If there is incomplete transparency of urine, this means that problems have appeared in the body. Normally it should be transparent. Conducting a general urine test is one of the necessary research, which are prescribed by the doctor when the patient visits. It is necessary to understand the reasons.
Compounds used by the body - toxins, dead mucous cells, and other products of the body's activity - are excreted in the urine. Its selection supports water balance human body. The bulk of the secreted substance consists of water, the remaining elements are found in a small amount and does not affect transparency. Changes in the transparency of urine are a consequence of various processes in the body, both harmless and pathological.
For analysis, up to 200 g of the first morning urine is taken and placed in a clean, dry container. When conducting the study, attention is paid to fluid indicators:
- transparency;
- color;
- acidity;
- presence of protein elements;
- presence of blood impurities.
It ranges from light straw to bright yellow and is transparent. When a sample is transported for a long time to the laboratory, a precipitate of uric acid sometimes forms - this is not a pathology.
The cause of cloudy urine can also be a violation of personal hygiene when taking samples from women: dead mucous cells, bacteria and mucus from the genitals get into it. Sometimes this is a consequence of not drinking enough fluid - then accompanying symptom there will be a change in color to dark yellow and thicker urine.
The degree of urine transparency
Normally, urine remains clear for an hour after collection. If it becomes cloudy after this time, then this is normal. Urine that is cloudy even upon collection may indicate a sign of an internal disorder.
To do this, compliance with the following indicators is examined:
- Presence of urates. For determination, the sample is heated while controlling the color. If the analyzed content contains urates, the liquid will become completely transparent.
- Presence of carbonate compounds. To do this, combine the test sample with acetic acid and monitor the reaction. If such compounds are present in large quantities, foam will appear, after which the liquid will become light.
- Phosphate compounds - they are indicated by a cloudy liquid; it can be clarified by combining the sample with acetic acid in a ratio of ⅓ volume.
- The content of oxalate salts and uric acid is checked by adding acetic acid to the sample. No lightening reaction is observed. It occurs after adding hydrochloric acid to the sample - this will show the reaction to the presence of salts. When sodium hydroxide is added to the sample, the clarification will signal the presence of uric acid.
- The quantitative indicator of mucosal cells is examined. For this purpose microscopic examination is used. Visual method test for the presence of blood cells, especially white blood cells, in a sample.
Additionally, the liquid is examined for traces of pus. Turbid urine with the presence of purulent discharge does not respond to the addition of reagent substances or heating - it remains equally opaque.
If the level of red blood cells is higher than normal, then a preliminary diagnosis may be the presence of stones in the kidneys or bladder. Possible inflammation of the urinary tract or kidneys. White blood cells that are detected during the analysis, with the simultaneous appearance of traces of proteins, indicate the presence of infection in the kidneys or ureters. The analysis results form shows only 2 indicators of urine purity - transparent or opaque.
Reasons for Incomplete Transparency
With insufficient water consumption, there are more salts in the urine, it becomes denser and becomes cloudy. This is not a pathology, but with frequent repetition of this condition, the occurrence of kidney stones, congestion and inflammation in them is possible. It is necessary to regulate the flow of water into the body.
Inadequacy is one of the signs of various pathologies and is observed with inflammation of the kidneys and bladder. Urine becomes cloudy, with a sharp unpleasant smell, when examined, mucus is found in it. The presence of a large amount of microbial flora in the analysis confirms acute kidney inflammation. This makes it cloudy. As stones move down the ureters, they injure the walls of the ducts and blood enters the urine, turning it a dull red color. With sexually transmitted diseases in acute and chronic form, turbidity is more pronounced in women than in men. This is explained by female physiology: the urinary tract in women is wider.
Opaque urine in pregnant women
A woman's body is under stress during pregnancy. This is observed in the first weeks of pregnancy and is the cause of toxicosis and vomiting. A higher load on the kidneys occurs physiologically; color changes in urine in pregnant women are not always considered a sign of pathology. Disorders of this type are regulated independently by a healthy body.
In case of severe toxicosis, the gynecologist prescribes therapy, which normalizes the condition. Opaque urine can also be a manifestation of an exacerbation of a woman’s existing chronic inflammatory processes in the kidneys. If urine clarity or odor changes, pregnant women should consult a doctor.
