When was pension introduced in the USSR? Pensions in the USSR. just facts.

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Soviet peasants, who made up the majority of the population during Stalin's era, were deprived of pensions. Pensions for collective farmers began to be paid only in the mid-1960s, but these payments were several times less than those for city residents - only 12-20 rubles per month. Until 1971, men on collective farms retired at 65, women at 60. Social equality between peasants and townspeople was achieved in Russia only in the early 1990s. De jure, in the 1930s, collective farmers received the second edition of serfdom: they were attached to the land, bore labor and monetary obligations, including those not related to work on the land - for example, the obligation to work at least 6 days a year on construction and repairs expensive A continuation of this defeat in rights was the lack of pensions for collective farmers. The discovery of gas and oil fields in Western Siberia in the late 1960s led to the liberalization of political and social relations in the village: the state now had a new source of funding. About how it was introduced pension system

on collective farms, is described in the monograph by Tatiana Dimoni, Doctor of Historical Sciences from Vologda, “Social Security of Collective Farmers of the European North of Russia in the Second Half of the 20th Century.” We publish part of this work. “Until the mid-1960s, a unified state system pension provision

The pension paid by the collective farm usually consisted of payments in kind. For example, in the Myaksinsky district of the Vologda region in 1952, elderly members of collective farms were given 10-12 kg of grain monthly and provided with firewood. However, pension provision was not mandatory.

A study of the work to eliminate and prevent beggary in the early 1950s, carried out by the district social welfare departments of the Vologda region, showed that elderly and sick people, often alone (usually over the age of 70 - the oldest “beggar” was 103 years old) were forced to “pick up the pieces.” In each district of the region there were from ten to fifty such people.

Some collective farmers had the right to a state pension - until 1964 it was assigned to collective farm chairmen, machine operators, specialists, and disabled people of the Great Patriotic War. The number of such collective farmers was small. In the Vologda region in 1963, there were only 8.5 thousand retired collective farmers, which amounted to no more than 10% of the total number of elderly members of agricultural associations.

According to budget surveys of families of collective farmers in the Vologda region, in the family’s annual cash income the pension amounted to 31 rubles in 1955, and 39 rubles in 1960, which did not exceed 4-6% of the collective farm household budget.

The unified system of state pension provision for collective farmers was introduced by the law of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of July 15, 1964 “On pensions and benefits for members of collective farms” (state pensions for workers and employees were established in 1956). The law determined that the pension was assigned for old age, disability and in the event of the loss of a breadwinner. Old-age pensions were received by collective farmers who had reached retirement age (men - 65 years, women - 60 years) and had a certain seniority(men - at least 25 years old, women - at least 20 years old). The minimum old-age pension was 12 rubles. per month, maximum - 102 rubles. per month.

The minimum disability pensions established by the legislation of 1964 were 15 rubles for disabled people of group I, 12 rubles for group II. per month. The minimum pensions for the loss of a breadwinner ranged from 9 to 15 rubles. per month depending on the number of remaining disabled family members.

The law on pensions and benefits for members of collective farms, put into effect on January 1, 1965, had a great public response and was discussed in all agricultural associations. On the boards of many collective farms, lists of collective farmers who had the right to a pension were posted, they were discussed at meetings, and the lists were approved by the boards of collective farms.

To pay pensions and benefits, the Centralized Union Fund was formed in the country in 1964 social security collective farmers, where shares of collective farm income were allocated (2.5% of the gross income for 1964 and 4% for 1965) and annual allocations were made from the State Budget of the USSR.

In the 1970s, the collective farm pension legislation has evolved towards convergence with the pension system established for workers and employees. Retirement age to receive an old-age pension was reduced for male collective farmers to 60 years, for women - to 55 years. In 1971, the minimum old-age pension for collective farmers was increased to 20 rubles. per month (for workers and office workers its size at the same time was 45 rubles). The maximum pension for collective farmers, as well as for workers and employees, was 120 rubles. per month. The minimum amounts of disability pensions also increased: disabled people of group I - up to 30-35 rubles, group II - up to 20-25 rubles, disabled people of group III - up to 16 rubles. per month.

