And a couple more words on the topic of Korean addresses.
Suffixes "-양" (" -yan") and "-군" (" -kun").
There is not much to say about these suffixes. " -yan" joins female name and, in fact, means “girl”, “girl”, "-kun", respectively, to the masculine, and means "guy", "young man". In nine cases out of ten, these suffixes will be used only by elders in relation to younger ones, as a rule, to children and teenagers, in all other cases they are unacceptable. Often they can be heard in the speech of teachers calling children by name in class, educators in hagwons (language schools), sometimes when addressing, for example, the head of a department in the office to a young intern or intern, less often between friends, but this is more of a joke and often in situations where the speaker wants to emphasize the gender of the listener.
A separate layer of references that needs to be discussed separately is, of course, the terms of kinship used in everyday communication, applied to people who are not related. I’ll try to classify such appeals a little.
"오빠" (oppa, older brother for a girl). In modern Korean, “oppa” is no longer just an older brother for a girl, it is any young man who is scarier than her, more or less close to her, a friend, acquaintance, co-worker, etc. Here, however, it is worth making a reservation. Simply by the term “oppa” a girl will call either her own older brother or her boyfriend. In all other cases, this address will be preceded by the person’s name (성우 오빠, for example (“Son Woo oppa”) - although this rule is still more applicable when the conversation is about this same “oppa” with a third person, when directly addressing it will still be just "oppa"). With this “oppa” (as with all other terms, which are discussed below), the most difficulties always arise when translating into Russian: there is no exact parallel in Russian and you have to constantly get out and look for words suitable for this particular situation. “Oppa” is not just a word, it is a whole layer of Korean culture, if you look at it more broadly. “Oppa” will always help, you can (and should) rely on him, he is the source of all joys (as well as the root of all misfortunes), etc. and so on. This appeal contains the whole essence of Confucian society - the elder is always better, he is always right, especially if the elder is a guy in relation to a girl.
"언니" ("unnie", older sister for a girl). The usage is the same as that of “oppa”; this word is used to describe not only older sisters, but also all older girls. “Unnie” also has one unique feature that distinguishes it from all other similar addresses, namely, this is how female waitresses in restaurants are called, and quite often even guys. Common mistake Russian speakers in Korea call waitresses “아가씨” (“Agassi”, literally “girl”). However, this cannot be done, since the word “agassi” has a pronounced negative connotation; that's what girls are called prostitute, in rare cases, old uncles and aunts can call a young girl that way (which is justified etymologically; “agassi”, literally “little mistress girl”; this word acquired a negative meaning recently, during the lifetime of these same old men, hence the use them this word from old memory).
"형" ("Hyung", big brother for guys). The scope of use is the same. Any guy older than you will be a "hyung" (with all the ensuing consequences). An interesting detail: “hyung” (or more politely “hyungnim”) is what his subordinates call the gang leader.
"누나" ("Noona", older sister for guys). The scope of use is the same. However, let me note that “noona” is more often used to refer to one’s own older sisters, but if it is necessary to somehow designate a girl who is older in age, a Korean will still look for other ways: by position, place of work, etc. ., although it is, of course, impossible to say that guys completely avoid this treatment.
"동생" ("Dongsaeng" younger brother or sister). This word is not a direct address; no one [almost] ever calls a junior “dongsaeng” in direct contact, but in a conversation with a third person about this person they can refer to him by this very term. So, for example, they can characterize a young girl / guy in order to emphasize his belonging to something (without such a correlation, Korean culture is simply inconceivable): 김연아, 국민 여동생 (“Kim Young Ah, younger sister the entire nation"), seemingly loving and proud at the same time.
Well, at the end of this “three-part” post about Korean addresses, it remains to add that the Korean language, like any other, is actually rich in ways of expression and, in particular, in addresses, to which I tried to dedicate it. Of course, there are many other types of addresses to a person, ways to call him, call out to him, attract attention, respectfully emphasize his status or insult to the core, I wanted to give an example of just a few of them, those that, in my opinion, are used most often . I sincerely hope that my notes have become interesting both to those who speak the great language of Emperor Sejong, and to those who are simply interested in Korea and everything connected with it.
Sunbae is a senior friend (from work, from university, from drinking).
Hyun is the older brother. Man's Appeal younger age to a man older in age.
"Hube" is a junior in rank, a colleague or classmate.
“Samo-nim” - “madam”, is also how one addresses a professor’s wife or a woman who is the wife of any respected person.
"Sabo-nim" means "Mister", a respected person. For example, this is how you can address the president.
Big brother to younger sister addressed by name. When referring to a name, a particle “-ya” or “-a” is added, depending on the euphony of the pronunciation, for example, “yuri-ya” or “khamin-a,” which means a close relationship. This tradition is observed until old age. But this, of course, is not a mandatory appeal, but just a nice feature.
