A theory of social work with older people. Technologies of social work with older people. What kind of work do psychologists do abroad with older people?

One of the trends observed in recent decades in developed countries is the increase in the absolute number and relative share of the population of older people. There is a steady, rather rapid process of decreasing the proportion of children and youth in the total population and increasing the proportion of the elderly.

Social work with older people involves the use of theories of liberation, activism, minorities, subculture, age stratification, etc.

According to liberation theories in the process of aging, people become alienated from those who are younger; In addition, there is a process of liberation of older people from social roles.

This theory is now being superseded activity theory, whose adherents argue that aging people, parting with their usual roles, feel a sense of loss and their uselessness in society. At the same time, self-esteem is undermined. To maintain their morale and positive self-awareness, they should not give up an active life, but, on the contrary, take up new activities.

Authors minority theories note that old people constitute a minority of the population, which predetermines their low socio-economic status, discrimination, prejudice against them and many other phenomena.

Subculture theory refers older people to a certain subculture, which is defined as a set of unique norms and values ​​that differ from the norms and values ​​prevailing in society. If aging people manage to make new friends and maintain existing connections, they are able to create a subculture that helps them maintain a sense of psychological stability.

Some experts consider the most fruitful theory of “age stratification”, according to which each generation of people is unique and has only its own experience.

What is the essence of social work with people of the “third age”?

First of all, in creating a network of social service institutions that promote the formation of favorable situations, useful contacts, and decent behavior. It must ensure that the needs of older people as a special social group of the population are met, and create a good atmosphere for adequate support for their capabilities.

Social work also helps to identify the positive potential of citizens of the “third age”, who become a noticeable social force, helps to evaluate the accumulated practical experience, and bring national policies and social programs closer to the needs of the aging population.

A special place in working with older people is given to social service institutions. They are created in various cities and towns and have in their structure: department social assistance at home; day care department; emergency department.

Thus, the social assistance department at home provides the following services:

 home delivery of food and hot lunches, essential goods;

 assistance in paying for housing and other utilities;

- assistance in obtaining medical care;

 organization of housing repairs;

-cleaning the premises;

- assistance in writing letters;

and other services.

Many social service centers have created inpatient departments where older people can stay from a week to 3 months.

Another form of work is the day care department. The point of such departments is to help older people overcome loneliness and isolation. Here you can get pre-medical care, health treatments, free or reduced-price meals. Various types of occupational therapy are provided. Day care clients celebrate holidays, birthdays, etc. together.

The centers organize work with pensioners at their place of residence, creating various interest clubs.

The main task of the emergency social assistance service is to provide urgent support to all those in dire need

The main directions of this activity:

provision of free hot meals or food products;

providing monetary and material assistance;

referral to a doctor - social department;

provision of domestic, legal and psychological assistance;

assistance in registration and employment;

organizing the rental of household appliances and household equipment;

creation of a mutual aid fund, etc.

For those who experience serious difficulties in organizing their life, running their own household, for one reason or another do not want to live in boarding homes, in a number of regions, on the basis of the Center for Social Services of the Population or health care institutions, special medical and social departments are created, where, first First in line are pensioners living alone who have partially or completely lost mobility and the ability to self-care.

Therefore, psychological, pedagogical, sociocultural, rehabilitation, consulting and other areas in the infrastructure of non-stationary social service institutions are being widely developed. The practice of targeted social assistance is being improved.

Among social service institutions for older people, a special place is occupied by inpatient institutions of the social protection system, the main type of which is boarding houses.

Boarding houses are profiled as follows:

for elderly citizens and disabled people with general diseases;

for the elderly and disabled people with neuropsychiatric diseases;

for chronic patients.

The economic crisis in society has brought to the fore the problems of vagrancy and homelessness. To solve these problems, a number of federal acts have been adopted in recent years. Criminal liability for vagrancy and begging is excluded. A network of institutions providing social and medical services to persons without a fixed place of residence or occupation has been created.

The priority direction of social work with the elderly is organizing their living environment in such a way that an elderly person always has a choice of ways to interact with this environment. Freedom of choice gives rise to a feeling of security, confidence in the future, and responsibility for one’s own and other people’s lives.

