But it is possible to force existing skin to renew itself. How? For this purpose, various peelings are provided that trigger the skin regeneration process.

First, a little theory: the word “peeling” comes from the English peel - “to clear away the crust.” The upper layer of the epidermis consists of dead cells, and with the help of peeling procedures, a significant part of these particles is removed.

There is a huge variety of peelings. The most common of them are mechanical, vacuum, chemical and laser.

Let's erase everything unnecessary

The best way is to “scrape” them mechanically. For this purpose, pharmacies and perfume stores sell a huge variety of scrubs. They work simply: abrasive substances (small hard particles) lightly scratch the skin, removing dead particles.

These peeling preparations are suitable for home use. To the owners oily skin It is recommended to perform scrub treatments once a week. For ladies with dry, thin skin, it is better to refrain from frequent abrasive cleansing - this can cause irritation on the skin.

The only serious contraindication for cleansing with a scrub is pustules on the skin. With the help of the procedure, you can spread the infection over the skin of the face, and the rashes will increase significantly.

Chemical attack

Chemical peeling is the action of fruit acids on the skin. We remember from the chemistry course that acid molecules are very small, so they can penetrate deep into the skin. Not only that fruit acids"burn" the most upper layer skin, they penetrate inside and “tear”, slightly injure its deep layers. Disturbed fibroblast cells begin to more intensively synthesize collagen and elastin - the “framework” of our skin.

Correct peeling

If we consider not the cellular level, but personal impressions, then chemical peeling the main thing is the hands of the master. You need to find a person who will not burn your skin, will select the current concentration of acids, will not overexpose the serum, will be able to develop and implement a rehabilitation program after peeling, and will recommend adequate care. In general, he will treat your skin with maximum attention and provide a strictly individual approach. How to find such a person? Only by asking girlfriends, colleagues, wives of friends and other ladies who were subjected to execution.

An indicator of a successful procedure is fresh, renewed skin. With the right approach, even the structure of oily skin can change: pores shrink, skin becomes smoother and disappears greasy shine. Incorrectly performed peeling leads to prolonged peeling. If after a “good” procedure the peeling stops after 2-3 days, then after a “bad” procedure it can peel off and suffer for months.

Facial vacuum cleaner

No matter how rude it may sound, we have to admit: the procedure under the laconic name “vacuum peeling” or “vacuum cleaning” is very similar to the action of a vacuum cleaner. The “suction” device cleanses the skin, eliminating dead particles, dirt and comedones. Compared with mechanical cleaning this method is less painful. But you can’t call it particularly pleasant either.

Its main advantage is the massage effect. With the help of vacuum peeling, lymphatic drainage is carried out - and after several procedures you can notice that the face becomes less loose and more prominent. As for the quality of cleansing, vacuum peeling is quite superficial. Dead scales will go away, deep comedones (if any) will remain.

Laser technologies

In a fairy tale, as you know, the further you go, the worse it gets! Just think: a laser, unlike chemical exposure, does not burn the upper layers of the skin, but evaporates them. But the essence of the effect remains the same as in the case of chemistry: the skin is renewed, deep regeneration processes are launched.

Laser resurfacing is one of the most powerful effects, and it is recommended in “advanced” cases. The laser helps well with post-acne scars, fine wrinkles disappear, dark spots. Young girls are unlikely to feel the results of laser peeling - this is an age-related tool, “heavy artillery”.

If you decide to undergo laser peeling, in a conversation with a cosmetologist, clarify such an indicator as the depth of fractional coagulation. If it is small (up to 1 mm), then solve the problem deep wrinkles and scarring will not work - such a procedure is not particularly suitable for general rejuvenation. The higher the indicator, the more intense the impact.

– heterogeneous group chronic diseases, the main symptom of which is the thinning of the skin components: epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous fat. The process is based on the complete or partial destruction of collagen and elastic fibers - one of the main components of the connective tissue of the dermis. Elasticity suffers skin, hence the second name for skin atrophy - elastosis. The etiology and pathogenesis are individual for each type of atrophy, and for the most part have not been fully studied. The clinical variety of manifestations of the disease, treatment methods, diagnosis, prevention, and prognosis are proportional to the number of pathologies included in the group.