"uri aegi" (something like "my baby"), some Koreans say this to their girlfriends. Although it came from some Korean series from 4 years ago.
"sabom" - an address to a coach, instructor, teacher
"kwan-jannim" - an appeal to a master (for example, taekwondo, or hapkido)
At a market or in a store, a person is addressed as a sleepy person (guest, client).
Most Koreans, with age, achieve the desired goal and become the owners of their own business, which gives them the right to be called the word sajan-nim, which sounds euphonious to the Korean ear (that is, the respectable owner of the enterprise), and even if they do not become, it is still the best compliment for them, just as it pleases the soul of a lieutenant to be addressed as “Mr. Major.”
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A person who teaches at a prestigious university is called seongsaeng-nim, which means “teacher.” A teacher can be called a person who knows something better than others. Sometimes students may address teachers as kyosu-nim (respected professor). This is often said to those who have a scientific degree or a fairly high status among other professors.
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Nuna (elder sister) - used informally by men in relation to women not much older than themselves. It is difficult to say what this “not much” equals. This is a nuance, apparently determined intuitively.
Unnie (elder sister) - this is what women call their friends, classmates, acquaintances and random companions somewhat older than themselves in age.
Unnie - this is how you can address a pretty saleswoman at a market or in a store, and by this address she will immediately understand that you like her. However, at the same time, you yourself should not be too burdened with the burden of years. Otherwise, your interlocutor will think that you are hinting at her considerable age. Times are changing quickly, and today young (30-40 years old) Korean women react painfully to any hints and questions related to their age. The desire to stay young after marriage is a recent one, but is becoming more common.
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By name, with the addition of the word “ssi,” not only spouses, but also friends, colleagues of equal status and age call each other, so the translation of the word “ssi” as “Mr., Madam,” as dictionaries indicate, is not entirely adequate. This is a polite, friendly form. If it is used after the last name and first name, let's say. Park Yongchul-ssi, then this is already a completely official appeal.
"Ssi" immediately after a Korean surname (say, Kim-ssi) is considered rude as an address. It is used in relation to simple and uneducated people or when they want to hurt someone.
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Oppa (elder brother) - this is how girls and young women address older young people. There is a joke: “Oppa often becomes appa.”
Appa - appeal small child to my father. A young wife sometimes calls her husband the same way if they have Small child. This is similar to the phrase “our folder (daddy)”
Popular phrases on
Korean
Sarankhe (saranghamnida) - I love you
Nan niga shiro - I hate you
Eppo - handsome, sweet.
Nomu - very much.
Anyon(x)aseyo - Hello(of.)
Anyong - Hello (not official)
Yoboseyo - hello
Outflow - what to do?
Shiro - I don't want to
Ara - I know
Bulle - I don't know
Fighting - good luck! to battle! forward!
Kamsa(x)amnida - thank you (off.)
Kumao - thank you (not official)
Aigu - all Russian swearing
Asht is also a swear word, but
worse than aigu
Omo - used when you
surprised(=Oh my god)
Narang challe? -Do you want to sleep with me?
(censorship )
Senny chukka hamnida - Happy birthday
Daebak - Class, Super
Incredible (all words expressing delight)
Fucking (fucking) - dear/dear (like
epic)
Kencana - used as
question, are you okay? And How
answer, I'm fine/I'm fine
Vaso? - you've come)?
Odiga? - Where?
Chosomnida - sorry (off.)
Biyan (biyaneo) - sorry (not official)
Khonmal (chincha, chincharu) -
true/actually
(used both as a question and
as a statement)
Chalcha (chalchae) - calm
nights..
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LEARN FOR OPPA'S SAKE!] ~ ~
한국 [Hanguk] – Korea
한국어 [hanggugo] – Korean language
한국사람 (hanguk saram) - Korean
사람 [saram] – person
남자 (namja) – male
여자 (yoja) – woman
아가씨 (agassi) – girl
하늘 (haneul) – sky
바람 (param) – wind
나라 (nara) – country
학교 (hakkyo) – school
안녕 (Annyeon) – hello
약속 (yaksok) – promise, agreement
식당 (siktan) – restaurant, dining room
차 (cha) – tea
코 (kho) - nose
눈 (nun) – eye, snow
토끼 (teokki) - hare
돈 (tone) – money
라디오 (radio) - radio
집 (chip) - house
가다 (kada) – to go (go)
오다 (ode) – to go (come)
다니다 (tanida) – to walk
살다 (salda) – to live, to dwell
먹다 (mokta) – to eat, to eat
마시다 (masida) – to drink
사다 (garden) – to buy
팔다 (phalda) - to sell
알다 (alda) - to know
모르다 (sniff) – don’t know
말하다 (markhada) – to speak
하다 (hada) – do (do)
죽다 (chukta) – to die
쓰다 (to piss off) – to write
크다 (khida) - big
작다 (chakta) - small
나쁘다 (nappida) – bad
Faiting!^_^
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July 17 is Constitution Day in honor of the proclamation of the first constitution of the Republic of Korea in 1948.