In 1971, for the first time, another specific feature of the “collective farm pension” appeared in legislation. Now, members of collective farms and their families were granted pensions (except for the minimum) full size, according to the standards established for workers and employees, only if the farm that included the pensioner did not have a personal plot or the size of the plot did not exceed 0.15 hectares. In other cases, the pension should have been 85% of the established amount. This rule applied to all pension supplements and was once again spelled out in the legislation on pensions in 1977. Pensioners who lived in homes for the elderly and disabled were paid 10% of the assigned pension (but not less than 5 rubles per month).

Pensions for collective farmers were increased again in the 1980s. From January 1, 1980, the minimum pensions for collective farm members were increased: for old age - up to 28 rubles. per month (since 1981, the minimum pension for workers and employees was 50 rubles), for disability group I - up to 45 rubles, group II - 28 rubles. per month. The minimum pension for the loss of a breadwinner was also increased. Now it ranged from 20 to 45 rubles. per month. On November 1, 1985, the minimum old-age pension for collective farmers was increased to 40 rubles. per month.

In 1992, the RSFSR Law “On state pensions in the RSFSR", which finally equalized the pensions of peasants and townspeople.

Let's look at examples of how the pension system for collective farmers was implemented in the European North of Russia in the second half of the twentieth century.

The average pension accrued to collective farm members initially did not exceed the established minimum. In 1965, it was 12.6 rubles in the Arkhangelsk region, 12.2 rubles in the Vologda region, and 12 rubles in the Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. and in the Komi ASSR - 12.5 rubles.

A noticeable feature of the values ​​of collective farm pensions is their discriminatory nature in comparison with the amounts of pensions for workers and employees in the region. In 1965, the average pension of collective farmers in the Vologda region was 2.7 times less than that of workers and employees in the same region.

Thanks to the rapid growth of collective farmers' pensions in the 1970s, differences in pension coverage decreased, but remained significant. Thus, in the Arkhangelsk region, the average monthly pension of a collective farmer was 35% of the pension of a worker and employee in 1965, in the Vologda region - 37%, in 1985 - 61 and 64%, respectively, and by the beginning of the 1990s - 81 and 83%. The proportion of collective farmers receiving minimum pensions also decreased. If in 1965 90% of old-age pensioners in the RSFSR received minimum pensions, then by the end of the 1970s - mid-1980s their share decreased: in the Vologda region in 1979 minimum pension 58% of collective farm pensioners received old age benefits, in 1984 - 36%.”

Marina Ogorodnikova

A conversation in the kitchen with relatives forced me to scour the Internet, since no one even roughly knew the answer to the question in the title.

The story turned out to be interesting.

It turns out that from 1917 to 1928. Nobody received old-age pensions in the USSR. Since 1928, they began to be assigned to workers in some industries. Well, the Soviet government benefited employees only starting in 1937.
Around the same time, collective farmers were obliged to create funds that were supposed to help pensioners monthly - with money, food or workdays. The retirement age and length of service required to receive a pension were set by the members of the agricultural association themselves.
Until 1956, the size of pensions in the USSR was meager. I found information about pensions for participants of the Civil War, soldiers of the Red Army who became disabled. They were entitled to 25 rubles. - 45 rub. (second disability group) and 65 rubles. (first group). Pensions were also paid disabled members family of such disabled people (from 15 to 45 rubles).
If we consider that in 1937 the student scholarship was 130 rubles, then people who fought and became disabled were paid mere crumbs.
The maximum pension is 300 rubles. in the early 50s it was no more than 25% of the average salary (1200 rubles). And only under Khrushchev, starting in 1956, pensions began to increase. It would be interesting to know, if anyone knows, what the pensions of your grandmothers, great-grandparents, great-grandfathers were in the 30-60s. 20th century.
Against this background, the pension system of Tsarist Russia looks absolutely beautiful and, dare I say it, humane. By 1914, officials of all classes, clerical workers, officers, customs officers, gendarmes, school teachers, university professors, scientists and engineers of all state-owned factories, doctors, medical staff of all state-owned hospitals, workers of state-owned factories and railways had the right to a long-service pension.
A pension in the amount of full salary was awarded to those who worked in one place for 35 years. Those who worked in one place for at least 25 years received a pension of 50% of their salary. At the same time, there was no age limit when a person could retire in the Russian Empire. People knew that after working from 20 to 30 years, you can count on a pension of up to 2/3 of your salary, and with 10-20 years of experience - up to 1/3 of your salary.
The amount of the pension was not subject to appeal. If a pensioner died, then his family (widow, minor children) continued to receive a pension. The only exceptions were those cases when a man died in a duel - in this case, the widow was deprived of material support (cruelly, yes).
Pensions were paid only to those who were not found to have done anything wrong. Well, that is, he was not involved, he was not fired under the article. Those who stumbled lost their pension and could submit a petition to the sovereign or try to re-earn their pensionable service in another place through unblemished service.
Pensions were also deprived of those who took monastic vows or left Russia forever.