An important role in solving such problems is currently played by self help groups. Self-help groups are small, localized groups whose members, having common problems (needs that they solve together), help each other. Such groups, as practice shows, consist of 5-7 people living nearby and having periodic contacts. These groups sometimes arise spontaneously, but more often they are organized by one of the most active future members or (less often) a social worker who provides them with everyday assistance. Each member of such a group not only accepts, but also provides assistance, updating and developing their own resources for this. The goal of working in a group is to mitigate the impact of negative phenomena, and not completely overcome them (which is impossible), to support a person, and not to form a new lifestyle, to gradually teach positive life skills, and not to completely deny past norms of life.

Reasons for creating self-help groups:

1) self-realization and personality development;

2) crisis situation or grief;

3) poor social conditions, health status, disability;

4) belonging to a group of “outcasts”, minorities, etc.

Along with expanding the network of voluntary assistance groups provided by older people, it is necessary to develop in every possible way a system of professional assistance to aging people. Specialization in this field requires serious preparation.

Club work, which has become widespread, is one of the methods of socio-psychological assistance to aging people.

Clubs, i.e. a kind of association of people with the same social status, political or religious views have been known since the times of Ancient Rome. At first these were institutions designed exclusively for men, then clubs for women, boys and girls appeared. There are various forms of club work.

However, not every elderly person strives to become a member of the club, and some are physically unable to come to the club. In this case, the main tasks of the social worker are as follows:

1) identification and registration of lonely elderly and disabled citizens in need of home care;

2) establishing and maintaining contact with the workforce, in which war and labor veterans and disabled people previously worked;

3) establishing contacts with Red Cross committees, councils of war veterans and labor, and other public organizations to provide patronage assistance to single pensioners;

4) assistance in registration necessary documents when establishing guardianship or trusteeship, as well as placement in boarding homes or territorial centers;

5) providing a variety of services to single pensioners (home delivery of lunches, semi-finished products, dry cleaning, laundry, etc.);

6) fulfilling requests related to correspondence with relatives, friends, and other one-time assignments;

7) organization of burial of deceased single pensioners.

Lecture No. 5. Technologies of social work with youth.

We can talk about two models of social work with youth - integrative and deficit. Integrative model is social work in a broad sense, which should contribute to the socialization of young people. In this aspect, social work practically correlates with such a type of professional activity as social pedagogy.

The implementation of this model is possible only through a state-public cost mechanism, which involves the allocation of significant financial, as well as human and material resources, which is possible only in the conditions of distributive management of the national economy. However, due to the excessively large amount of funds that must be allocated for the full implementation of this type of social work, most countries with market economies choose deficit model development of social work, focused primarily on socially vulnerable segments of the population, risk groups, disabled and lonely people, as well as children and adolescents.

Youth social work refers to the professional activity of assisting both individual young people and groups of young people to improve or restore their ability to function socially; creating conditions conducive to the achievement of these goals in society, as well as working with young people at the communal level, at the place of residence or in work collectives. The main task of social work is to develop in young people the ability to independently solve their problems, adapt to new socio-economic conditions of a market economy, acquire independent living skills and participate in self-government. The subject of this type of activity is social services for youth, which are a combination of state and non-state structures, specialized institutions for providing social assistance and protection of young people, supporting their initiatives.

Types of social services of the youth affairs system:

1) Center for Social and Psychological Assistance to Youth, designed to provide medical, psychological and pedagogical assistance to young people experiencing crises, in conflict situations in micro- and macro-environments, prevention and prevention of deviant, delinquent and suicidal behavior in this category of the population.

2) Youth Information Center, intended to provide information and methodological services to executive authorities on youth affairs, organizations and institutions working with youth, various groups of young people, analysis of information about the processes occurring in the youth environment and the information needs of youth;

3) Center for the resocialization of minors and youth returning from places of detention, which provides advisory, socio-legal, career guidance and psychological assistance to youth who find themselves in a maladjusted state;

4) Counseling center for teenagers and young people, designed to provide qualified emergency, anonymous, free psychological assistance over the phone;

5) Shelter for teenagers, intended to provide temporary living conditions for a minor who is alienated for objective or subjective reasons from favorable conditions for personal development in the family, educational institution, or society.