Korean ________
I missed you so much! - 너무 보고 싶었어요. (Nomu pogo shipossoyo) (No - mu po - go ship - oss - o - yo)
What's new? - 별일이 없으셨어요? (Pyoliri opssoshossoyo?) (Pyol - ir - and opss - o - sho - sso - yo)
Nothing. - Yes. 없었어요. (Ne. op-sso-sso-yo) (Ne. Op - sso - sso - yo)
Good night! - 안녕히주무세요! (An-yong-hi ju-mu-se-yo!) (An-yong-hi ju-mu-se-yo)
See you! - 나중에 봬요! (Na-jung-e bwae-yo!) (Na-jung-e bwae-yo)
Bye! - 안녕히 가세요! (An-nyong-hi ga-se-yo!) (An-nyong-hi ga-se-yo)
Stolen astra_wizard . I highly recommend it to those who are still confused about suffixes, endings and designation words.
Let me address you!
Everyone who studies the Korean language is sure to be faced with how and who can and should be called in what situations. The system of names, positions, various social aspects and linguistic features make the Korean language one of the most complex in this regard. What do Koreans call each other?
First of all, teachers tell all Korean students that Koreans use very few personal pronouns: I, you, he, she, you... This is true. Unlike the Russian language, where the subject is obligatory (well, almost obligatory), a sentence in Korean can easily do without denoting a person, and since the person is not expressed in any way in the verb (as in Russian), translating such sentences is often very problematic, you need to know the context.
In Korea, it is considered impolite to call each other by name. Such treatment is permissible only for parents when they talk with children, close friends among themselves, that’s probably all. In all other cases, it will be either some kind of title, job title, or special words, precisely designed to help Koreans name each other, bypassing personal names. Addressing by personal name is “panmal”, a “semi-speech”, which is spoken only by friends (or parents with children). In no other cases is it advisable to address Koreans by his name. Of course, a foreigner, especially if he does not speak Korean, can be forgiven for such a gross sociolinguistic mistake, but you will seriously ruin the mood of your interlocutor. This is especially true for business negotiations: in order to communicate with Koreans on the subject of business, you must have at least minimal knowledge of the Korean culture of address.
Particle 씨 (-ssi). Usually this is a particle that is attached to a personal name, in textbooks it is translated as “Mister”, “a respectful address to to a stranger". In part, this is true, but this particle has a lot of nuances, without knowing which you can easily get into trouble. Personally, I would apply the term “semi-respectful” to this particle, since, on the one hand, it creates an official atmosphere and emphasizes that the speaker does not know the listener (or knows him poorly), distances himself from him and tries to be neutrally polite. To apply this particle to a well-known person means to offend him. “-Ssi” should in no case be applied to a person who is above you. (for all parameters: social status, age, etc. - or at least one of them), “-ssi” is still a neutral-polite “you” among approximately equal people.
In the Korean language, which is always surprising for a Russian person, there is no pronoun “you”. The word "당신" ("Tangsin" is the formal "You") does not at all meet the requirements assigned to the Russian "You". “Tansin” is said only by a wife to her husband or a husband to his wife (and even then, not always), and this is the limit of the use of this pronoun. “Tanshin” is a very rude and humiliating word, in fact, it is very often used in quarrels, arguments, fights, for example... When you need to deliberately humiliate and insult a person with a contemptuous “You”. If you want to call a person respectfully, you will have to get out and look for other ways, but under no circumstances use “tansin”. When addressing an older person, the neutral “선생님” (“Songsaengnim” means “Teacher”, even if the person has nothing to do with the teaching profession) or “사장님” (“Sajangnim” means “Director”) may be appropriate.
It would also be impolite to use the third person pronouns “그” (“ky”) to refer to a guy and “그녀” (“kynyo”) to a girl (which generally smacks of obscenities), although in all the Korean textbooks that I have seen these are used pronouns. Perhaps, in order not to confuse foreigners at the very beginning and still provide aspects similar to the native language, this method will work, but after hanging out among Koreans, you begin to adjust your theoretical knowledge. Among friends (or when an older person is talking about a younger person), you can say "얘" ("e") (or, depending on the grammar of the sentence, "걔" ("ke") or "쟤" ("che") - verbatim "This child"). However, such treatment is very familiar and perhaps, I emphasize once again, only among friends and when talking about a person close to you. Another linguistic point related to these words is also interesting: these words (“child” “얘” “e”) can even be used to refer to inanimate objects, for example, in a store when choosing a product, etc. It turns out very funny, you choose, for example, a jacket, and they tell you: this child is softer and his color is brighter than that one... Although such an expression of thought is still characteristic exclusively for spoken language and, often, in the speech of not very literate people.
