, you can focus on the age of the newborn:
- The first month of life (learn about how the baby develops during this period from the article: What should a child be able to do at 1 month?>>>):
- not complicated geometric figures;
- dots, cells;
- straight, wavy and broken lines.
- Up to 3 months inclusive (read about what a child at 3 months can do in the article: What should a child at 3 months be able to do?>>>):
- outlines of animals;
- figures of different sizes and shapes.
- The period is from 3 to 4 months (what changes at this age can be found in the article: What should a child be able to do at 4 months?>>>):
- complicated forms;
- drawn emotions;
- From 4 months to 6 (a child at six months is already changing a lot, unlike a newborn. Read more about development in the article What should a child be able to do at 6 months? >>>):
- simple ornaments;
- carpet patterns;
- Khokhloma painting.
Use limit only black and white version 4 months, after 4 months you can add other colors.
Important! You should not focus on developing only visual perception. To fully improve your baby, you need to pay attention to the development of all senses.
Where to hang pictures and how to deal with them correctly?
Not everyone succeeds in developing a child from the first days of life. To me, as a consultant breastfeeding and caring for a newborn, it seems that in the first months of life it is worth focusing on getting used to the new role. After all, you have so many changes in your life due to the birth of a child.
You need to be a little ahead, knowing the needs of the child and be ready for the new stage of his development. In general, by actively including a child in your life, you create an immense field for his development.
Interesting! The zone of proximal development is an area of additional development by a child of new knowledge with the help of an adult, which is not able to unfold during individual activity without the participation of an adult.
Imagine that you have a child in your arms, and you and him are doing some things around the house: bending, squatting, telling stories, confidently holding the child in your arms, and at every moment the child is included in this life: somewhere he will group his legs, where something will strain your back more strongly, somewhere it will blossom from your story and kind words to him.
On the other hand, with an adequate approach, when pictures and black and white patterns are simply present in a child’s life, but without distortions, you can use them too.
If you do not systematically practice with pictures, the result will not be visible. It remains to include active activities with black and white visual aid into your daily schedule and choose the right places to attach these pictures.
Here are some ideas for where to hang black and white pictures:
- Baby crib:
- mobile;
- walls of the crib.
- Game option:
- Homemade cubes with selected pictures;
- Do-it-yourself book or printable cards;
- Floor mat with a black and white pattern.
- Active movement zone:
- Doors;
- Window;
- Walls;
- Fridge;
- Mirror.
These are just a few ideas I've suggested, but don't forget - there are no clear boundaries or rules, so use your imagination and help your newborn develop in a fun way.
If you have a desire to help your baby in his development, you need to take into account several rules on how best to use educational black and white pictures for newborns:
- Start simple: introduce your newborn to the simplest black and white elements (lines, circles);
- A lot and often is bad. Do not bring pictures before the baby’s eyes too often; the newborn’s eyes will quickly get tired and he will begin to get nervous. Do not hang too many pictures around the apartment, as they will stop attracting his attention and become an element of the interior;
- Take advantage of your baby's active time. Develop your baby's attention during active wakefulness: when he lies on his tummy, or looks at the moving elements of the mobile, or walks past pictures with him in your arms;
- Don't forget to change pictures. The recommended period for active perception of the picture is 3 days. Try to change them within a given period, and if you notice the child’s interest in certain patterns, do not rush to change the picture, let the baby study it for his own pleasure;
- Let's complicate the task. When the newborn gets used to constant visual stress, you can add a new exercise - the baby fixes his gaze on a black and white picture, and the mother slowly moves the picture left and right, as well as up and down.
Development should be like a game. No overexertion, monitor the behavior of the newborn and do not let him get tired of the pictures. Otherwise, your baby will begin to react negatively to the appearance of black and white patterns.
Vision develops only when it is engaged .
Babies spend their first weeks and months of life learning to see the world around them. During this period, such skills as gaze fixation, friendly movements of both eyes, depth recognition, development of visual-tactile reactions, and spatial perception develop. Initially, the more visual information your baby receives, the more actively his brain develops. Therefore, a child whose environment is visually enriched is more calm and attentive during wakefulness than a child deprived of stimulation.