Today, the state guarantees an old-age pension (albeit a small one) to every citizen. Even if a person has never worked, at 60 (woman) or 65 years (man) he will still receive the so-called social pension. When did pensions appear in Rus'?

Has the state always provided for older citizens? AiF.ru looked into the history of the development of the domestic pension system together with the Pension Fund of Russia.

XIV-XVI centuries: estates for exploits and military service

In principle, pensions appeared in Rus' a very long time ago. True, they were not called that, and assistance to older people for many centuries was provided very selectively. As ancient chronicles indicate, even governors and princes provided for their especially devoted warriors and employees both in case of their injury and in old age.

In 1587 Ivan IV the Terrible issued a “Decree on the size of Moscow estates allocated to people of different ranks.” According to it, land plots were given to people as a sign of their special merits for military feats, personal devotion or special zeal in royal and military service. Not only service people, but also members of their families in the event of the loss of a breadwinner became the owners of estates. In fact, it was from this decree that the state system of distribution of natural privileges began to operate in Russia, which three centuries later would be called “pensions”.

And with the beginning of serfdom in Rus', the object of pension provision began to be the land with the peasants attached to it, who also from now on became the object of private property and, therefore, an integral part of the pension provision of representatives of the noble class.

17th century: lifelong maintenance of landowners

Cathedral Code of 1649 Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich- another step towards the development of state security for employees. Under this law, landowners began to receive guarantees of material support in old age, in the event of disability, and their families - in the event of the loss of a breadwinner.

Pension historians emphasize special meaning 8 of Article 16 of the chapter of the Council Code (“On local lands”), which establishes the norm of guardianship over the family of a landowner who left the service due to old age or illness. In the event of his death, the widow and children were entitled to a portion of the estate as "survival."

In addition, Article 9 of the same chapter of the Council Code established the right of elderly owners of a subsistence estate to rent it out to close relatives on the terms of lifelong maintenance for the elderly. If the conditions for owning a subsistence estate were not met—for example, if an elderly relative was poorly cared for—it had to be returned.

18th century: the word “pension” appeared

The beginning of regular pension provision in Russia dates back to the era Peter I. And the first pension law is considered to be the provisions from the “Charter of the Russian Naval Fleet” of January 13, 1720.

It was under Peter that the word “pension” entered official state documents and everyday Russian speech (from the French pension - “payment”).

The rules for assigning officer pensions were set out in detail in five articles (articles) of Chapter 6 of the Naval Charter, which was called “On food and salary.” The procedure and amount of pension benefits for each officer rank were established separately. Pensions were also provided to widows and children of fallen officers.

Following the adoption of the Naval Charter on January 24, 1722, Peter I introduced another innovation that would exist in Russia until the 1917 revolution, determining the personal fate of each tsarist official. This is the “Table of Ranks”. Its introduction became the legal basis for the assignment of monetary allowances and all other types of salaries, including pensions of military personnel and officials.

At the same time, state old-age pensions were still not provided to those people who were not in the civil service. Alas, in their old age they could only count on social assistance within the framework of the so-called charitable institutions of that time: charity homes, orphanages, special homes for the disabled for retired military personnel of lower ranks, etc.

New pension laws Peter's time, which at first affected exclusively the military, gradually spread to other departments.

During the reign Anna Ioannovna A number of decrees were adopted, according to which the right to pension provision extended to employees of the Academy of Navigation Sciences and craftsmen at the Sestroretsk plant near St. Petersburg. Both of them worked directly for the needs of the Russian fleet. But the costs of pensions in this case were covered by institutions.

Role Empress Elizabeth Petrovna in the development of the pension business was marked by a decree of January 9, 1758, according to which the pension standards of the Naval Charter were extended to the ground forces. A similar decree will be issued by Catherine II; it will expand the scope of pension rights in the ground forces. During the reign of Catherine II, pension costs increased many times over. The state's annual expenditures on pensions during Catherine's reign amounted to about 300 thousand rubles. Only for the salaries of the highest military ranks (retired generals) the state treasury was ordered to allocate 50 thousand rubles a year.