Let me address you! - 2
Let's continue the conversation.
The second person pronoun is 너 (“but.” “you”).
The use of the word "you" in Korean is somewhat different from its use in Russian, for example. In Russian there are only two degrees of politeness, “you” and “you,” but in Korean there are incomparably more of them, and “but” is one of the lowest levels of address. This pronoun can only be used by close friends in relation to each other, by parents - in relation to children, that’s probably all. “But,” if used correctly, indicates a strong closeness between people; in all other cases, it is very, very impolite and pointedly rude. If, for example, a boss begins to “knock” a subordinate, he is clearly dissatisfied with him and is about to switch to open shouting and abuse. Of course, this pronoun is unacceptable in relation to an elder, even if you have very good relations with him. a good relationship. The Korean “you” is always an appeal from top to bottom, less often – an appeal to someone absolutely equal to you. Separately, I would like to note an interesting linguistic fact: in colloquial speech, the pronoun “but” in the nominative case changes in pronunciation. The ending of the nominative case -가 ("-ka") is added to "but" and becomes "네가" (which, according to all the rules of the language, should be pronounced as "nega" with a soft "-e-"), but this is how it is almost never pronounced. Nine times out of ten you will hear "니가" ("niga"). Initially, the “niga” variant was dialectal, but for certain reasons it penetrated into the Seoul dialect and became widespread there. Its influence turned out to be so great that even before the excretory particle “-는/은” (“-nyng/-yn”) the sound “-i-” is also preserved: 니는 (“ninyn”). True, this case is already less common than “niga”. Sometimes you can hear the variant "너가" ("leg"), which, however, is incorrect from a grammatical point of view.
Let me emphasize once again that the use of pronouns in the Korean language is generally not as highly developed as, for example, in Russian or English, where without them sentences will be incomplete or even meaningless. They will be used only when really necessary. With an ordinary question addressed to the listener, all pronouns, as a rule, are omitted, since it is already clear that I am asking you, there is no one else here except the two of us. Strictly speaking, the pronoun is not absent in such sentences, these are not impersonal sentences in themselves, it is simply reduced, since the context is already clear who is talking to whom and who is asking whom about what. Pronouns remain only when the logical emphasis in the sentence falls on them: “Have you seen “2012” yet?, Yeah, and you?” ("-2012 봤냐? - 응, 너는? "). Here, as you can see, there is simply nowhere without a pronoun, otherwise the sentence will not make sense.
Semi-polite neutral "저쪽" ("cho jchok", literally "that side").
In fact, you should not overuse this phrase, since it is not entirely polite. Of course, to a certain extent it can save you in a situation where you don’t know anything at all about the person: how old is he, what is his social status, etc., but even in such cases, I personally would recommend looking for other options for appeals. Personally, I would correlate the Korean “저 쪽” (“cho jchok”) with the use of the third person when directly addressing a person in Russian, and in its contemptuously mocking version (“dude, but the kid is showing his teeth!”, with direct addressing this very “boy”). Very often this phrase is used to deliberately put a distance between the speaker and the listener, to isolate themselves and show that all that connects them is this momentary conversation and nothing more. This is a kind of signal to prohibit the establishment of closer verbal contact. It is better for a foreigner, even one who speaks Korean well, to avoid this address, as it is very ambiguous and has a lot of shades.
The politeness suffix is -님 ("-nim").
This suffix can be attached to a personal name or title, position and makes the address more polite. It is worth noting, however, that this suffix, as such, is still more characteristic of written speech than of spoken language. However, most titles, positions (let’s sum it up, words) have simply already “grew together” with this suffix and are almost unthinkable without it, even in oral speech("선생님" - "songsaengnim", teacher; "교수님" - "kyosunim", teacher; "과장님" (and all other office positions) - "gvajangnim", department head, etc.). In theory, "-nim" can be attached to anything to make it sound more polite. In hospitals, for example, this suffix is always attached to the name of patients when they are called out of line at the doctor's office: "김철수님! 3번 검진실로 오세요!" "Kim Cheol Soo-nim! Sambon komjinsillo oseyo!" - "Mr. Kim Chol Soo! Please go to the third office!" It is also interesting to use this suffix separately (that is, not attached to anything) in poetry and poetry; in this case, it can be translated into Russian as “He / She” with a capital letter, meaning that one, beloved, love of life. In this regard, we can recall “그대” (“kyde” - “He / She. loved one”), which is very often used, for example, in song lyrics (and, it should be noted, nowhere else), but “-nim” is still has a more sublime and poetic connotation than “kyde”. Direct appeal to the listener using this suffix alone is quite rare (although not completely absent).