The first and most important visual objects that have a stimulating effect on the development of a baby’s vision from birth are the faces of mom and dad. Therefore, look at your child as often as possible, communicate with him, smile.
In second place are contrasting black and white structured images that the baby can “examine.” Looking at how my Main Reader liked to look at the autumn black tree branches against the light sky, I always regretted that we didn’t have a panda, a zebra, or at least a Dalmatian at home.
The period from birth to six months is extremely important for the development of a child’s vision, since it is during this time that the eyeball, the pathways leading from it to the brain, and those parts of the brain that are responsible for receiving and processing visual information are most quickly and intensively formed. Psychophysiologists are considering this age period, as critical for the formation of the visual system. It is the first six months of a child’s life that is the most sensitive to external stimulation time for the development of the visual system, optimal for conducting classes. As a result of such exercises, visual functions improve: light perception, visual acuity, color perception, contrast sensitivity, field of view. Classes can be carried out on a changing table, in a crib, on a bed, etc., but it is better that the light source is behind the baby’s head, i.e. It is more convenient to place the child’s head towards the window.
In the first months of life, it is important to develop two visual skills: to fix and examine an object, and to trace it. Here are a number of exercises with pictures for fixation and tracing that will help your baby ( F - fixation, P - tracking):
0-1 month:
At birth, your baby's field of vision is limited - 30 degrees to the left and right of him, 10 degrees above and below, at a distance of no more than 90 cm from the body. His vision is 10 to 30 percent less sharp than yours, making it harder for him to see fine lines. He sees them as a blurry gray mass. In addition, newborns benefit from contrasting black-and-white patterns more than colors because during this period their rods (cells in the retina that are sensitive to low light and only distinguish between black and white) work better than their cones (cells that see color). in bright light). In the first month of life, babies prefer simple geometric shapes, checks, stripes, dots, straight and broken lines over curved and wavy ones.
Already at 10 days, the baby can keep a moving object in his field of vision (stepped addition), and at 20 days he can focus his gaze on a stationary object and on the face of an adult talking to him. By the end of the month, he tries to follow a slowly moving black and white object or the face of an adult at a distance of 20-30 cm. He notices objects and examines them for a short time.
F: Show and also attach sheets of paper with black and white contrasting patterns to the walls of the crib. Change them as difficulty increases. This will help the baby focus his eyes. Black and white photographs of mom and dad will also work.
It is useful to make a black and white mobile for your child. You can hang it on a hanger, having previously made notches on it for threads, or on crossed pencils. It’s even easier to buy a ready-made rotating mobile in the store and temporarily change the hanging toys to black and white ones.
P: Show your baby a picture at a distance of about 30 cm from the eyes. The child will notice her and fix her gaze on her. Slowly move the picture to the right, then to the left (horizontal tracking). In the future, bring the picture closer to the baby and remove it again (20cm - 1 meter - vertical tracking).
1 - 3 months:
The baby can clearly focus his vision on objects at a distance of about 30 cm and usually begins to smile and examine the details of his face and patterns. He is especially attracted to images of circles, rings, spots. In addition, he will look more closely at the outer edges of the drawings than at the middle.
The child is already following the object when he is taken a little to the side. Within 1-2 minutes he can visually concentrate on a stationary object. By the end of the third month of life, he turns his gaze to an object that appears in the field of vision: from the side, from above, from below. He follows an object moving in all directions at a distance of 20-80 cm. He waits for the appearance of an object that has disappeared from his field of vision.
F: Pictures can be hung on the walls throughout the house - the baby can already visually focus in an upright position (in the arms of an adult), so interesting walks await him.
P: At this age, complicate the trajectory of objects for tracking. To the horizontal and vertical movements of the picture in a straight line, add tracking along two diagonals, in an arc, in a circle, following the wave-like movement of the picture. Now you can trace pictures not only while lying on your back, but also vertically in the arms of your mother or father, and while lying on your stomach (when the baby holds his head confidently). Tracing objects in a circle can be trained using a mobile device by removing all objects from it except one.
3 - 4 months:
The baby begins to like it more complex drawings, straight and broken lines are replaced by curved lines and shapes.
In addition, he remembers what he saw, watches a moving object, shifts his gaze and turns his head in its direction. During this period, the development of color perception occurs because the cones in the retina begin to work intensively.