Prevention consists of treating the underlying pathology. Corticosteroid therapy should be given in the evening when skin cell proliferation is minimal. The prognosis for life is favorable. Regular monitoring by a dermatologist is indicated in order not to miss the possible transformation of skin atrophy into cancer.

Thesis: every year our skin renews itself more slowly, recovers less, looks duller and tired. The idea: restore the rhythm of cellular renewal, stimulating the natural capabilities of the skin. The key condition for youthful skin is constant cell renewal. Old cells naturally die and slough off. Their place is taken by new ones, born in the very depths of the skin - in its basal layer. They are young and active, thanks to which the skin fully performs its functions - including retaining moisture and protecting the body as a whole from harmful external influences. But from about 2 to 5 years old, the rate of skin renewal slows down. Dead cells accumulate on its surface, which should already give way to young ones, but lie literally like dead weight - they do not peel off and do not work. Therefore, the skin resists external aggressive influences less and less and becomes more sensitive. The amount of collagen gradually decreases, without which it loses density, firmness and elasticity. As a result, it appears dull color face, the skin loses tone, wrinkles appear - the first signs of aging. How the process of skin cell renewal occurs - read in our publication.

Nothing extra

Most effective method cope with a dense layer of dead cells on the surface of the epidermis and stimulate cellular renewal - products with an exfoliating effect. They not only clear the way for new cells to the surface, they lightly scratch the skin - creating stress, to which it responds with enhanced cellular regeneration. We have been familiar with this mechanism since early childhood: I heal scratches and abrasions precisely due to accelerated cell renewal. Mechanical and chemical exfoliants work on the same principle. And they have, perhaps, only one drawback, but a significant one: they are aggressive and can irritate the skin , even if not prone to allergies and not weakened, thin it and increase sensitivity to the harmful effects of sunlight. Alternative path stimulate the natural exfoliation mechanism of dead cells inherent in the skin itself.

Natural process

It is indeed possible to exfoliate old cells biologically, without external influence. One option is to stimulate the synthesis of a special enzyme (cathepsin D), which destroys the bonds between amino acids in the protein that forms the very skin particles to be exfoliated, and therefore the connections between “extra” cells. Some plant extracts have this stimulating effect, including prickly pear cactus flower extract. This extract was included in Clarins Anti-Aging Serum. To help him, papain was added, an enzyme derived from papaya that gives the same effect. In addition, to enhance the skin's ability to retain moisture and resist environmental aggression, as well as increase its elasticity, Clarins specialists used phytosphingosine. This substance is a plant analogue of sphingosine contained in human skin cells. It can accelerate the death of diseased and old cells, has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, stimulates the synthesis of ceramides, which form the outer protective layer of the skin, increases collagen production and slows down its destruction.

» Hyperkeratosis and acne
» Comedogenic cosmetics and acne
» Subcutaneous demodex mite
» Propionibacterium acnes and Propionibacterium granulosum
» Irritated skin and acne
» Heredity and acne
» Nutrition and acne
» Medicines and acne
» Steroids and acne

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List of prostaglandins

We analyze eyelash growth products by ingredients

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Anti-aging (anti-aging)

Structure and main functions of human skin

Human skin renewal period

Skin is a fabric: elastic, porous, durable, waterproof, antibacterial, sensitive, which can maintain thermal balance, protect against the harmful effects of the external environment, secrete fat, ensure the safety of the skin, produce odorous substances and recover (regenerate), as well as absorb some necessary chemical elements and reject others, providing protection to our body from the adverse effects of sunlight.

The pH of human skin is 3.8-5.6.

There are approximately 5 million hairs on the surface of human skin. For every square centimeter of human skin there are on average 100 pores and 200 receptors.

What layers of skin can cosmetics affect?

Since cosmetics (cosmeceutical products) can penetrate deeply, can cosmetics reach the dermis?

According to the laws of most countries, cosmetic product can only have an external effect. This means that no cosmetic additives should reach or affect the living layers of the skin. Cosmetic preparations can and must interact only with dead substances of the skin and under no circumstances should they reach its living layers and, moreover, affect them. This is the purpose of cosmetics.