Addresses like "여기 / 저기" ("yogi / chogi").
A very common type of address, it can be heard especially often in canteens, restaurants (when the waiter is called) or simply on the street, in order to attract a person’s attention. "Yogi/chogi" are demonstrative pronouns that translate as "here/there". It would be more correct to call them not even addresses, but special linguistic signals designed to attract the attention of the interlocutor. Since they are very, very widespread, foreigners also pick up on them very quickly; any phrase begins with this pronoun when addressing a stranger on the street, in a restaurant, and everywhere, in fact. An approximate analogue in Russian is “uh, excuse me, please”, “girl” (or any other designation by gender and age necessary in this particular situation: “Man!”, “Woman! Something fell on you!”) and etc. However, it should be remembered that “yogi” or “chogi” are still not completely polite, unlike the same “excuse me, please” (a more polite option would still be “실레[하]지만”, “죄송한데 " - "Sillejiman", "Jwesonghande", "Sorry, but...", "Sorry, [couldn't, but]"). Such addresses (“yogi and chogi”) carry a lesser shade of politeness, although they cannot be called impolite either. If we were to classify them into any category, the best word would be “neutral”.
A logical question often arises: is it still necessary to say “yogiyo” or “chogiyo”, for example, in a restaurant? (“-Yo” (“-요”)) is a politeness particle placed at the end of a sentence and makes the speech style neutrally polite). Most often you can hear "chogiyo" (literally "hey, there", in Korean, however, it does not sound as rude as in Russian). However, as our teacher at the university explained to us, and the Koreans themselves shared their linguistic feelings, it is better, more correct, more beautiful and more respectful to still say “yogiye” (literally “here, here”). Something like “please pay attention, there is a client sitting here and waiting.” In addition, “yogiyo” and “chogiyo” are pronounced with different intonations (“yogiyo” is a little lower and drawn out, “chogiyo” is a little higher and a little abrupt at the end, with a hint of demand in the voice), so the first option is undoubtedly , can be considered a little more polite.
Let me address you! - 3
And a couple more words on the topic of Korean addresses.
The suffixes are "-양" ("-yang") and "-군" ("-kun").
There is not much to say about these suffixes. “-yan” is attached to a female name and, in fact, means “girl”, “girl”, “-kun”, respectively, to a male name, and means “guy”, “young man”. In nine cases out of ten, these suffixes will only be used by elders in relation to younger ones, usually children and teenagers; in all other cases they are unacceptable. They can often be heard in the speech of teachers calling children by name in class, educators in hagwons (language schools), sometimes when addressing, for example, the head of a department in the office to a young trainee or intern, less often between friends, but this is more common in a joke and often in situations where the speaker wants to emphasize the gender of the listener.
A separate layer of references that needs to be discussed separately is, of course, the terms of kinship used in everyday communication, applied to people who are not related. I’ll try to classify such appeals a little.
"오빠" (oppa, older brother for a girl). In modern Korean, “oppa” is no longer just an older brother for a girl, it is any young man who is scarier than her, more or less close to her, a friend, acquaintance, co-worker, etc. Here, however, it is worth making a reservation. Simply by the term “oppa” a girl will call either her own older brother or her boyfriend. In all other cases, this address will be preceded by the person’s name (성우 오빠, for example (“Son Woo oppa”) - although this rule is still more applicable when the conversation is about this same “oppa” with a third person, when directly addressing it will still be just "oppa"). With this “oppa” (as with all other terms, which are discussed below), the most difficulties always arise when translating into Russian: there is no exact parallel in Russian and you have to constantly get out and look for words suitable for this particular situation. “Oppa” is not just a word, it is a whole layer of Korean culture, if you look at it more broadly. “Oppa” will always help, you can (and should) rely on him, he is the source of all joys (as well as the root of all misfortunes), etc. and so on. This appeal contains the whole essence of Confucian society - the elder is always better, he is always right, especially if the elder is a guy in relation to a girl.
"언니" ("unnie", older sister for a girl). The usage is the same as that of “oppa”; this word is used to describe not only older sisters, but also all older girls. “Unnie” also has one unique feature that distinguishes it from all other similar addresses, namely, this is how female waitresses in restaurants are called, and quite often even guys. A common mistake of Russian speakers in Korea is to call waitresses “아가씨” (“Agassi”, literally “girl”). However, this cannot be done, since the word “agassi” has a pronounced negative connotation; that's what they call it girls lung behavior, in rare cases, old uncles and aunts can call a young girl that way (which is justified etymologically; “agassi”, literally “little girl-mistress”; this word acquired a negative meaning recently, during the lifetime of these same old men, hence their use of this word from old memory).
"형" ("Hyung", big brother for guys). The scope of use is the same. Any guy older than you will be a "hyung" (with all the ensuing consequences). An interesting detail: “hyung” (or more politely “hyungnim”) is what his subordinates call the gang leader.