The effectiveness and efficiency of work with youth in various regions of Russia largely depends on the degree of attention to youth on the part of management or the ability of heads of social services to find mutual understanding with representatives of local administration.

In these conditions, the use of the latest foreign technologies in the field of social work with youth, which have received the general name “mobile social work with youth,” is especially relevant.

Essence mobile social work- control over that part of young people who are not inclined to go to either youth centers or counseling centers, showing a predisposition to deviant behavior and aggressiveness. As a rule, these are rockers, football fans (fans), representatives of radical groups, drug addicts. The principle of mobile social work is the establishment of relationships and interactions with them in order to penetrate into the world of youth prone to crime.

Another important area of ​​social work is testing new methods of supporting girls and young women who find themselves in crisis situations. These new methods have helped to remove the taboo from the topic of domestic sexual violence. In the Federal Republic of Germany, there are about 200 shelter houses for women and girls who are victims of sexual violence, whose workers are called upon to promptly intervene in a crisis situation and create new forms of social work. Not only women victims of violence, but also their children can stay in these shelters . Men are absolutely not allowed here. The activities of women's shelters are carried out in conditions of anonymity and self-government.

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Introduction

1. TheoreticalbasicssocialworkWithelderlypeople

1.1 The phenomenon of old age and sociogerontological theories

2. TechnologiessocialworkWithelderlypeople

2.1 General characteristics of modern technologies of social work with older people

2.2 Technology for social services for older people

2.3 Technology for social rehabilitation of older people

2.4 Medical and social rehabilitation of older people

Conclusion

Listliterature

INTRODUCTION

One of the trends observed in recent decades in developed countries of the world is the growth absolute number and the relative proportion of the population that is elderly. There is a steady, rather rapid process of decreasing the proportion of children and youth in the total population and increasing the proportion of the elderly. The main reasons for the aging of the population are a decrease in the birth rate, an increase in the life expectancy of older people age groups thanks to the progress of medicine, increasing the standard of living of the population.

How to make the life of an elderly person worthy, full of active activity and joy, how to relieve him of the feeling of loneliness, alienation, how to compensate for the lack of communication, how to satisfy his needs and interests - these and other questions are currently of concern to the public all over the world. Humanity is aging, and this is becoming a serious problem, the solution to which must be developed at the global level. As the institute of social workers and specialists in the field of gerontology is created, disabled citizens can receive more qualified and varied social assistance and support.

Relevance- the current socio-economic, moral, psychological and spiritual situation in Russia is extremely contradictory and multifaceted. There is instability in the economy, the number of people with incomes below the subsistence level is practically not decreasing, differentiation of the population by income is increasing, tension in the labor market is increasing, arrears in paying wages, pensions and social benefits are becoming acute, and trends of ill-being are becoming more pronounced. The current situation requires the state and non-governmental organizations and public associations to take adequate measures, primarily in the development of a system of social protection of the population, especially for elderly and older citizens.

Degree development Problems, an analysis of the literature on the research topic suggests that social work with older people is in the general attention of both legislators and social services. In the works of E.I. Kholostova “Technology of social work”, N.F. Dementieva, E.V. Ustinova “Forms and methods of medical and social rehabilitation of disabled citizens”, such topics as: problems of older people are well covered; system of social service institutions. The methodological basis for the study of this work was the works of Belenkaya I.G., Krasnova O.V., Kholostova E.I., Sorvina A.S., Kurbatova V.I., Alperovich V.D.

Scientific novelty- effective technologies and means of solving social problems of elderly and elderly citizens. The theoretical significance of the course research lies in the analysis of technologies for social work with older people.

Object research are elderly people as a socio-demographic group.

Item- technologies of social work with elderly people.

Purpose work is to study the technology of social work with this category of citizens.

Achieving this goal involves the following tasks:

1) describe theories that reveal the phenomenon of old age;

2) identify the principles of social work in relation to older citizens;

3) highlight technological tasks in social work with older people;

4) Briefly describe the technologies of social work with older people.

Methods coursework research: generalization; classification and systematization, analysis of literary sources; comparative theoretical analysis of statistical data.