However, in the lower part of the epidermis there is no “block” that prevents the penetration of substances into the depths of the dermis (into the blood and lymphatic vessels). The presence of an effective exchange between the epidermis and dermis is confirmed by experimental data. Substances that have crossed the transepidermal barrier, with a certain degree of probability, enter the blood and, accordingly, are able to affect all tissues of the body.

What substances are able to penetrate deep into the skin, overcome the transepidermal barrier and enter the dermis?

It has been proven that they penetrate deep into the skin: nicatine, caffeine, nitroglycerin, essential oils(they are enhancers, they are found in the bloodstream), Vit E is retained at the junction of the epidermis and dermis, hylauronic acid reaches the dermis within 30 minutes after application, and then enters the blood (source: Journal of Investigative Dermatology). Scientists from the University of Rochester Medical Center have concluded that nanoparticles contained in sunscreens penetrate deep into the skin. Liposomes are nanoparticles that easily penetrate into the deep layers of the skin and deliver the necessary nutrients there.

Skin Structure

The secret of the amazing versatility of the skin lies in its structure. The skin consists of 3 important layers:

• 1. Outer layer - epidermis,
• 2. Inner layer - dermis,
• 3. Subcutaneous base – hypodermis.

Each layer performs a specific function.

In different parts of the body, the thickness and color of the skin, the number of sweat, sebaceous glands, hair follicles and nerves are not the same.

It is believed that the thickness of the skin is only a few millimeters, but if the skin constantly needs protection, then it becomes thicker, this is a protective mechanism that everyone has. Therefore, in some places the skin is thicker, in others thinner. The soles and palms have a denser epidermis and a layer of keratin.

As for hairiness, for example, there are many hair follicles on the top of the head, but not a single one on the soles. The tips of the fingers and toes contain many nerves and are extremely sensitive to touch.

Structure and properties of human skin: Epidermis

The epidermis is the upper stratum corneum of the skin, which is formed by stratified epithelium. In the deep layers of the epidermis, cells are alive, where they divide and gradually move towards the outer surface of the skin. The skin cells themselves die and turn into horny scales, which peel off and are removed from its surface.

The epidermis is practically impermeable to water and solutions based on it. Fat-soluble substances penetrate the epidermis better due to the fact that cell membranes contain a large amount of fat and these substances seem to “dissolve” in the cell membranes.

There are no blood vessels in the epidermis; its nutrition occurs due to the diffusion of tissue fluid from the underlying layer of the dermis. Intercellular fluid is a mixture of lymph and blood plasma flowing from the terminal loops of capillaries and returning to the lymphatic and circulatory systems under the influence of heart contractions.

What cells does the epidermis consist of?

Most epidermal cells produce keratin. These cells are called keratinocytes (spinous, basal and granular). Keratinocytes are in constant motion. Young keratinocytes are born when the germ cells of the basement membrane, located at the border of the epidermis and dermis, divide. As the keratinocyte matures, it moves to the upper layers, first to the stratum spinosum, then to the granular layer. At the same time, keratin, a particularly strong protein, is synthesized and accumulated in the cell.

Eventually, the keratinocyte loses its nucleus and major organelles and turns into a flat “sac” filled with keratin. From this moment on, it receives a new name - “corneocyte”. Corneocytes are flat scales that form the stratum corneum (survived epidermal cells), responsible for the barrier function of the epidermis.

The corneocyte continues to move upward and, having reached the surface of the skin, exfoliates. A new one takes his place. Typically, the life span of a keratinocyte lasts 2-4 weeks. In childhood, the process of renewal of epidermal cells is more active, and slows down with age.

Corneocytes are held together by plastic “cement”, consisting of a double layer of special lipids - ceramides (ceramides). Molecules ceramides (ceramides) and phospholipids have hydrophilic “heads” (fragments, water lovers) and lipophilic "tails" (fragments that prefer fats).

Melanocytes are found in the basal layer of the skin (basement membrane) and produce melanin. These are the cells that produce the pigment melanin, which gives the skin its color. Thanks to melanin, the skin protects a person to a significant extent from radiation: infrared rays are completely blocked by the skin, ultraviolet rays are only partially blocked. In some cases, the formation of age spots depends on the condition of the basement membrane.