"누나" ("Noona", older sister for guys). The scope of use is the same. However, let me note that “noona” is more often used to refer to one’s own older sisters, but if it is necessary to somehow designate a girl who is older in age, a Korean will still look for other ways: by position, place of work, etc. ., although it is, of course, impossible to say that guys completely avoid this treatment.
"동생" ("Dongsaeng", younger brother or sister). This word is not a direct address; no one [almost] ever calls a junior “dongsaeng” in direct contact, but in a conversation with a third person about this person they can refer to him by this very term. So, for example, they can characterize a young girl / guy in order to emphasize his belonging to something (without such a correlation, Korean culture simply cannot be imagined): 김연아, 국민 여동생 (“Kim Young Ah, the little sister of the whole nation”), kind of loving and proud at the same time.
Well, at the end of this “three-part” post about Korean addresses, it remains to add that the Korean language, like any other, is actually rich in ways of expression and, in particular, in addresses, to which I tried to dedicate it. Of course, there are many other types of addresses to a person, ways to call him, call out to him, attract attention, respectfully emphasize his status or insult to the core, I wanted to give an example of just a few of them, those that, in my opinion, are used most often . I sincerely hope that my notes have become interesting both to those who speak the great language of Emperor Sejong, and to those who are simply interested in Korea and everything connected with it.
Korea: oppa, sunbae, ajuma, ajoossi and others [Part 1]
It is difficult for many to immediately understand who noona and oppa, sunbae, ajuma and azhussi are. Questions about addressing each other in South Korea arise after watching the first drama. Therefore, we offer you a short guide to South Korean addresses. Since ancient times, Korea has had an unspoken but unshakable rule of etiquette: avoid using personal names at all costs. It continues to this day, although not as strongly as in the past. A first name without a surname is used only when addressing a child. When addressing a friend, the difference in age with whom the speaker is small and with whom communication takes place outside the production sphere, in addition to the name, the word ssi is used, which is conventionally translated as “Mr., Madam,” but is rather a respectful approaching particle. Modern young spouses also call each other by name with the addition of ssi: Seonghan-ssi, Jinyoung-ssi. If informal communication occurs with an older person or if the speaker wants to emphasize his special respect for the interlocutor, the word sunsaeng-nim (venerable teacher) is used. Literally, sonsen means "one who was born before." Nim is a polite particle. A combination of the surname and the word sunsaeng (-nim) is possible: Kim-songsaeng (-nim), Pak-songsaeng (-nim). In a family, only the youngest are usually called by name, and the main form of address is the names of degrees of relationship in their polite form: father, mother, spouse, older brother/sister, big father (father's older brother), younger father, husband older sister, mother-in-law/father-in-law, matchmaker, godfather, etc., etc. In everyday life, people who are not literally relatives often call each other degrees of relationship.
>>> "Oppa"(오빠), - an older brother for a girl. In modern Korean, “oppa” is no longer just an older brother for a girl, it is any young man older than her, more or less close to her, a friend, acquaintance, colleague, etc. d. Here, however, it is worth making a reservation: the girl will simply use the term “oppa” to call either her own older brother or her boyfriend. In all other cases, this address will be preceded by the person’s name (성우 오빠, for example (“Dream”). Oppa") - although this rule is still more applicable when the conversation is about this same “oppa” with a third person, when addressed directly it will still be just “oppa”). “Oppa” is not just a word, this is a whole layer of Korean culture, if you look at it more broadly. “Oppa” will always help, you can (and should) rely on him, he is the source of all joys (as well as the root of all misfortunes). This appeal contains the whole essence of Confucian society: the elder is always. better, he is always right, especially if the elder is a guy in relation to a girl.
>>> "unnie"(also: unni;언니) - an older sister for a girl. The usage is the same as that of "oppa", this word refers not only to older sisters, but also to all older girls. "Unnie" also has one unique feature that distinguishes her from all other similar addresses, namely, this is how waitresses are called in restaurants, and quite often even guys. Also, this address, similar to “hyung,” is used in the same cases between females (analogue - Chinese 姐姐). ).
>>> "Agassi" (아가씨) - similar to "ajumma", an appeal to young ladies who are not yet "aunts". They are also often translated simply as "madam" or "girl" (analogous to the English miss). In rare cases, old men and women can do this call a young girl (which is justified etymologically; “agassi”, if you look literally “little mistress girl.” Recently, this word has also acquired a somewhat negative meaning - this is how girls of easy virtue are called. This word acquired a negative meaning recently, even with the lives of these same old people, hence their use of this word from old memory
A common mistake of Russian speakers in Korea is to call waitresses “agassi” (literally “girl”).