Manifestations in children
Urine in healthy children is transparent. If babies are found or have dark color with apparent health, the water balance is disturbed. Parents should give their child more clean water to drink.
Parents of children with hereditary kidney pathology need to be careful when sediment and flakes appear in the urine, so as not to miss the symptoms of the disease. In this case, you need to monitor the child’s behavior - a change in activity will indicate an illness.
The composition of urine includes mainly water, so this physiological fluid usually has a clear or translucent color. Transparency is due to the fact that there are so few other components of the composition that they practically dissolve in it. When a general urine test is performed, transparency becomes one of the main indicators by which possible deviations from the norm.
When transparency disappears, the urine becomes cloudy, which may be evidence of some pathological processes that should be paid attention to. Urine may be cloudy in some forms of cystitis, pyelonephritis, urolithiasis, sexually transmitted diseases and other types of pathologies.
Sometimes urine becomes cloudy under natural conditions of the body. For example, it loses its transparency during pregnancy in women who suffer from severe toxicosis.
Normal urine clarity
If the patient is completely healthy, his urine will be perfectly clear. However, slight turbidity may be acceptable if associated with infiltration of mucus and epithelial cells.
In a healthy person, the urine becomes cloudier after about an hour. This normal phenomenon, which should not cause any suspicion, since it is associated with physical and chemical processes.
A condition of urine in which it begins to lose its transparency already during sample collection is considered abnormal. In this case, it is necessary to conduct research to understand what factors provoke these changes.
Deviations from the norm in a general urine test
Cloudy urine is most often a sign of a pathological condition associated with sediment of salts, red blood cells, bacteria and leukocytes. However, some exceptional cases should be taken into account.
The urine becomes cloudy after about an hour, whereas at first it is clear - this is the norm. This process relates to protein substances and salts in its composition, which precipitate after a certain time.
- Violation of water-salt balance in organism.
- Cystitis or pyelonephritis. IN in this case Not only the transparency of the urine changes, but also the smell and consistency itself. Mucus may appear in the urine.
- Stagnation phenomena associated with inflammation in the body.
- Insufficient fluid intake in a day.
- Presence of urates, indicating urolithiasis. In this case, the urine may have a reddish tint due to the penetration of blood into its composition: when urates move through the ureteric ducts, they injure the tissue and can cause pain and bleeding.
- Increased concentration levels salts in urine.
- Increased urine density and precipitation of insoluble salts.
- Inflammation of the bladder.
- Venereal diseases.
What does a specialist do to study urine clarity?
If a general analysis is carried out, the loss of transparency will be analyzed based on certain factors:
|
Oxalic acid salts and uric acid |
To determine these components of urine composition during a general analysis, experts pay attention to the presence or absence of a clearing reaction after using vinegar. Compounds are detected by the presence of a reaction to hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide. |
|
Epithelial cells |
When conducting a urine transparency test, experts use a micro-level analysis technique using a microscope. The task of specialists is to assess the quantitative content of epithelial cells in the urine. This will make it possible to see external hidden inflammation in the kidneys. The number of leukocytes and erythrocytes is also determined. |
|
Purulent clots and inclusions |
If there is pus in the urine, it becomes cloudier. The presence of purulent clots and inclusions may be indicated by a lack of response to heat and chemical compounds. It turns out that if an expert adds alkalis, salts and acids to the urine, the urine remains turbid and does not change. This may indicate serious deviations from the norm. |
|
Carbonate compounds |
To identify carbonates in urine when conducting a urine clarity test, vinegar is added to it. If there are enough carbonates in it, the urine reacts to the vinegar by lightening. At the same time, it foams a lot. |
|
Urate deposits |
To detect urates, urine must be heated. The specialist observes what happens to it after heating, whether its color changes. If it begins to lighten, this will be a marker of urates in the composition. |
|
Phosphate compounds |
The method of heating the urine reveals phosphates, which make it very cloudy, but clears it up once an expert in the laboratory adds 30 percent vinegar to it. |
Urine clarity
Urine clarity V normal - full. Cloudy urine could be the result:
presence in urine: red blood cells, leukocytes, epithelium, bacteria, fat droplets, pus;
precipitation of salts: urates, phosphates, oxalates;
If you stand for a long time, your urine may become cloudy due to bacterial growth.