There are also special ones in the epidermis Langerhans cells, which perform the function of protection against foreign bodies and microbes.

What is the thickness of the epidermis?

The thickness of the epidermis is approximately 0.07 - 0.12 millimeters (this is the thickness of a plastic film or paper sheet); the particularly rough skin of our body can reach a thickness of 2 mm.

The thickness of the epidermis is heterogeneous: in different places skin it is different. The thickest epidermis, with a pronounced keratinizing layer, is located on the soles, a little thinner on the palms, and even thinner on the genitals and skin of the eyelids.

How many days does it take for the epidermis to completely renew?

Depends on the condition of the epidermis appearance skin, its freshness and color. The epidermis consists of dead cells, which are replaced by new ones. Thanks to the constant renewal of cells, we lose about 10 billion cells per day, this is a continuous process. Over the course of our lives, we shed about 18 kilograms of skin with dead cells.

When the skin exfoliates, it is cleansed - this is a necessary process of skin renewal, in which, along with dead cells, all substances harmful to the skin are removed: the cells take with them dust, microbes, substances secreted by the sweat glands (along with sweat, urea, acetone, bile pigments, salts, toxic substances, ammonia, etc.). and much more. The skin prevents the army of microbes from reaching us: within 24 hours, our skin is attacked per 1 cm from 100 thousand to several million of all kinds of microbes. However, if the skin is healthy, it becomes impenetrable to them.

The younger and healthier the skin, the more intense the process of its renewal occurs. New cells push out old ones, old ones are washed away after we shower, wash, sleep, and put on clothes. With age, cell renewal occurs less and less often, the skin begins to age, and wrinkles appear.

The epidermis is separated from the dermis by a basement membrane (it consists of elastin and collagen fibers) with a germinal layer of continuously dividing cells, which gradually move from the basement membrane to the surface of the skin, where they then peel and fall off. The epidermis is completely renewed, exactly replaced by a completely new layer: a mole remains a mole, dimples remain dimples, freckles remain freckles, cells accurately reproduce at the genetic level what the skin should look like in accordance with the individual characteristics of each individual person.

The process of cells moving from the basement membrane to peeling and falling off the surface of the skin into at a young age equals 21-28 days, and then occurs less and less often. Starting around the age of 25, the skin renewal process becomes slower and increases to 35-45 days by the age of 40 and 56-72 days after the age of 50. This is precisely the reason for the use of anti-aging and restorative drugs for a period of at least a month, and for more mature age- at least 2-3 months.

The process of cell division and advancement mature skin not only slower, but also heterogeneous in different areas, which also affects the aesthetic appearance of the skin. If dead skin cells become layered, the cell division process occurs more slowly, leading to faster skin aging. In addition, the layer of dead cells makes it difficult for oxygen and nutrients to penetrate the skin.

How many layers does the epidermis contain?

The epidermis consists of 12-15 layers of the stratum corneum. However, depending on the structure, the epidermis can be divided into five main zones (layers): basal, spinous, granular, shiny and horny. The upper (outer) layer of the epidermis consists of dead cells without nuclei, while the inner layer consists of living cells that are still capable of dividing.

Fragments of the horny, shiny and granular layers that do not have the ability to divide can be classified as dead structures skin, and, accordingly, the boundary between “living and dead” substances should be located somewhere in the spinous layer.

1. Basal layer of the epidermis (germinal)

The basal layer is the inner layer of the epidermis closest to the dermis. It consists of prismatic single-row epithelium and large quantity slot-like spaces.

The bulk of cells here are keratinocytes containing chromatin and melanin.

Between the basal keratinocytes are melanocytes containing huge amounts of melanin. Melanin is formed in these cells from tyrosine in the presence of copper ions. This process is regulated by the melanocyte-stimulating hormone of the pituitary gland, as well as catecholamines: adrenaline and norepinephrine; thyroxine, triiodothyronine and androgens. Melatonin synthesis increases when the skin is exposed to ultraviolet radiation. Vitamin C plays a significant role in the synthesis of melanin.

Among the cells of the basal epithelium there are few specific tactile cells (Merkel cells). They are larger in size than keratinocytes and contain osmiophilic granules.