1. THEORETICALBASICSSOCIALWORKSWITHELDERLYBY PEOPLE

1.1 Phenomenonold ageAndsociogerontologicaltheories

In UN developments, where the beginning of old age is considered to be the age of 65, depending on the proportion of older people in the general population structure, three phases are distinguished. A society consisting of less than 4% of people aged 65 years and older is considered “young”, “mature” - from 4 to 7% of people at this age, and “old” - over 7%. The threshold for demographic “extreme old age” should be recognized as the share of old people in the general population structure equal to 10%. Noting the advantages and disadvantages of each of these classifications, in this work we will use the UN scale /24, p.9/.

The process of population aging is a relatively new phenomenon. It began immediately after the so-called demographic revolution, one of the two main manifestations of which was a rapidly progressive decline in the birth rate. Among older people around the world there are many more women than men /24, p.47/. There are four groups of problems that the aging of modern society entails. Firstly, these are demographic and macroeconomic consequences, secondly, this is the sphere of social relations, thirdly, changes in the demographic structure reflected in the labor market and fourthly, changes relate to the functional abilities and health status of older people.

It is obvious that the above factors represent only the tip of the iceberg of objective changes in the life of society. To these should be added a wide range of subjective factors, which will certainly change the inner world of a person, a representative of any generation inhabiting the “elderly society”. On average, there are from 2 to 4 diseases per elderly patient in Russia, and the cost of treating the elderly is 1.5 - 1.7 times higher than the cost of treating young people /26, p.282/.

Theory disconnection. Proponents of this theory focus on changes in the organizational structuring of social life, highlighting as the leading trend the curtailment of social connections and communications, and the reduction of external incentives. The factors driving this trend include retirement or a decrease in the intensity and volume of employment, separation from adult children, loss of loved ones and acquaintances, changes in age requirements in the family, and an urban lifestyle.

These changes are perceived and psychologically mastered differently by each person. In this regard, new adaptation strategies at the final stage of life, promoting the mastery of socio-psychological mechanisms that block the negative consequences of critical moments in the life of an elderly person. This is especially important, since the transition from one social situation of existence to another cannot be purely formal, when external events (retirement, separation from children, change of job, change in the cultural environment) did not in any way prepare for changes in the inner world of the individual, thereby creating the basis for the emergence of problems of social adaptation and personal crises.

The process of transition from one social position to another, according to A. van Tennep, occurs in three stages: segregation - the separation of a person from the old environment and a break with the past; transition is an intermediate state, “the desert of statuslessness”; incorporation - the subsequent inclusion of an individual into his social group, but in a new quality. An old person often gets stuck at the transition stage with all the ensuing consequences, which are recorded as a rupture, discord, or breakdown. Meanwhile, the state of transition as a turning point in the life space of an individual contains the most valuable opportunity for personal growth through the realization of a certain potential. In this context, such cultural institutions as “rites of passage” - confession, psychotherapy, all kinds of educational programs, contribute to the understanding of a transitional life situation, when a person, distancing himself from the flow of ordinary everyday life, transforms the cultural and historical experience of society into determining his own behavior strategy, corrects their relationships with the outside world /8, pp.51 - 52/.

Theory activity connects the features of a given life stage with the individualization and localization of aging, with the unique individual specificity of aging factors. The analysis of this problem is carried out in the context of profiling a person: his lifestyle, positions, sociocultural orientations. At the same time, openness, penetration into the social flow or, on the contrary, a tendency to turn away from life are correlated with the variability of individual reactions. Maintaining vital activity and a variety of options for approaching life is considered a positive factor that prolongs life. People with such a life position are primarily open to change, and even big changes are perceived by them not as a threat, but rather as a challenge to their capabilities.

Today, representatives of the “third age” have various behavioral attitudes that are realized in everyday practices: to go with the flow like a piece of wood; look for new strategies, keep up with the demands of today; live, do business and endure, wait for changes for the better; adapt to the circumstances, but also not let anyone offend; protect your nature, resist all kinds of changes /8, p.53/.

Theory age stratification. A number of researchers focus on the analysis of age-related value indicators in society (amount and method of income, “openness” of social positions that provide access to influence various social processes, age-related institutionalization).