From book Best Recipes health improvement author Gennady Petrovich MalakhovUrinary incontinence Urinary incontinence is the involuntary release of small or large amounts of urine. Most often, urinary incontinence is a symptom of some other pathological condition. Women most often experience stress urinary incontinence. Name,
From the book Kidney Diseases: pyelonephritis, cystitis, kidney prolapse author Yulia PopovaUrinary incontinence Such a problem as urinary incontinence can indeed poison the life of an elderly person. Urinary incontinence in old people is usually due to fatty degeneration of the bladder or weakening of the muscle that locks the urinary canal. This is not a disease, but
From the book Everything you need to know about your tests. Self-diagnosis and health monitoring author Irina Stanislavovna PigulevskayaUrinary retention This problem also often occurs in older people. Urinary retention – dangerous symptom. If you notice this phenomenon in yourself, immediately consult a doctor so that he can release urine through a catheter. Otherwise, urinary poisoning may occur.
From the book Men's Health. Encyclopedia author Ilya BaumanTransparency Normal fresh urine is clear. A small cloud of turbidity may appear in it due to epithelial cells and mucus. Severe cloudiness of urine can be caused by the presence in it of red blood cells, leukocytes, fat, epithelium, bacteria, significant
From the book Analyzes. Complete guide author Mikhail Borisovich IngerleibUrinary retention This problem also often occurs in older people. Urinary retention is very dangerous. If you notice this phenomenon, immediately consult a doctor so that he can release urine through the catheter. Otherwise, the body may be poisoned with uric acid, which
From the book Treatment of diseases of the genitourinary system author Svetlana Anatolyevna MiroshnichenkoUrine transparency Normal urine transparency is complete. Cloudiness of urine can be the result of: the presence in the urine of: red blood cells, leukocytes, epithelium, bacteria, fat droplets, pus; precipitation of salts: urates, phosphates, oxalates; When standing for a long time, urine may
From the book Learning to understand your analyzes author Elena V. PoghosyanUrine pH Normally, fresh urine from healthy people can have a different reaction (pH from 4.5 to 8), usually the urine reaction is slightly acidic (pH between 5 and 6).NB! Fluctuations in the pH of urine are caused by the composition of the diet: a meat diet causes an acidic urine reaction, the predominance of plant and dairy foods
From the book Official and ethnoscience. The most detailed encyclopedia author Genrikh Nikolaevich UzhegovTransparency Normally, bile is transparent. Turbidity can occur due to admixture of gastric contents - which has no diagnostic significance, as well as due to inflammation of the duodenal mucosa, gall bladder mucosa, or as a result of irritation of the walls
From the book How to understand test results. Diagnosis and prevention of diseases author Irina Vitalievna MilyukovaUrinary retention This is a painful condition when urine is released with pain, flows only in drops or stops completely. Urinary retention occurs in the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urinary canal, which is much more common than in the kidneys. Signs of urinary retention
From the book Healing Soda author Nikolai Illarionovich DanikovUrinary incontinence In this condition, urine leaks involuntarily: constantly, drop by drop (complete urinary incontinence) or only when the desire to urinate, which occurs suddenly and happens so strongly that the patient cannot stop it and is forced to urinate in bed, in the room, in
From the book Complete reference book of analyzes and research in medicine author Mikhail Borisovich IngerleibChapter 9. Physico-chemical characteristics of urine Amount of urine The amount of urine excreted per day by an adult healthy person (diuresis) ranges from 1000 to 2000 ml - this is approximately 50-80% of the fluid taken during this time. Daily diuresis is influenced not only by the condition
From the book The Healthiest Drink on Earth. Dry red wine. The truth that is hidden from us! author Vladimir SamarinUrinary incontinence Urinary incontinence in children is caused by the presence of pinworms, adenoids, inflammation of the tonsils, bacterial infections urinary tract, phimosis, balanitis, masturbation, vulvitis and other diseases. Bedwetting can occur in people who are overly excitable,
From the author's bookUrine cultures For many inflammatory diseases kidneys and urinary tract (cystitis, pyelonephritis, urethritis), bacteriological urine tests (cultures) are prescribed to determine the pathogen and select the most optimal antibacterial drug. Piss for
From the author's bookUrine pH If the urine pH level fluctuates between 6.0–6.4 in the morning and 6.4–7.0 in the evening, then the body is functioning normally. The most optimal level is slightly sour, in the range of 6.4–6.5. A pH value of urine below 5.0 indicates its severe acidification, above 7.5 indicates its sharp
From the author's bookUrine pH Normally, fresh urine from healthy people can have a different reaction (pH from 4.5 to 8), usually the urine reaction is slightly acidic (pH between 5 and 6). NB! Fluctuations in the pH of urine are caused by the composition of the diet: a meat diet causes an acidic urine reaction, the predominance of plant and dairy foods
Urine (urine) clearly demonstrates all the physiological processes occurring in the human body. Its physical indicators - color and transparency - are examined as part of a general analysis (GAM) and have important diagnostic value for identifying diseases of the genitourinary system and more.