The basal layer provides attachment of the epidermis to the underlying skin and contains cambial epithelial elements.

2. The spinous layer of the epidermis (stratum spinosum)

Above the basal layer is the spinous one (stratum spinosum). In this layer, keratinocytes are located in several layers.

The cells of the stratum spinosum are large, their shape is irregular, gradually becoming flattened as they approach the granular layer. The cells of the stratum spinosum contain spines at the sites of intercellular contacts.

In the cytoplasm of spinous cells there are keratinosomes - granules containing lipids - ceramides. Cells of the spinous layer secrete ceramides, which, in turn, fill the space between the cells in the overlying layers. Thus, the stratified squamous keratinizing epithelium becomes impermeable to various substances.

In addition, there are desmosomes - specialized cell structures.

Keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum contain very little chromatin, so they are paler. They have one peculiarity: in their cytoplasm there are many special thin tonofibrils.

3. Granular layer of the epidermis (stratum granulosum)

The granular (keratohyaline) layer (stratum granulosum) consists of spinous keratinocytes and branched epidermocytes. It is assumed that these cells are “wandering” epidermal macrophages that perform a protective function.

In the granular layer there are from 1-3 on the palms and 5-7 on the soles layers of flat cells, closely adjacent to each other. Their oval nuclei are poor in chromatin. A peculiarity of the cells of the granular layer is the peculiar grains in their cytoplasm, consisting of a substance similar in structure to DNA.

There are two main types of granules located in the cytoplasm of granular layer cells: keratoglian and lamellar. The former are necessary for the formation of keratin, and the latter ensure the skin's moisture resistance by releasing special lipid molecules onto its surface.

4. Shiny (eleidine, transparent) layer of the epidermis (stratum lucidum)

The shiny layer (stratum lucidum) is located above the granular one. This layer is quite thin and is clearly visible only in those areas where the epidermis is most pronounced - on the skin of the palms and soles.

It is not found on all areas of the skin, but only where the thickness of the epidermis is significant (palms and soles), and is completely absent on the face. Consists of 1-3 rows of flat cells, most of which do not contain nuclei.

Flat, homogeneous keratinocytes are the main cellular elements of this layer. The shiny layer is essentially a transition from living epithelial cells to keratinized scales located on the very surface of human skin.

5. The stratum corneum of the epidermis

The stratum corneum is the layer of the epidermis in direct contact with the external environment.

Its thickness varies in different areas of the skin, and quite significantly. The most developed stratum corneum is on the palms and soles, much thinner on the abdomen, flexor surfaces of the arms and legs, sides, eyelid skin and genitals.

The stratum corneum contains only thin, anucleate cells that fit tightly together. Horny scales consist of keratin, a substance of albuminoid nature that contains an abundance of sulfur but little water. The scales of the stratum corneum are tightly connected to each other and provide a mechanical barrier for microorganisms.

Structure and properties of human skin: Dermis

The dermis is the inner layer of skin, the thickness of which ranges from 0.5 to 5 mm, the greatest on the back, shoulders, and hips.

The dermis contains hair follicles (from which hair grows), as well as a huge number of tiny blood and lymphatic vessels that provide nutrition to the skin; contraction and relaxation of the blood vessels allows the skin to retain heat (thermoregulatory function). The dermis contains pain and sensory receptors and nerves (which branch into all layers of the skin and are responsible for its sensitivity).

The dermis also contains functional glands of the skin, through which excess water and salts are removed (excretory function): sudoriferous (produce sweat) and sebaceous (produce sebum). The sebaceous glands produce the necessary amount of sebum, which protects the skin from aggressive external influences: it makes the skin waterproof, bactericidal (sebum, together with sweat, creates an acidic environment on the surface of the skin, which has an adverse effect on microorganisms). Sweat glands help maintain a constant body temperature, preventing overheating, by cooling the skin by secreting sweat.

How many layers does the dermis contain?

The dermis includes two layers: the reticular and papillary layers.

The reticular layer consists of loose connective tissue. This tissue includes an extracellular matrix (we'll talk about it in more detail below) and cellular elements.