>>> "Hyun"(형, from Chinese 兄) - an appeal from a younger brother to an older brother (analogue - Chinese 哥哥) - older brother for guys. The scope of use is the same. Any guy older than you will be a “hyung” (with all the ensuing consequences) An interesting detail: “hyung” (more precisely “hyungnim”) is what the gang leader is called by his subordinates.
>>> "Noona" (누나) - older sister for guys. The scope of use is the same. However, it should be noted that “noona” is often used to refer to one’s own older sisters, but if it is necessary to somehow designate a girl who is older in age, a Korean will look for other ways: by position, place of work, etc., although it is, of course, impossible to say that guys completely avoid this treatment.
>>> "Dongsaeng"(동생) - younger brother or sister. This word is not a direct address; no one almost ever calls the younger one “dongsaeng” in direct contact, but in a conversation with a third person about this person they can refer to him with this very term. So, for example, they can characterize a young girl / guy in order to emphasize his belonging to something (without such a correlation, Korean culture simply cannot be imagined): 김연아, 국민 여동생 (“Kim Young Ah, the little sister of the whole nation”), kind of loving and proud simultaneously.
The older brother addresses the younger sister by name. When referring to a name, the vocative suffix “-ya” or “-a” is added, which means a close relationship. This tradition is observed until old age. This is not a mandatory call, just a nice feature. Also, vocative suffixes are used regardless of gender between people with close relationships - friends or lovers.
>>> "Ahjussi" (아저씨) - an address to a man who is much older in age. Sometimes translated, depending on the situation, as “lord” or “uncle.”
>>> "Ajumma" (아줌마) - an address to a woman who is much older in age. Similar to "ajussi", sometimes translated as "lady" or "aunt". Young girls or even middle-aged women can be insulted by calling them "ajumma". "Ajumma" - it’s not only, and not so much their age, but their manner of behavior. Calling intelligent grannies “ajumma” would also not be entirely correct.
Related materials.
"오빠" (oppa, older brother for a girl). In modern Korean, “oppa” is no longer just an older brother for a girl, it is any young man who is scarier than her, more or less close to her, a friend, acquaintance, co-worker, etc. Here, however, it is worth making a reservation. Simply by the term “oppa” a girl will call either her own older brother or her boyfriend. In all other cases, this address will be preceded by the person’s name (성우 오빠, for example (“Son Woo oppa”) - although this rule is still more applicable when the conversation is about this same “oppa” with a third person, when directly addressing it will still be just "oppa"). With this “oppa” (as with all other terms, which are discussed below), the most difficulties always arise when translating into Russian: there is no exact parallel in Russian and you have to constantly get out and look for words suitable for this particular situation. “Oppa” is not just a word, it is a whole layer of Korean culture, if you look at it more broadly. “Oppa” will always help, you can (and should) rely on him, he is the source of all joys (as well as the root of all misfortunes), etc. and so on. This appeal contains the whole essence of Confucian society - the elder is always better, he is always right, especially if the elder is a guy in relation to a girl.
"언니" ("unnie", older sister for a girl). The usage is the same as that of “oppa”; this word is used to describe not only older sisters, but also all older girls. “Unnie” also has one unique feature that distinguishes it from all other similar addresses, namely, this is how female waitresses in restaurants are called, and quite often even guys. A common mistake of Russian speakers in Korea is to call waitresses “아가씨” (“Agassi”, literally “girl”). However, this cannot be done, since the word “agassi” has a pronounced negative connotation; this is what girls of easy virtue are called; in rare cases, old men and women can call a young girl this way (which is justified etymologically; “agassi”, literally “little mistress girl”; this word acquired a negative meaning recently, during the lifetime of these same old men, hence their use of this word from old memory).
"형" ("Hyung", big brother for guys). The scope of use is the same. Any guy older than you will be a "hyung" (with all the ensuing consequences). An interesting detail: “hyung” (or more politely “hyungnim”) is what his subordinates call the gang leader.
"누나" ("Noona", older sister for guys). The scope of use is the same. However, let me note that “noona” is more often used to refer to one’s own older sisters, but if it is necessary to somehow designate a girl who is older in age, a Korean will still look for other ways: by position, place of work, etc. ., although it is, of course, impossible to say that guys completely avoid this treatment.
"동생" ("Dongsaeng", younger brother or sister). This word is not a direct address; no one [almost] ever calls a junior “dongsaeng” in direct contact, but in a conversation with a third person about this person they can refer to him by this very term. So, for example, they can characterize a young girl / guy in order to emphasize his belonging to something (without such a correlation, Korean culture simply cannot be imagined): 김연아, 국민 여동생 (“Kim Young Ah, the little sister of the whole nation”), kind of loving and proud at the same time.
Ajusshi - achzhossi (achzhoshi) - an appeal to a man who is much older in age. Sometimes it is translated, depending on the situation, as “lord” or “uncle”.