General information
The color of urine is given by natural pigments: urobilin, uroroserin, urochrome, hematoporphyrin, uroerythrin and others. Metabolic products that are excreted from the body through the kidneys can also color it. Various medications also affect the color of urine: vitamins, synthetic hormones, contrast agents used in diagnostic studies.
On a note: The more toxins, pigments, waste products, synthetic components and breakdown products are excreted in the urine, the more saturated its color will be. There is another direct relationship: than more people consumes liquids, the weaker the concentration of urine will be and, as a result, the intensity of its color.
Even familiar foods such as beets, rhubarb or carrots can change the natural straw color of urine. Therefore, it is important to learn to distinguish its shades and establish cause-and-effect relationships at home. To do this, you need to collect urine in the morning in a clean, light and transparent container. Then the contents should be carefully examined in good lighting (daylight near the window) and preferably against a white background. A change in color and its saturation, turbidity of biological fluid and/or sedimentation is the primary sign of a malfunction of the urinary system and requires specialized research.
Important! Most pregnant women believe that their "position" may make their urine darker and cloudier, but this is a myth. The rich yellow or orange color of urine is given by various vitamins and dietary supplements recommended during pregnancy. If other shades are detected, especially brown and bright red, you should immediately contact your doctor for a referral for OAM.
The transparency of urine is due to the significant content of water in it (up to 96-98%). All other components are normally completely dissolved in it and do not affect transparency. Turbidity, the presence of pathological impurities or sediment in the urine is a serious reason for a diagnostic examination to exclude infection of the kidneys and bladder.
Indications
Determination of urine clarity occurs as part of a general urine test, which is prescribed in the following cases:
- Dispensary, preventive examination;
- Screening of pregnant women (preparation and management of pregnancy, prognosis of complications);
- Analysis of the general condition and functioning of the urinary organs;
- Diagnosis of inflammatory, infectious, bacterial and other diseases in acute form;
- Establishing metabolic problems and the causes of identified disorders;
- Determining the form of the disease (acute or chronic), predicting possible risks and outcomes, monitoring the effectiveness of the current course of treatment;
- Monitoring recovery after streptococcal diseases (scarlet fever, tonsillitis) 7-14 days after discharge.
To determine the transparency and shade of urine, a general analysis is performed, which involves collecting a morning urine sample.
The referral is issued by a nephrologist, infectious disease specialist, internist, pediatrician, urologist, gynecologist and other specialists who interprets the OAM results.
Urine clarity is normal
Color
A straw (golden, yellow) hue, which is provided by the presence of the coloring pigment urochrome (a product of hemoglobin metabolism) in the urine.
Physiological norms
The amount of urochrome excreted in urine depends on a number of factors. This:
- region of residence (climatic zone);
- physical activity, heavy loads;
- metabolic rate;
- water regime;
- composition of the diet.
The greater the number of urinations, the lower the concentration of urochromes in it, and therefore the lighter the shade.
In hot weather (and if you live in a warm climate), intense evaporation of moisture from the surface of the body occurs, and dehydration develops.
Urine clarity
This makes the urine a deep yellow color. In addition, urine darkens during illness and fever, which is also due to active loss of fluid. Various diets, fasting, vegetarianism, etc. also lead to darkening of urine.