According to two decrees of Catherine, long-service pensions were established for the first time. For naval officers the length of service was 32 years, for civil servants - 35 years. The right to receive a pension was granted to persons who had served the corresponding period and had a salary of about 400 rubles per year. Moreover, the assignment of pensions to military and civilians was strictly individual.

The list of pensioners applying for government benefits was determined by the empress and was limited in number. And people who were not included in one or another circle of pensioners had to wait for a vacancy to become available. During the reign of Catherine II, pensions in Russia covered most ranks who had served for at least 20 years. A number of new provisions on pensions in the 18th century affected the sphere of state maintenance of dependents. For example, under Catherine II, the age limits for children were raised: the age of sons was increased to 12 years and the age of daughters, who have the right to receive half the pension of their deceased father-soldier, was increased to 20 years. Upon reaching this age, boys were required to enter school (in government care). For daughters who did not marry upon reaching 21 years of age (“due to illness or injury,” as specified in the royal decree), the right to receive their father’s pension for life was provided.

By the end of the 18th century, pensions began to appear in civil departments. They were among the first to be installed for employees in Siberia. Later - for customs officers, firefighters, medical, mining, forestry and educational institutions.

19th century: the first pension charter in history

190 years ago, in December 1827, Emperor Nicholas I approved the first pension charter in the history of Russia. It was called “Charter on Pensions and one-time benefits government (military and civil) employees." Pensions and benefits were paid in Russia before, but, as Nicholas I himself noted: “The rules by which these rewards were hitherto made had neither proper certainty nor proportionality. Moreover, no permanent rules were established for the care of widows and orphans after the death of persons who had served for a long time and blamelessly.” However, the preparation of this charter began during Alexandra I, almost ten years before its adoption.

In subsequent years, the “Charter...” was supplemented with new provisions and became known as the “General Charter on Pensions”. Having gone through several editions, the “Nikolaev Charter on Pensions” retained its main provisions until the beginning of the 20th century.

20th century: not only officials, but also workers began to receive pensions

IN last years existence of the Russian Empire, the pension system still remained selective and covered less than 1/3 of the country's population. Additional pension provision through contributions to the so-called emeritus funds and workers' mutual aid funds affected a small part of the workers: pension funds were created mainly in government departments and large industrial enterprises. Moreover, by the beginning of the century, almost half of the population were rural residents: according to the 1897 census, there were more than 60 million people out of 125 million Russians. But the peasants did not receive any pensions both before and for a long time after the revolution.

But the number of military pensioners increased sharply with the outbreak of the First World War. But ordinary soldiers were not among the recipients of privileged pensions.

Until 1917, pension provision for officials of the Russian Empire was regulated by the “General Charter on Pensions and Lump-sum Benefits for Civil Departments.” The period of service to receive a state pension was 35 years. Of course, subject to “unblemished service.”

An official who served for at least 25 years received 50% of his retirement salary. In fact, a pension in a government position could only be earned by the age of 60, given that average age recruitment of a certified specialist began at the age of 20. Moreover, the pension level of 60 years at that time was higher than the average life expectancy in the country.

The General Charter on Pensions provided for a slight reduction in the age for receiving a pension in two cases. In the case of a terminal illness, a full pension salary could be obtained for 30 years of service. Besides, early retirement could be obtained if an official needed care in case of illness. In this case, the full pension salary was based on 20 years of service.

To assign pensions to lower-ranking employees, it was often necessary to prove the fact that by the time the official reached retirement age, he would have no other opportunity to support his family other than a pension benefit. The size of the pension of government officials was set according to the level of rank. All positions in the state apparatus for calculating pensions were divided into 9 categories.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the size of pensions of Russian officials could average from 85 rubles per year (category 9) to 1,453 rubles (category 1). For comparison: the earnings of a highly professional worker at the beginning of the 20th century in certain industries were only a few tens of rubles a month.

Length of service for military pension was less than that of civil officials: on average 25 years for a full salary pension and 20 years for 50%. For military prison officers, every five years of service was counted as seven. And for officers and civilian officials of the military department who served in remote regions of the country, the length of service of pensions was reduced: for example, one day of service was counted as two, three, four days, and so on, depending on the specific remoteness of the duty station. Moreover, for all officers, military chaplains and doctors without exception, the time of service in the active army was counted twice as compared to civil service. For naval officers, in addition to general pensions, there were additional rewards. Namely, in the amount of 1/2 salary - for total term sailing during service from 120 to 180 months. Two-thirds of the pension salary was due for sailing for more than 180 months.