Theory names. This theory interprets the problems of old age as a consequence of its inadequate perception or “labeling”. This theory focuses on the mechanism of social pressure, when a certain model of behavior is prescribed, which reflects the negative and discriminatory nature of existing stereotypes of old age and finds its metaphorical expression in labels. The pressure of social stereotypes reaches such strength that most people base their behavior in accordance with the label. Various schemes for attributing social attributes to an elderly person differ only in the object of identification: old age - illness, old age - poverty, old age - dependence. However, the model of behavior imposed by the social environment is not total and insurmountable. The choice of behavioral models largely depends on self-determination, which takes on priority importance in specific situations /8, p.55/.

Theory social deviations. There are also approaches that determine the content of old age based on ideas about certain norms or ideals of personality development, the main source of which is the expert knowledge of agents of social control, primarily medicine and psychiatry. Human existence is defined as adequate or deviant, that is, deviating from certain norms of “personal health.” The passivity of old people, their social alienation, and withdrawal into themselves are interpreted in this case as options for deviant behavior, as a failure into an archaic unregulated life. The diagnosis of “deviant behavior” captures the hyper-complexity of old age and the negative aspects of life. Old age appears as a type of social deviation that arises as a result of a reaction to social pressure.

Temporal theory old age. As a basis for sociopsychological generalizations, a peculiar interaction of time periods is identified as the defining, structuring basis of the entire structure of the everyday life of an elderly person. In various age periods different models of vision and organization of time are reproduced. Almost never are the three main times perceived as equal: either the past can dominate. Either the present or the future. The amount of time that older people think they “have” is very small, which affects the pace of actions, the degree to which a person is influenced by the past or with which he is “pulled” into the future /8, p.55/ .

An elderly person cannot keep aloof from the world, filling his personal life with sentimental love for the past. If older people do not consciously accept the conditions of existence of their time, with which they are actually connected, they will form only an artificial group with unfounded claims.

Old age How mechanism transmissions culture. Old age is also considered as an element of human existence and development, institutionalized in a certain way in culture. Traditionally, this phenomenon is presented as the main link in the mechanism of continuity of social relations, culture, morality, and experience in the form of certain rules, instructions, and laws that are transmitted to young age groups.

As part of the study of intergenerational transmission of culture, changes in the content, pace, and forms of transfer of knowledge and experience from generation to generation are noted, associated with the processes of informatization of modern society. The privilege of old age is the presence of life experience, which turns into an internal factor in a person’s life, acting as a guarantee of balanced decisions and actions, and awareness of social responsibility.

The experience of the older generation must be taken into account in order to develop its positive capabilities and avoid repeating its mistakes. Trends of innovation and continuity are the basis of the mechanisms of the dynamics of personal development. Often these tendencies are seen as hostile and incompatible. Indeed, the modern stage of social development has complicated the relationship between them, but has not drowned out the main thing - the synchronous impact on the formation of personality as two sides of a single, connected process /8, pp. 58 - 59/.

Theory subcultures. Old age is represented according to the model of a subculture. This refers to special semantic resources, types of actions that are formed on the basis of a sociocultural system characteristic of the time of life of a given generation.

With all the diversity in the content of views and attitudes among people belonging to the same generation, there is a certain common tone that unites their worldview; there is a set of typical reactions sanctioned by social structures and a long tradition. Subculture allows you to maintain psychological and ideological stability and cultural identity. With a subcultural approach, it seems necessary to identify the areas of activity of an older person and systematically describe the entire set of means of his creativity. We are talking about a comprehensive analysis of ideas, interests, and activities that attract the attention of older people.

Theory gerontological transcendentality was developed in the works of the Swedish scientist Lars Tornstam. Old age is defined as a stage of life when a person’s ability to transcend (different vision and assessment) of existing reality is fully realized, and the desire for higher, supra-natural meanings and values ​​is manifested. Everything superficial, insignificant, superfluous leaves the center of life; a person becomes able to break away from the shackles of sensual, tangible existence and act in accordance with his own, actually human institutions through free creative activity, spiritual effort. According to this theory, at the final stage of natural growth in the direction of maturity and wisdom, a rethinking of fundamental issues occurs: a person begins to identify less with his professional occupation and at the same time becomes more selective in choosing social and other types of activity; the feeling of closeness to the older generation increases and interest in other social interactions decreases; interest in material values ​​decreases, there is an increase in the feeling of cosmic unity with the spirit of the universe; the value of time, space, life and death is rethought /8, p.60/.