Interesting, that in newborns 3-14 days of life, a reddish tint to the urine is often observed, caused by an increased content of uric acid in it. Later, the baby's urine becomes less concentrated and turns pale yellow.
Urine darkens when the ambient temperature rises above 8°C and in direct sunlight. Under the same conditions, cloudiness of urine is also observed due to the formation of a suspension of salts, microscopic substances, and bacteria in it.
Transparency
Normally, urine should be clear.
Minor turbidity is acceptable due to impurities of mucus, phosphates, epithelial cells, urates, calcium oxalate (white turbidity).
Transparency also depends on the acid-base balance of urine, water diet, quality of genital hygiene, etc.
Urine color analysis: deviations
When studying deviations, several factors are taken into account:
- change in shade (light or dark);
- color scheme (yellow, red, brown, blue, etc.);
- color intensity (weak or concentrated).
| Color change options | Possible reasons |
| Lack of pigmentation | Occurs against the background of pathological frequency of urination, for example, as a result of:
If long time If a pale yellow tint persists, renal failure should be excluded |
| Dark yellow and dark orange color |
|
| Red color | It is a classic diagnostic sign that indicates an admixture of blood (hematuria). In this case, not only the color, but also the transparency of the urine changes. Scarlet shade(the presence of unchanged red blood cells in the urine) is characteristic of neoplasms of the genitourinary system (oncology, polyps, cysts) and calculi (stones). Blood in the urine also appears as a result of:
Raspberry-brown shade- an admixture of hemoglobin formed during the destruction of red blood cells. This picture is observed in cases of severe intoxication with metal salts, mushrooms, snake venom, etc. |
| Brown color | A consequence of an increase in the concentration of urobilinogen (a product of hemoglobin metabolism). Characteristic of liver dysfunction. The intensity of the shade can be different, from amber to dark brown |
| Greenish or green-brown color | It is quite rare. Observed when
|
| Purple | Occurs against the background of impaired tryptophan metabolism. The following factors must be combined:
|
| Black color |
|
| White color |
|
Factors influencing color and transparency
Note: urine may darken while taking nitrofurans, chloroquine and metronidazole.
Analysis of urine clarity: deviations
The following sediment indicators are analyzed:
- Urates - the biomaterial is heated, after which a visual control of the color is performed. Clarification of urine and a decrease in turbidity are a sign of the presence of urates;
- Carbonates - acetic acid is mixed into the urine. In the presence of carbonates, the urine foams and becomes lighter in color;
- Phosphates - their presence is indicated by cloudiness of urine when heated;
- Oxalic acid salts, uric acid - acetic acid is added to the urine, after which the liquid normally clarifies. Lack of reaction is a sign of the presence of salts and uric acid;
- Epithelial cells - determined microscopically. The presence of cells indicates latent kidney inflammation;
- Red blood cells, white blood cells and casts are also determined using a microscope. Their presence in cloudy urine is a sign of urolithiasis, oncology, inflammatory or infectious processes of the genitourinary system;
- Purulent impurities - they can be detected by exclusion: urine with pus does not lighten when heated and the addition of various reagents.
Under what conditions and/or diseases is cloudiness of urine observed?
General analysis urine – complex laboratory test, which reveals a number of physical and chemical characteristics of a substance; on its basis, a number of diagnoses can be made.
Due to its ease of implementation, as well as high information content, this analysis is an integral component of any study. Based on the data obtained, the doctor makes a diagnosis and, if necessary, writes out a referral for further research and schedules visits to the appropriate specialists.
The subject of the review of this article will be a decoding of the results of a general urine test in adults in the form of a table, as well as normal indicators.
What indicators are used to decrypt?
Decoding a general urinalysis involves describing urine according to the following indicators:
- transparency;
- color;
- specific gravity and acidity index.
Then the presence of specific substances in the urine is assessed, such as:
- protein;
- glucose;
- bile pigments;
- ketone bodies;
- hemoglobin;
- inorganic substances;
- blood cells (leukocytes, erythrocytes, etc.), as well as cells found in the genitourinary tract (epithelium and its derivatives - cylinders).