F: You can introduce color (it’s worth trying from two months; in some children, cones mature earlier). At first, the baby is able to perceive red and yellow colors, a little later - green and blue. Then you can show any colors in in no particular order and combinations.
To fix the color, show your baby alternately, with an interval of 30 seconds, two pictures with a flower, differing only in color (they have the same shape and size). Do the same to fix the shape with images of a butterfly and a Christmas tree (the color of the objects is the same). 
P:
1. Take one of the pictures and a thick sheet of white paper of the same size. Show your baby the picture at a distance of 30-50 cm. Make sure he has fixed it, and then cover half of the picture with a white sheet. After 30 seconds, show the whole picture again.
2. Do the same thing, but this time hide not half, but the whole picture at once behind a white sheet.
3. Take two pictures and a white sheet of paper, folding them one by one, like a deck of cards: a picture, a white sheet, another picture. Show your child the first picture, and after he fixes it, remove it to the end of the “deck”. A white sheet will appear. After 20-30 seconds, show the second picture. The baby will be surprised.
4-6 months:
By 4 months, the child sees all colors and can focus his vision on both near and distant objects, the images received from the right and left eyes begin to combine into one - the baby develops binocular vision and visual depth perception. He will still prefer curves to straight lines and strive for more complex designs. At this age, kids love to look at folk crafts - Zhostovo trays, Khokhloma, Gzhel, ornaments and carpet patterns. It turns out that in addition to receiving aesthetic pleasure, contemplating them is an excellent training for the child’s visual system - they have rhythm, symmetry and asymmetry, clarity and precision of composition.
F: Show your child two pictures at the same time. The baby will look from one drawing to another. Show your child the picture reflected in the mirror.
P:
You will need a picture and a thick sheet of white paper about 40 cm wide. Show the picture to the baby at a distance of 50-60 cm. Let the child fixate it. Then slowly move it horizontally into the child's field of vision. After 2-3 displays, take a white sheet with your other hand and hold it in front of the child’s eyes so that the picture disappears behind it along its path and then appears on the other side.
If the child has already formed an understanding that an object that has disappeared from the field of view, firstly, does not cease to exist, and, secondly, continues to move, then you will be able to see how the baby will turn his gaze to the place where the picture will appear from behind the sheet.
You can draw black and white drawings yourself, or you can print out the same ones as ours.
To obtain printed materials, you can here: (black and white pictures and ready-made scans for homemade mobiles, color pictures, Khokhloma, Gzhel, ornaments and carpet patterns).
It remains to be said that moderation and good mood mother and baby. Play when the baby is happy, calm and not very tired, for example, after feeding. Do not get carried away only by visual-indicative reactions. For holistic development, it is important to stimulate and interact with all the child’s sensory organs: hearing, touch, smell, taste. And remember that the most important thing for the development of the visual system is not the number and variety of pictures, but mother’s smiling face.
List of used literature:
1. Sears W., Sears.M. Your baby from birth to two years. - M.: Eksmo, 2010. - 912 p.
2. Ivanova L.V. I am a mother. Health and development of the child from birth to one year. - St. Petersburg: Publishing House “Neva”; M.: “OLMA-PRESS Grand”, 2002. - 448 p.
3. Brewer S. Superchild. Before birth and after. - M.: Potpourri, 2003. - 256 p.
4. Results of psychological and pedagogical research neuropsychic development children of the first year of life, incl. N.M. Kelovanov, S.M. Krivina, E.L. Frucht, K.L. Pechora, G.V. Pantyukhina, L.G. Golubeva and others.
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Download black and white pictures for newborns. How to make a mobile from blocks for a child with your own hands and how to properly practice with printouts.
Black and white pictures for newborns perfectly stimulate vision development in the first months of life. Such gurus wrote about them early development, like Cecile Lupan and Sarah Brewer in their book Superbaby. In the first days of life, a child's vision is not as sharp as that of an adult. It distinguishes objects better at close distances, and black and white images are more noticeable than color ones due to the structural features of the retina during this period.
The period from birth to six months is very important for the development of a child’s vision, because it is during this period that the eyeball, the pathways leading from it to the brain, and the areas of the brain responsible for receiving and processing visual information are formed most quickly and intensively.