Ship commanders were given additional remuneration for long-term command of a ship, and naval engineers were given additional remuneration for the construction and reconstruction of ships (the amount of additional remuneration could be up to 1,350 rubles per year). Mechanical engineers were entitled to additional payments to their pensions for long-term management of ship machinery (up to 900 rubles per year).

The size of disability pensions was slightly higher than ordinary officer pensions. Moreover, only officers who were protected by the so-called “Alexandrovsky Committee on the Wounded” enjoyed the right to receive pensions from disabled capital. Pensions were assigned depending on the rank in which the officer was at the time of injury, and on the degree of its severity (accordingly, pensions for wounded first and second class officers differed).

It is also important to note that for officers who received wounds and mutilations during hostilities, pensions from the disabled capital were assigned regardless of pensions from the state treasury. In addition to the pension, retired officers were given an annual allowance for hiring servants.

Workers could count on receiving a pension only if they made voluntary contributions to pension funds, including emeritus funds, which, starting in the eighties of the 19th century, were most actively and massively created in the production sector on the railways. In September 1902, a bill was developed “On remuneration by owners of industrial enterprises for workers and employees who lost their ability to work due to accidents.” The workers demanded that the social insurance system be extended to all categories, which became one of the key reasons for strengthening the protest movement. As a result, the government adopted the law of June 23, 1912 “On Social Insurance of Workers.” However, the social measures prescribed in it were quite limited. Mandatory social insurance applied only to enterprises with at least 20 workers if they had an engine (steam or electric) and 30 workers if they did not have an engine. Therefore, the law covered no more than 2.5 million workers throughout the country. This means that another 12 million hired workers and employees in Russia were still left without old-age and disability benefits.

20th century (Soviet period): pensions for everyone - from collective farmers to members of the CPSU Central Committee

With the Bolsheviks coming to power, pension legislation in the country changed. Already in August 1918, pensions were introduced for disabled people of the Red Army, and in 1923 - for party activists (“Old Bolsheviks”). In 1928 - for workers in the mining and textile industries. However, universal pensions for urban workers and employees would only be introduced in 1937. And the peasants will live without pensions until the adoption of the law “On pensions and benefits for members of collective farms” in 1964.

In the period 1973-1974, disability and survivors' pensions were introduced.

By the end of the existence of the USSR, within the framework of the pension system in force at that time, almost any employee had the right to a pension if he had a certain length of service.

Soviet people retired at 55 (women) and 60 years (men) with work experience of 20 and 25 years, respectively. Those who worked in heavy or hazardous industries, in the North, or in socially significant jobs (doctors, teachers) were given even earlier, preferential retirement dates, and sometimes even a reduced required length of service.

The size of the pension depended on the person's salary. When appointing her, he could choose how she would be considered: they would take the average salary for 12 last months work or for any 5 consecutive years of the last 10 years before applying for a pension.

For example, here are the average pensions received by collective farmers in the RSFSR:

Workers and employees with high earnings, respectively, had higher pensions. However, there was a ceiling above which pensions were not awarded: 120 rubles. per month.

However, this did not apply to elite pensioners. In the USSR, there were three categories of personal pensioners: union (received a pension of 250 rubles), republican (160 rubles) and local (140 rubles). Moreover, elite pensioners were paid annually 1-2 monthly pensions “for health improvement”.

The personal pension of the Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee was 300 rubles. per month, candidate member of the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee - 400 rubles, member of the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee - 500 rubles. High-ranking retirees retained state dachas and cars with drivers.

We are looking for journalists who are well versed in social issues. Detailed information about the vacancy is here Subscribe! And stay informed latest news By social issues. pensia-expert.ru Pensions in the USSR: Social reforms 1917-1990. Pensions in the USSR: Social reforms 1917-1990. Establishment of Social Security Authorities Soviet period began literally in the first days after the October Revolution. So, already on October 29 (November 11, new style) 1917, the head of the new government, Vladimir Lenin, signed a decree on the creation of the People's Commissariat of State Charity. Already on October 30 (November 12), Lenin had a conversation with Alexandra Kollontai, who after great experience party work at the beginning of the 20th century, she was invited to the post of first minister in the Soviet government. The choice of candidate for the post of People's Commissar of Charity was not accidental.