This procedure is prescribed in the following cases:
- auxiliary study of the functioning of the urinary system (urinalysis can also be prescribed for pathologies associated with other organs);
- monitoring the development of diseases and checking the quality of their treatment;
- diagnosis of pathologies of the urinary system;
- preventive examination.
Using the analysis, you can diagnose a variety of kidney diseases, problems with the prostate gland, bladder diseases, tumors, pyelonephritis, as well as a whole range of pathological conditions on early stages, When clinical manifestations as such – absent.
How to collect and pass a general urine test correctly?
Before collecting urine, you need to perform a thorough toilet genitourinary organs to prevent foreign contaminants from entering the liquid. Urine must be collected in sterile containers, so-called bioassay containers.
12 hours before collecting the substance, you must stop taking any medications that can change the physical and chemical parameters of urine. The analysis itself must be carried out no later than two hours after sample collection.
To conduct a general urine test, it is necessary to collect morning fluid, which has physiologically accumulated throughout the night. It is this kind of material that is considered optimal, and the results of its research are considered reliable.
Norm and interpretation of results: table
The table shows normal urinalysis indicators in adults, if there are any deviations, it is necessary to decipher.
Urine analysis is currently performed quite quickly, despite a large number of indicators and criteria. The properties and composition of urine can vary widely depending on the condition of the kidneys and the body as a whole, which is why it is of great diagnostic value.
Urine color
The color of urine depends on the amount of fluid taken and the concentrating ability of the kidneys. Prolonged discharge of pale, colorless or watery urine is characteristic of
- non-sugar and;
- chronic renal failure.
Intensely colored urine is released during large extrarenal fluid losses (fever, diarrhea). Pink-red or red-brown color due to the admixture of “fresh” blood occurs when:
- tumors;
- kidney infarction;
Urine excretion that looks like “meat slop” is typical for patients with acute glomerulonephritis. Dark red color of urine appears with massive hemolysis of red blood cells. With jaundice, urine becomes brown or greenish-brown in color (“beer color”). Black urine is characteristic of alkaptonuria, melanosarcoma, and melanoma. Milky white urine appears with lipiduria.
Transparency
Also a very important criterion in diagnosis. Normally it should be transparent. This property persists for several hours after collecting the analysis.
Causes of cloudy urine:
- inclusion of red blood cells in urolithiasis, glomerulonephritis, etc.
- a large number of leukocytes in inflammatory diseases.
- presence of bacteria.
- high content .
- increased content of epithelial cells.
- in large quantities.
Slight turbidity due to epithelial cells and a small amount of mucus is allowed. Usually urine has a specific, mild odor. Most people know him well. In some diseases it can also change. At infectious diseases the bladder may develop a strong smell of ammonia, or even rot. At diabetes mellitus urine smells like rotten apples.
Urine reaction (acidity, pH)
The usual reaction of urine is slightly acidic; fluctuations in urine pH are allowed in the range of 4.8-7.5.
- The pH increases with some infections of the urinary system, chronic renal failure, prolonged vomiting, hyperfunction of the parathyroid glands, and hyperkalemia.
- A decrease in pH occurs with tuberculosis, diabetes, dehydration, hypokalemia, and fever.
Specific Gravity
This indicator normally has a fairly wide range: from 1.012 to 1.025. Specific gravity is determined by the amount of substances dissolved in urine: salts, uric acid, urea, creatinine.
Increase relative density more than 1026 is called hypersthenuria. This condition is observed when:
- increasing swelling;
- nephrotic syndrome;
- diabetes mellitus;
- toxicosis of pregnant women;
- administration of radiopaque agents.
A decrease in EF or hyposthenuria (less than 1018) is detected when:
- acute damage to the kidney tubules;
- diabetes insipidus;
- chronic renal failure;
- malignant increase in blood pressure
- taking certain diuretics
- drinking plenty of fluids
The specific gravity value reflects the ability of the human kidney to concentrate and dilute.
Protein
In a healthy person, the protein concentration should not exceed 0.033 g/liter. If this indicator is exceeded, then we can talk about nephrotic syndrome, the presence of inflammation and many other pathologies.
Among the diseases that cause increased protein concentrations in the urine are:
- colds,
- urinary tract diseases,
- kidney diseases.
Inflammatory diseases of the genitourinary system:
- cystitis,
- vulvovaginitis,
- BPH.