How a baby's vision develops from Newsweek magazine.
Photo from babyblog user Irina.
Psychophysiologists speak of this period as critical for the formation of the visual system. It is the first 6 months of a child’s life that are the most favorable for external stimulation and development of the visual system. As a result of such exercises, visual functions are significantly improved: light perception, visual acuity, color perception, contrast sensitivity, field of view.
Classes can be carried out on a changing table, in a crib, on a bed, etc., but it is better that the light source is behind the baby’s head.
It’s worth starting with the simplest lines and keeping an eye on the clear black/white contrast.
In the first months, it is important to teach your child to look at pictures, focus his vision and follow objects.
Where to hang black and white pictures
- in the crib,
- stick on the walls,
- hang on the refrigerator,
- into big cubes
- make cards, collages or a book, show it to the baby one by one,
- a ball or mobile above the crib with drawings,
- developmental mat.
How to Use Black and White Pictures for Newborns
Show your baby pictures while you walk around the apartment with him, feed him, or lay him on his tummy. A visually rich space (and constant visual stimulation) has a direct link to baby's restful sleep.
Don't show it to the baby too much pictures immediately and watch the reaction. If he doesn’t focus his eyes on the drawing and shows no interest in it at all, don’t be upset (everything has its time).
Practice tracking: catch your eye on the picture and move it slowly left and right, up and down, then over time we complicate the trajectory: in an arc, diagonally, in a circle.
Use while lying on your tummy and crawling. The baby tries to raise his head higher and higher, and it will be interesting for him to see something there that catches his eye.
Attract and switch attention, calm.
Changeimage is possible once every 3 days. If you like the picture, you can leave it for a longer time.
Distance from the child's eyes to the aged image 10 days – 1.5 months – about 30 cm . The size of the drawings is better than A4 or maybe A5 (a quarter of it).
From 3 months, images can be replaced with colored, complex and “hygienically clean” ones - the baby will begin to drag them into his mouth.
How to do:
- You can draw any pictures by hand.
- Make a mobile with your own hands from cubes. We print the pictures from the pdf file (there is already a ready-made layout for the cubes), cut them out, glue them in the shape of cubes, hang them on a ribbon (then it’s up to your imagination).
I made two toys for the baby from 10 cubes. I printed it on medium-thick photo paper, it turned out glossy and very beautiful) They stick even without glue, but it’s still worth gluing for strength. 
Download black and white pictures for newborns:
A person receives more than 80% of information from the surrounding world through vision. Therefore, for a complete and harmonious development small child you need to stimulate his visual perception. How younger child, the more intensively he learns. From birth, children need new experiences and food for brain development.
If the brain processes only sound stimuli, it does not work at full capacity, which means that it is very important to provide the child with the opportunity to see different objects as early as possible. A child's vision develops gradually. Until two or three months he does not distinguish colors.
For this age, clear, contrasting black and white pictures are best suited, which are installed at a distance of 20-30 cm from the child’s eyes. You can use them as long as the child likes them and arouses his interest.
Sarah Brewer's book Super Baby describes the role of black and white images in the development of children aged 0 to 3 months.
Excerpts from the book "Super Baby" by Sarah Brewer
Vision plays a decisive role in the development of a child. Seeing various items in front of him, the child wants to know what it is. The desire to reach for objects, crawl, and roll over comes from natural curiosity and the desire to explore everything that the child sees around him. In the first two months of his life, he sees best at close range.
A newborn baby's field of vision is more limited than an adult's. Presumably, the child’s field of vision includes objects that are no further than 30 degrees to the left and right of him, 10 degrees above and below and at a distance not exceeding 90 cm from his eyes. When he suckles, he naturally focuses his vision on objects located at a distance of 15 - 20 cm.
Usually by two weeks the baby begins to recognize the faces of his mother and father. His visual acuity is 10 to 30 percent less than that of an adult, so it is more difficult for him to recognize fine lines, which he sees as a blurry gray mass. The retina of the human eye contains photoreceptors such as rods and cones. Rods are cells that are sensitive to low light and movement and can only distinguish shades of black and white.