Marina_ogor

1. there is one thing written on the fence, and behind the fence there is firewood. There is a gulf between delaration and implementation.
2. They always paid.
3. http://kursoviki.spb.ru/lekcii/lekcii_history.phpLecture course on Russian historyhttp://www.elective.ru/arts/eko01-k0177-p12229.phtmlHistory of the Russian economy.
   Tutorial. Guseinov R. in 1940, the population of our country remained predominantly rural, 67.5% of the population lived in the countryside. It was only in 1961 that the population of cities and villages became approximately equal.
   Reality In 1935, the Constitution of the USSR enshrined the right of all citizens of the country to pension provision.

The story turned out to be interesting. It turns out that from 1917 to 1928. Nobody received old-age pensions in the USSR. Since 1928, they began to be assigned to workers in some industries.
Well, the Soviet government benefited employees only starting in 1937. Around the same time, collective farmers were obliged to create funds that were supposed to help pensioners monthly - with money, food or workdays.

The retirement age and length of service required to receive a pension were set by the members of the agricultural artel themselves. Before 1956, the size of pensions in the USSR was meager. I found information about pensions for participants of the Civil War, soldiers of the Red Army who became disabled.
They were entitled to 25 rubles. — 45 rub. (second disability group) and 65 rubles. (first group). Pensions were also paid to disabled family members of such disabled people (from 15 to 45 rubles). Considering that in 1937

Some categories of workers were entitled to receive a pension for long service, but these norms, like many other exceptions to general rule the appointment of pensions in the Soviet Union was regulated by separate laws. ... Pension provision in the USSR was actually free for workers.

In the absence of insurance contributions from citizens' income, pensions were financed from public consumption funds. Sources pension payments were formed from the state budget and contributions from the fund wages enterprises (the contribution rate ranged from 4% to 12%, depending on the field of activity).

Another distinctive feature of the Soviet pension system is the low retirement age: 60 years for men and 55 years for women.

Not found

The word “pension” is one of the most popular in modern world. In civilized countries, every person can count on the support of the state in his declining years.

Important

However, this was not always the case... Pensions were received by the elite Pension system as social institution originated quite a long time ago. Already in the Roman Empire, provision was made for legionaries to have a prosperous old age - due to the allotment of land seized as a result of wars being transferred into the possession of each legionnaire.

Attention

According to some historians, it was these pensions and the others that followed them social benefits and became one of the reasons for the collapse of the Roman Empire... In Europe, pensions were initially viewed not as a duty of the state, but as a royal favor for service to the throne.

The pension went to a few, and, as a rule, to those who were not in poverty anyway. Age did not play any role in the assignment of royal pensions.

How pensions were paid before the revolution and in the USSR

The right to pensions was given to lower-ranking employees who did not have ranks, teachers of state educational institutions, medical staff of state hospitals, engineers and craftsmen, and since 1913, workers of state enterprises and railways. True, the villagers could only count on their savings and the help of their relatives.

Under Stalin, the old people had a hard time. The Bolsheviks abolished the tsar's pensions in one fell swoop. The majority of Soviet workers long time did not receive old-age pensions - they were provided only for a small part of the population. Thus, in August 1918, pensions were introduced for disabled people of the Red Army, in 1923 - for the Old Bolsheviks, in 1928 - for workers in the mining and textile industries, in 1937 - for all urban workers and employees. Wherein maximum pension under Stalin it was 300 “old” rubles per month, which was about a quarter of the average salary.

When did the USSR start paying old-age pensions?

• When did it appear?
• Characteristics of the USSR pension reform
• Work experience
• Average pension figures
• How much was the minimum pension?
• Maximum pension benefit criteria
• Pension of people's deputies
• Pension payments to collective farmers
• Pension Law

Pension reform began to develop in the late 60s of the last century. During the period of formation of pension policy, more than 80 bills on pension payments were introduced. To understand the essence of today's pension reform, every citizen should know where it all began, so today we will talk about the most important historical moments of the reform of USSR pensioners. When did it appear? Pensions in the USSR originated in 1956, namely on July 14 after the signing of the relevant law.

When did they start paying pensions in the USSR?