Ajumma - achzhuma - an appeal to a woman who is much older in age. Similar to "ajossi", sometimes translated as "lady" or "aunt". Young girls can be insulted by calling them "achzhuma".
Agassi - agassi (agashi) - an appeal to young ladies who are not yet “aunts”. They are also often translated simply as “madam” or “girl”.
Hyungnim - hyungnim - a more formal form of address "hyung". Can be used when addressing, for example, a son-in-law or the leader of a mafia-gangster group.
Sunbae - sunbae - an address to senior students or senior work colleagues. Something like an analogue of the Japanese "senpai"
Sunbae-nim - sunbae-nim - a more formal and strict "sunbae". Same as "hyung" and "hyungnim".
In a family, only the youngest are usually called by name, and the main form of address is the names of degrees of relationship in their polite form: father, mother, spouse, older brother/sister, big father (father's older brother), younger father, older sister's husband, mother-in-law/ father-in-law, matchmaker, godfather, etc., etc. In everyday life, people who are not literally relatives often call each other degrees of relationship.
Oppa (elder brother) - this is how girls and young women address older young people. There is a joke: “Oppa often becomes appa.”
Appa - a small child's address to his father. A young wife sometimes calls her husband the same thing if they have a small child. This is similar to the phrase “our folder (daddy).”
Yobo (dear/darling) is what middle-aged and older spouses call each other. Young spouses, especially those with higher education and progressive views, address each other by name, as they called each other when they first met at university.
Often, when addressing a person respectfully or formally, the suffix "-ssi" ("-ssi" or "-shi") is added after his name, which is usually translated as "lord" or "madam." Lately, the English addresses “Mr,” “Miss,” and “Mrs.” have become fashionable in Korea; this can sometimes be clearly heard in dramas and films. Still, when translating in the credits, I would still recommend translating “Madam” or “Mr.,” without Americanisms, which often hurt the eyes of a picky viewer.
A common address to a friend married woman: “Han-min’s Mother”, “Kyeong-a’s Mother” - goes back to those not too distant times when a woman’s status in society depended on whether she had a child or not.
The suffixes are "-양" ("-yang") and "-군" ("-kun").
There is not much to say about these suffixes. “-yan” is attached to a female name and, in fact, means “girl”, “girl”, “-kun”, respectively, to a male name, and means “guy”, “young man”. In nine cases out of ten, these suffixes will only be used by elders in relation to younger ones, usually children and teenagers; in all other cases they are unacceptable. They can often be heard in the speech of teachers calling children by name in class, educators in hagwons (language schools), sometimes when addressing, for example, the head of a department in the office to a young trainee or intern, less often between friends, but this is more common in a joke and often in situations where the speaker wants to emphasize the gender of the listener.
There is also "hube" - a junior in rank, a colleague or classmate in position. "Samo-nim" - "madam", this is also how they address the wife of a professor or a woman who is the wife of any respected person. "Sabo-nim" - "Mr." , Respected man. For example, this is how you can address the president. An older brother addresses his younger sister by name. When referring to a name, a particle “-ya” or “-a” is added, depending on the euphony of the pronunciation, for example, “yuri-ya” or “khamin-a,” which means a close relationship. This tradition is observed until old age. But this, of course, is not a mandatory appeal, but just a nice feature.
And there is also a piece of “yang” for a girl who is younger... And “gun” for men...
Taking this into account, one should carefully use the traditional address to a married woman, adjumoni (literally: aunt, auntie), which is increasingly associated with the idea of an illiterate, middle-aged and unrespectable person or with the bad manners of the speaker. In meaning, it resembles our Russian “woman,” which does not evoke any pleasant associations.
Changing traditional connections in society, when everyone more women continue to work after getting married, when the number of women holding certain positions, having scientific degrees, participating in political and social activities, caused the need for a new neutral and respectful form of address, like “Madame” among the French, “Miss” among the British, “Mrs.” among the Poles.
So far, there has been a tendency among employees to use the English "Miss". Only young girls - secretaries from offices or private nurses - respond to him readily and without offense dental clinics. The search continues.
A person who teaches at a prestigious university is called seongsaeng-nim, which means “teacher.” A teacher can be called a person who knows something better than others.
Sometimes students may address teachers as kyosu-nim (respected professor). This is often said to those who have a scientific degree or a fairly high status among other professors.
“Chagi” is almost the same as “ebo”, only it is also used between just a guy and a girl, not necessarily spouses.
And “uri aegi” (something like “my baby”), some Koreans say that to their girlfriends. Although it came from some Korean series from 4 years ago.
Kaos al Rim: “sabom” - an address to a coach, instructor, teacher
"kwan-jannim" - an appeal to a master (for example, taekwondo, or hapkido)
It must be taken into account that in different situations the same person is addressed differently.