Cones are cells that are responsible for daytime vision and allow you to see different colors and shades. Newborn babies enjoy contrasting black and white pictures more than color ones because at this age their rods work better than their cones. All other colors are seen by them as shades of gray.
Because black and white colors are most easily recognized by children, the use of black and white pictures stimulates the formation of connections between neurons in the cerebral cortex, develops attention, spurs natural childish curiosity and calms during periods of overexcitement.
Also, newborns prefer straight or broken lines rather than curved or wavy ones. In addition, they are attracted to simple, schematic images of human faces.
By the sixth week, the baby can clearly focus his vision on different objects at a distance of about 30 cm from him. He is especially attracted to simple images of faces and concentric circles in different options. The child studies the outer edges of the drawings more closely than their middle.
The human brain is fully formed during the period intrauterine development. The number of neurons does not increase after birth; the brain develops due to the formation of new connections between neurons. The number of contacts between neurons in the area of the cerebral cortex responsible for visual information begins to gradually increase in the first 2 months after birth.
Between 2 and 4 months, the number of connections between neurons begins to grow sharply and increases by no less than 10 times. At this time, the child’s vision improves sharply, he can follow objects with his eyes and turn in the direction where the sound comes from. He begins to like more complex designs, rounded lines and shapes, rather than straight and broken ones. From the child’s behavior you can see that he remembers what he saw.
Many children begin to distinguish colors by two months because the cones in the retina begin to work. But until three months they presumably do not see Blue colour as good as yellow or red.
By four months, the child distinguishes all colors and can focus his vision on both near and distant objects. He enjoys watching parents and other people, especially children. He still prefers curved lines to straight lines and pays attention to more complex designs. At 4 - 5 months, the child begins to reach for objects that he sees; at 7 - 8 months, he can grab objects and try to put them in his mouth.
A child whose visual perception is constantly stimulated is usually calmer and more alert while awake than a child who is deprived of such stimulation.
The number of connections between neurons in the visual cortex peaks at 8 months of age, remains highest until four years of age, and gradually decreases by half over the next five years.
Consequently, binocular vision develops during the first four years of life and is fully formed by the age of four. Visual acuity is practically established by the age of five and is finally formed by the age of ten.
You can draw pictures yourself on a white sheet of paper with a black bold marker, black gouache or ink, or print them out ready-made templates. Subject of drawings:- geometric shapes (familiarity with shapes),
- emoticons (study of emotions),
- vegetables fruits,
- silhouettes of animals and insects (wildlife),
- just broken lines, punctuation marks, etc.
The sizes of the pictures can be different, from ¼ A4 to A4 (a whole sheet), since the real objects that surround the child are also not the same in size. It will soon become clear which of them is more interesting for the child.
You can post pictures on cardboard boxes, on boxes of perfumes, light bulbs, discs and cassettes, so that they can be conveniently placed in front of the child.
Pictures can be either flat (drawn on a sheet of paper) or three-dimensional (drawn on cylinders, cubes, etc.)
The cubes can be useful in the future, when the child grows up and will not just look at them, but play with them, learn letters and numbers from them.
Pictures can be static (drawn) or moving, when cut black figures (stripes, circles, hearts, butterflies, etc.) are attached to a bar in front of a white background and move slightly from any light breath. The pictures can also be placed as an overlay on the side of a crib.
There are no specific recommendations on when to move from the simplest pictures (squares, triangles, straight lines) to more complex ones. The child himself will make it clear that he is interested by carefully looking at some pictures and quickly skimming others. It is not necessary to cover the pictures with tape, since they are intended for an age when children will not put them in their mouths.
You can make a mobile (carousel), which hangs above the crib, from black and white pictures pasted onto cardboard. Some companies produce ready-made black and white toys (mobiles) and educational rugs. From four months you can replace black and white pictures on your mobile phone with color ones.
There are also black and white Wee See baby cartoons in which geometric shapes smoothly move across the screen and flow into each other to beautiful melodic music.
In addition to using the pictures described above, in the first three months of a child’s life, you can perform the following visual exercises:
- Face-to-face communication: talk to the child at a distance of 25-30 cm, smile at him, make “faces”;
- Hold the rattle at the child’s eye level at a distance of 25-30 cm and slowly move it from side to side;
- Carry your baby around the house as often as possible so that he looks at everything around him.