Pension in the USSR

It all depends on many factors - when a person retires, how long he has worked, what his salary was, and the amount of pension contributions. Innovation: starting from this year, the maximum pension coefficient will be calculated.

This is a kind of assessment of each year of a person’s work. In general, the Russian pension system has become more flexible when compared with the Soviet one.

Possible allowances have increased and additional payments. Besides Russian pensions are regularly indexed.

You may be interested in the following articles:

• Moscow and region:
• St. Petersburg and region:
• Russia:

Moscow and Moscow region: St. Petersburg, Leningrad region: All-Russian toll-free number: Contact us, our lawyers will advise you absolutely free! Applications are accepted 24 hours a day, seven days a week.

• Since 1967, the amount of pension contributions was increased, but already in the 80s the pension was gradually decreasing, since there was no functioning mechanism for annual indexation.
• In the 90s it was necessary to change the reform for a number of reasons:

• active aging of the country's population;
• reduction in the working population;
• dissemination of the early retirement system;
• low income;
• falling oil prices;
• reduction in production volume;
• budget deficit.

• Since 1987, changes were made according to which every citizen could voluntarily replenish their pension savings.
• In 1990, the Pension Fund (PFR) was created.
Work experience Pension contributions in the USSR were assigned after 20 years of experience (among the female population) and 25 years (among the male population).

From what year were pensions paid in the USSR?

The first to officially introduce a joint state pension for all workers in 1889 was Otto von Bismarck, Chancellor of Germany. Notably, these pensions were based on compulsory social insurance and contributions from employers and employees. 20 years later, Great Britain and Australia picked up the baton, and the United States of America came to a state pension system only in the 30s of the twentieth century. The state helped widows and officials In Tsarist Russia, the beginnings of a pension system appeared during the years of reforms of Peter I.

But detailed pension legislation was adopted under Nicholas I. Military personnel and their widows, as well as high-ranking officials, were the first to benefit from state support.

Subsequently, the pension system in Russia steadily expanded to include large categories of people who are today called “public sector employees.”
Firstly, the lack of a uniform pension strategy with unified rules for assigning pensions. The multiplicity of options for pension schemes, along with additional social benefits and privileges (regional, sectoral, status and others), gave rise to an opaque and extremely cumbersome system for calculating individual pensions.

Secondly, the selectivity of the action of pension law, which became especially noticeable with the adoption of the law on entrepreneurial activity in the USSR. The massive emergence of private enterprises and the development of forms of independent employment actually deprived the most active groups of the population of the right to pensions.

Thirdly, regarding early age retirement (60 years for men and 55 years for women) in the context of a general “aging” of the population increased the burden on the pension system, and above all on the state budget.

The word “pension” is one of the most popular in the modern world. In almost all countries, every person can count on state support in their declining years. However, this was not always the case. By the way, modern age retirement in Russia was established in 1932. The history of pensions in our country is quite interesting.

PENSIONS IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE. NO AGE REQUIREMENT

According to Pension Fund In the Russian Federation, pensions in Russia began to be gradually introduced back in the 17th century by Peter I, and detailed pension legislation was adopted under Nicholas I. Military personnel and their widows, as well as high-ranking officials, were the first to benefit from state support.

Subsequently, the pension system in Russia steadily expanded to include large categories of people who are today called “public sector employees.” The right to pensions was given to lower-ranking employees who did not have ranks, teachers of state educational institutions, medical staff of state hospitals, engineers and craftsmen, and since 1913, workers of state enterprises and railways. True, the villagers could only count on their savings and the help of their relatives.

By 1914, officials of all classes, clerical workers, officers, customs officers, gendarmes, school teachers, university professors, scientists and engineers of all state-owned factories, doctors, medical staff of all state-owned hospitals, workers of state-owned factories and railways had the right to a long-service pension.

A pension in the amount of full salary was awarded to those who worked in one place for 35 years. Those who worked in one place for at least 25 years received a pension of 50% of their salary.

At the same time, there was no age limit when a person could retire in the Russian Empire.

People knew that after working from 20 to 30 years, you can count on a pension of up to 2/3 of your salary, and with 10-20 years of experience - up to 1/3 of your salary.

The amount of the pension was not subject to appeal. If a pensioner died, then his family (widow, minor children) continued to receive a pension.

DUEL – A SPECIAL CASE

The only exceptions were those cases when a man died in a duel - in this case the widow was deprived of financial support.