Thus, the presence of different options for the social interpretation of the phenomenon of aging is associated with the complex intertwining of various properties of this phenomenon, the diversity of their manifestations, and the ambiguity of mutual modifications. Nevertheless, it would be inappropriate to oppose these approaches, since they coexist on the principles of a kind of complementarity. This means that none of the considered theories strives to take a dominant position and act as the ultimate truth. The commonality of the considered theories is that they contain the desire to give the phenomenon of old age a status that would have the meaning of an integral and meaningful stage of human life, more universal and at the same time more personal.

1.2 ContentsocialworkWithelderlypeople

One of the main goals of the world community, proclaimed in the UN Charter, is the affirmation of fundamental human rights, the dignity and value of the human person. The truism for democratic regimes is to protect the rights of the most vulnerable social strata, to which the elderly belong. The real implementation of these ideas is carried out by people of one of the most humane professions, called “social work”, and they themselves are called “social workers”.

Social work is a socially necessary activity, which is the most important indicator of the social security of the individual, human rights, the progress of humanism and, at the same time, a guarantor of the political and social stability of society, since it is designed to prevent the growth of marginal layers /1, p.284/.

The already mentioned group of A.I. Tashcheva, when conducting a comprehensive socio-psychological study, asked older people about what, in their opinion, social workers should and should not be. Three groups of “qualities” were identified: personal characteristics: kindness, caring, honesty, responsiveness, friendliness, tolerance, humanity, sociability, compassion, selflessness, balance; communication skills: attention to others, ability to listen, courtesy, polite attitude towards people; attitude to work: conscientiousness, diligence, responsibility, self-demandingness. Pensioners named the following “qualities” unacceptable for a social worker: personal characteristics: nervousness, self-interest, spiritual callousness, arrogance, dishonesty, cruelty; communication skills: rudeness, impoliteness, disrespect for old people, disgust, anger, insolence; attitude to work: indifference to wards, constant haste, irresponsibility, laziness, dishonesty, unwillingness to help, frivolity, lack of concentration, extortion / 1, p. 301/.

The principles of social work in relation to older citizens are as follows: sociogerontological social pensioner rehabilitation

The principle of independence implies that older people should have: access to basic goods and services; the ability to work or engage in any type of income-generating activity; participate in determining the timing of termination of employment; maintain opportunities to participate in education and training programs; live in a safe environment, taking into account personal inclinations and changing conditions; receive assistance in living at home for as long as possible;

The principle of participation - reflects issues of the involvement of older people in society and active participation in the development and implementation of social policies affecting their well-being, as well as the ability to create movements, unions or associations of older people;

The principle of care - addresses the problems of providing protection from the family and society, i.e. access to health care, social and legal services, and decision-making regarding care and quality of life;

The principle of realizing internal potential - implies the opportunity for the full realization of potential by older citizens in relation to access to values ​​in the field of education, culture, spiritual life and recreation;

The principle of dignity - addresses the issues of preventing exploitation, physical or mental abuse of older people, as well as ensuring their right to fair treatment regardless of age, gender, race, ethnicity, disability or previous economic contribution.

In 2000, in connection with the adoption of the Development Strategy of the Russian Federation until 2010, work began to clarify the main provisions of the Pension Reform Program. The strategic task and main goal of pension reform in the new conditions is to increase the level of pension provision for the population and ensure the current and long-term financial sustainability of the pension system, taking into account the upcoming serious deterioration in the demographic situation after 2015 - 2020.

Based on data from the long-term macroeconomic forecast of the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia and the forecast of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation on financial support for pension reform in the Russian Federation in 2000, proposals were prepared on options for the development of the pension system for the period until 2010.