The papillary layer extends into the epidermis and forms the dermal papillae. These papillae create a special, unique “pattern” of our skin and are especially visible on the balls of our feet and the soles of our feet. It is the papillary layer that is responsible for the “fingerprints”!

The basis of cells in the dermis is fibroblast, which synthesizes extracellular matrix, including collagen, hyaluronic acid and elastin.

Extracellular matrix, what is it and what does it consist of?

The absorption of the extracellular matrix includes two main components: the fibrillar part and the matrix.

Fibrillar part- These are collagen, elastin, and reticulin fibers that create the skin frame. Collagen fibers intertwine with each other, thus creating an elastic network. This network is located almost on the surface of the skin under the epidermis and forms a skeleton that gives the skin strength and elasticity.

In the facial area, collagen fibers create a special dense network. The collagen fibers in it are so strictly arranged and ordered that they form lines of least stretch. They are known as Langer lines. They are known to cosmetologists and massage therapists: using Langer's lines they massage the face and apply any cosmetics. This is done in order not to load the skin, not to stretch it, thus provoking the formation of wrinkles.

In youth, the collagen fiber frame is strong and able to provide mobility and flexibility to the skin, maintaining its elasticity and shape. Unfortunately, our female age is short...

I really liked the comparison of the leather with a Soviet bed, which is based on a metal mesh. The iron springs of the new bed quickly return to their original position, but under load the springs of the frame begin to sag and soon our bed loses its shape. Our skin also works - young springs (collagen fibers) keep their shape perfectly, but with age they sag and become flabby. No matter how great a mattress we style on the surface, it will not solve our problem.

Matrix (matrix or amorphous component) its structure resembles a gel and consists of polysaccharides. The best known polysaccharides are chitosan, polysaccharides seaweed, hyaluronic acid.

It is the components of the extracellular matrix, both amorphous and fibrillar, that create the skin from the inside. Saccharides themselves do not form fibers, but they fill all the spaces between connective cells and fibers. It is through them that the interstitial transport of all substances occurs.

As a result, it is the state of the dermis (water content in the polysaccharide gel, the integrity of collagen fibers, etc.) that determines the state of the epidermis and healthy looking skin.

Structure and properties of human skin: Hypodermis (subcutaneous fatty tissue)

The hypodermis is the subcutaneous base (fat layer), protects our body from excess heat and cold (allows us to retain heat inside us), serving as a thermal insulator, softens falls from impacts.

Subcutaneous fatty tissue is a reservoir of vitamins

Fat cells are also depots in which fat-soluble vitamins (A, E, F, K) can be stored.

Less fat - more wrinkles

Subcutaneous fatty tissue is very important as a mechanical support for the outer layers of the skin. Skin in which this layer is weakly expressed usually has more wrinkles and folds and ages faster.

The more fat, the more estrogen

An important function of adipose tissue is hormone production. Adipose tissue is capable of accumulating estrogens and can even stimulate their synthesis (production). Thus, you can get into a vicious circle: the more subcutaneous fat we have, the more estrogen is produced. This is especially dangerous for men, since estrogenic hormones suppress their androgen production, which can lead to the development of hypogonadism. This leads to a deterioration in the functioning of the sex glands and leads to a decrease in the production of male sex hormones.

It is very important for us to know that adipose tissue cells contain a special enzyme - aromatase. It is with its help that the process of estrogen synthesis by adipose tissue is carried out. Guess where the most active aromatase is located? That's right, in the fatty tissue on the hips and buttocks!

What is responsible for our appetite and feeling of fullness?

Our adipose tissue contains another very interesting substance - leptin. Leptin is a unique hormone that is responsible for the feeling of satiety. Leptin allows our body to regulate appetite and, through it, the amount of fat in subcutaneous tissue.

No matter how poetically writers, artists and just men speak about beauty, we women know what structural parts and “spare parts” (may they forgive us this metaphor of romance!) it consists of. Shining eyes a slim body, a snow-white smile and, of course, perfect skin- these are the most important criteria for female attractiveness.

But what if your skin is far from ideal? The answer is simple: change it. Unfortunately, we do not have the ability of a snake to shed its “shell” as it ages. But thanks to modern methods of the beauty industry, as well as recipes that were familiar to our great-grandmothers, we can easily change the situation - renew and rejuvenate the skin, restore its health and freshness.