Also, pensions were paid only to those who were not found to have done anything wrong, that is, were not involved, were not fired under the article. Those who stumbled lost their pension and could submit a petition to the sovereign or try to re-earn their pensionable service in another place through unblemished service. Pensions were also deprived of those who took monastic vows or left Russia forever.

THERE WERE ALMOST NO PENSIONS AFTER THE 1917 REVOLUTION

After the formation of the USSR, all royal pensions were abolished in one fell swoop. The majority of Soviet workers did not receive old-age pensions for a long time - they were provided only for a small part of the population.

Thus, in August 1918, pensions were introduced for disabled people of the Red Army, in 1923 - for Old Bolsheviks, in 1928 - for workers in the mining and textile industries.

Only in 1930 was the “Regulation on pensions and social insurance benefits” adopted in Soviet Russia, and from 1937 pensions began to be paid to all city workers and employees.

1937: SCHOLARSHIP MORE THAN PENSION

Until 1956, the size of pensions in the USSR was meager: participants in the Civil War, soldiers of the Red Army who became disabled, were entitled to 25 rubles. — 45 rub. (second disability group) and 65 rubles. (first group).

Pensions were also paid to disabled family members of such disabled people (from 15 to 45 rubles). If we consider that in 1937 the student scholarship was 130 rubles, then people who fought and became disabled were paid mere crumbs.

In 1926-1927, the average age of men in the USSR was 40.23 years, women - 45.61 years.

And in 1932, the retirement age for old age was legally established: 55 years for women and 60 for men.

This law is still used today, almost 85 years later, although now (2017 data) life expectancy in Russia for men is 67.5 years, for women - 77.4 years.

The maximum pension is 300 rubles. in the early 50s of the 20th century was no more than 25% of the average salary (1200 rubles). Despite the rise in prices and wages in the country, this maximum remained unchanged. Considering that most pensioners received 40-60 rubles, it was absolutely impossible to live on that kind of money without the support of relatives.

1956: STATE PENSIONS ACT

The pension system in the USSR was finally established only in 1956, together with the adoption of the law “On State Pensions”, i.e. under the leadership of Nikita Khrushchev was held pension reform, and the average size of pensions for old age was increased by more than two times, for disability - by one and a half times.

Nikita Khrushchev is usually given credit for “giving pensions to collective farmers.” In fact, all collective farmers were given the same pension of 12 rubles a month, which was approximately equal to the cost of four kilograms of doctor’s sausage.

In 1973, pension payments were increased to 20 rubles, and in 1987 to 50 rubles. Collective farms were allowed to pay pension supplements to their pensioners, i.e. collective farmers were obliged to create funds that were supposed to help pensioners monthly - with money, food or workdays. The retirement age and length of service required to receive a pension were set by the members of the agricultural association themselves.

Against this background, the pension system of Tsarist Russia looks simply luxurious.

GRANDCHILDREN REMEMBER

And at the end of my story I want to offer you memories of the life of USSR pensioners.

Tatyana Rubanova:

— Towards the end of the 60s, I was 4-5 years old, I remember from a conversation between adults. My grandmother, who worked on a collective farm all her life, survived the war, the occupation (the Kursk Bulge just passed through their village), began to receive a pension of 12 rubles. And they lived mainly on what they grew in their garden.

Galina Vrublevskaya:

— The issue of pensions was discussed in our family when it was assigned to my grandmother in 1957. She was 59 years old at that time, and she had not received any pension before, because, as I understood, she had a long break without work. She stopped working in 1942, when she was evacuated from Leningrad along with her husband (my grandfather) and his factory.

However, her overall work experience was long, because she worked “as an apprentice” for the owner in a furrier’s workshop from the age of 10, and later, in Soviet time, at a fur factory. Her pension was about 30 rubles (this is already in 1961 prices).

Sergey Aleksandrovich:

— Grandmother worked very little, but lived in the city. She had four children. She received, it seems, 25 rubles - in the early 1960s. My grandmother bought 150 g of doctor’s sausage “from retirement,” asked her to cut it, and she and I (I was about 7 years old) ate the sausage right outside the store. It was so delicious that you couldn't imagine anything better.

And today it’s up to you and me to decide: to expect tender care from the state for us or to decide for ourselves how to live.

Review prepared by Marina Vyazemskaya / “New Pensioner”

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