In all of these cases, the protein concentration increases to 1 g/liter.
Glucose (sugar)
In a normal state, glucose should not be detected, but its content in a concentration of no more than 0.8 mmol per liter is acceptable and does not indicate deviations.
Decoding a urine test in Latin with a large amount of glucose may indicate:
- Cushing's syndrome;
- pregnancy;
- abuse of sweet foods.
However, the most common reason for excess sugar in the urine is. To confirm this diagnosis, a complete blood count is usually ordered in addition to a urine test.
Ketone bodies
These are acetone, acetoacetic acid and hydroxybutyric acid. The reason for the presence of ketone bodies in urine is a violation of metabolic processes in the body. This condition can be observed in pathologies of various systems.
Causes of ketone bodies in urine:
- diabetes;
- alcohol intoxication;
- acute pancreatitis;
- after injuries affecting the central nervous system;
- acetemic vomiting in children;
- prolonged fasting;
- predominance of protein and fatty foods in the diet;
- increased levels of thyroid hormones (thyrotoxicosis);
- Itsenko Cushing's disease.
Epithelium
Cylinders
The cylinder is a protein coagulated in the lumen of the renal tubules and includes any contents of the lumen of the tubules. In the urine of a healthy person, single cylinders in the field of view can be detected per day. Normally, there are no casts in a general urine analysis. The appearance of casts (cylindruria) is a symptom of kidney damage. The type of cylinders (hyaline, granular, pigmented, epithelial, etc.) has no special diagnostic value.
Hemoglobin
There is no hemoglobin in normal urine. Positive result The test reflects the presence of free hemoglobin or myoglobin in the urine. This is the result of intravascular, intrarenal, urinary hemolysis of red blood cells with the release of hemoglobin, or muscle damage and necrosis, accompanied by an increase in plasma myoglobin levels.
Presence of myoglobin in urine:
- muscle damage;
- heavy physical activity, including sports training;
- myocardial infarction;
- progressive myopathies;
- Rhabdomyolysis
Presence of hemoglobin in urine:
- severe hemolytic anemia;
- severe poisoning, for example, sulfonamides, phenol, aniline. poisonous mushrooms;
- sepsis;
- burns.
It is quite difficult to distinguish hemoglobinuria from myoglobinuria; sometimes myoglobinuria is mistaken for hemoglobinuria.
Bilirubin
Normally, bilirubin should be excreted as part of bile into the intestinal lumen. However, in some cases there is a sharp increase in the level of bilirubin in the blood; in this case, the function of removing this organic substance from the body is partially taken over by the kidneys.
Reasons for the presence of bilirubin in urine:
- hepatitis;
- cirrhosis of the liver;
- liver failure;
- cholelithiasis;
- von Willebrand disease;
- massive destruction of red blood cells (malaria, toxic hemolysis, hemolytic disease, sickle cell anemia).
Red blood cells
Red blood cells should be absent in the urine analysis of healthy people. Single red blood cells detected in several fields of view are maximum acceptable. The appearance of red blood cells in the urine can be both pathological and physiological in nature.
Leukocytes
In the urine of a healthy person they are contained in small quantity. An increase in the number of leukocytes in the urine (leukocyturia) indicates inflammatory processes in the kidneys (pyelonephritis) or urinary tract (cystitis, urethritis).
So-called sterile leukocyturia is possible. This is the presence of leukocytes in the urine in the absence of bacteriuria and dysuria (with exacerbation of chronic glomerulonephritis, contamination during urine collection, condition after treatment with antibiotics, bladder tumors, renal tuberculosis, interstitial analgesic nephritis).
Bacteria
Mushrooms in urine
Candida fungi often end up in bladder from the vagina. If they are detected, antifungal treatment is prescribed.
Slime
Normally there should be no mucus in the urine. Its presence indicates an acute or chronic inflammatory process of the genitourinary system.
Salts in urine
In conclusion, I would like to add that a general urine test is an important diagnostic indicator. A person can independently pay attention to changes in urine and consult a doctor. Even healthy people are recommended to take this test at least once a year. It should also be remembered that a single result is not an indicator of pathology. It is very important to take tests over time in order to make a final conclusion about the presence of the disease.