Let's scrape it off!

A scrub is an indispensable assistant in acquiring “new” (or at least renewed) skin. The word “scrub” comes from the English “scrub” - to clean, scrape. This is a cosmetic product consisting of abrasive particles and a softening base. If you think that scrub is known only to modern beauties, then you are deeply mistaken. This miracle remedy is an achievement of the ancient Roman civilization, where crushed deer antlers were often used to make it.

Current cosmetic brands do not take advantage of the healing properties of artiodactyls, but they offer a huge number of products based on crushed coffee beans, plant seeds, apricot kernels, sea ​​salt etc. It is very easy to prepare a scrub at home - from ground coffee With cosmetic oil, made from ground oatmeal (also suitable for sensitive skin). There are many recipes, you just need to use your imagination!

Scrubs perfectly cleanse the skin of the face and body, but you should know when to stop and not overdo it. It is optimal to use this product no more than once or twice a week, and when sensitive skin You should choose a scrub especially carefully. And, of course, you shouldn’t apply the same scrub to your face and your heels: in the latter case, larger abrasive particles are needed.

There is also a more gentle means of exfoliating dead cells than a scrub - gommage. It does not contain abrasive particles; its operating principle is based on the formation of a “crust” upon drying. Then the gommage is removed along with the exfoliated skin.

Scrubs and gommage are home remedies and are more likely to be preventive in nature, however, with their regular use, the skin will be imperceptibly renewed, become firmer and more elastic, and acquire a healthy shade.

Mechanical peeling

• Cryotherapy is a treatment with artificial cold causing stress in the body. Oddly enough, stress (cold) has a beneficial effect on all physiological processes in the body. Depending on the technique, in some cases freezing causes tissue death, in others it only causes a narrowing of blood vessels with subsequent expansion of capillaries. This significantly increases blood flow to the site of exposure, resulting in improved tissue nutrition: rejuvenation and overall improvement of the skin. The procedure is not painful, there is only a slight tingling and feeling of cold.
• - the most popular technique in which the cosmetologist “burns” the top layer of skin with a laser. Often this painful procedure is done to eliminate scars and scars. Unpleasant sensations and tingling lasts for several days, but shallow wrinkles are completely smoothed out, pores are narrowed, small scars are erased. It is enough to do such a serious procedure once a year - the effect will be significant. True, there is also a lightweight version of such grinding, which can be carried out much more often - this is what is often offered in beauty salons.

Chemical reaction

Chemistry can also help us achieve beauty through facial skin renewal. is based on the use of products that contain various acids. Depending on the degree and depth of penetration of the substance into the skin, it is divided into superficial, middle and deep.

• Superficial peeling carried out using various enzymes and acids - glycolic, lactic, malic, mandelic, salicylic. The procedure causes a burning sensation: the acid “corrodes” the outer layer of the skin, eliminating minor imperfections. Swelling and redness after superficial peeling disappear within a few hours, but the face becomes noticeably fresher and brighter, and after a course of procedures, post-acne, small wrinkles and age spots are eliminated.
• Medium peeling based on the use of trichloroacetic acid. The procedure can remove not only wrinkles, but even scars and scars. This peeling is quite traumatic: the recovery period lasts about two weeks, since after the procedure swelling always occurs, and then redness and severe peeling appear. This is a very serious procedure and it is extremely important that it is carried out by good specialists in the appropriate conditions.
• , no matter how scary it may sound, is carried out using phenol. The composition acts evenly on the skin, reaching the deepest layers, “dissolving” wrinkles and giving a pronounced lifting (tightening) effect to the oval of the face, neck, upper and lower eyelids. The procedure takes place in a hospital setting only after a thorough examination, in the presence of an anesthesiologist, and rehabilitation period lasts about a month.

What lengths do lovely ladies go to in order to preserve their beauty and attractiveness... It’s good that modern cosmetology offers a huge number of tools to solve our problems, and in this wide range of services it remains to choose the most suitable for each of us. So, with the help of “grandmother’s” secrets and serious cosmetic procedures we can renew our skin - business card female beauty.