In September-October 2000, the Government of the Russian Federation considered these options and approved a scenario providing for an increase in the average size of labor pensions in the coming decade from 95% to 125-140% of the living wage of a pensioner and allowing the introduction of a rate of contributions for the funded financing of labor pensions, with its a gradual increase while simultaneously reducing the rate of the unified social tax for pension purposes. These amounts must be credited to the personal accounts of citizens and, taking into account the income received from their placement, taken into account when calculating the amount of labor pensions. In this case, the pension will consist of two parts: financed by the unified social tax and the funded method. The share of funded pensions will be 14 - 15% of the total payment in 2010 and 50% by 2020 - 2030.

In 2002, new pension laws, prepared in accordance with the Pension Reform Program in the Russian Federation, came into force:

- “On labor pensions in the Russian Federation”;

- “On state pension provision in the Russian Federation”;

- “On compulsory pension insurance in the Russian Federation.”

Self-help groups now play an important role. An independent association of those in social need has existed in Russia for a long time. “The tendency of people to mutual assistance has such a distant origin,” wrote P. Kropotkin, “and it is so intertwined with the entire past evolution of the human race that people have preserved it until the present time, despite all the vicissitudes of history” / 14, p. .227/.

So, clients would like to see more generous, understanding, and compassionate people in social workers. These desires reflect the hidden need of older people for more attention to themselves, a kind, understanding look and a caring, skillful hand. Social work is difficult work that requires dedication mental strength, everyday experience, but also an understanding of the psychological and ethical problems that arise among older people, mastery of the theory and methodology of social work.

Thus, social assistance and support for older people is one of the most important areas of state social policy. But in many ways, the emotional state of representatives of this age group also depends on the attitude of those around them, close people and strangers. Respect for old age, for the merits and age of an elderly person is an indicator of the culture of society.

2. TECHNOLOGIESSOCIALWORKSWITHELDERLYBY PEOPLE

2.1 GeneralcharacteristicmoderntechnologiessocialworkWithelderlypeople

Many older people voluntarily provide assistance to neighbors, acquaintances, and relatives, while the majority of older people are involved in such activities through various assistance programs developed by government agencies, educational institutions, and other organizations. The main goals of such programs:

Giving older people the opportunity to give back to their communities, those in need, the frail, the sick, the disabled, the lonely, and by helping others, earn respect, feel the satisfaction of being useful and making someone happy;

Organization of additional services from among older people who voluntarily provide assistance to their peers;

Assistance to elderly people with low incomes who do not have the strength to fully care for themselves, in order to prolong their stay in their own home and delay the move to a boarding house;

Formation in society of a respectful attitude towards aging people as equal members of society;

Using the experience and knowledge of older people to assist social authorities, schools, administrative structures through consultations; implementation of the “Visiting Grandparents” program, in which older people help children from marginal families overcome learning difficulties;

Promoting the improvement of connections between generations, bringing older people and youth closer together, transferring life experience, knowledge, skills to young people, preserving connections between older people and their still working colleagues, organizations in which they worked.

Social workers should be aware of the presence of such institutions in their region and maintain contact with them, becoming familiar with the principles of their work and referring those in need there. It should also not be forgotten that currently various support groups for those in need are organized at religious organizations of various denominations.

Along with expanding the network of voluntary assistance groups provided by older people, it is necessary to develop in every possible way a system of professional assistance to aging people. Specialization in this field requires serious training. The activities of state organizations for the social protection of older people are based on the already mentioned laws, which describe in sufficient detail the main types of social services for older people ( material aid, social services at home, in hospitals, day care centers, etc.). Relevant statistical data and analysis of the main types of services provided to older people are given in the Handbook for a Social Work Specialist.

At different stages of a person’s life, in different life situations, either the subjective or the objective principle can dominate. A person becomes a client of social services, as a rule, in a situation of dominance of the objective principle, i.e. dominance of passivity, immutability, stability, one-dimensionality of existence, etc.

Club work, which has become widespread, is one of the methods of socio-psychological assistance to aging people. The club's mission is to satisfy the diverse spiritual needs of its members. Gardening enthusiasts can use the area around the club to demonstrate their skills. Here you can place benches and tables under awnings. The well-being of older club members can also be positively influenced by the design of the club premises. The furniture in the club should be of normal height - it is difficult for older people to get up from low and soft chairs. The most suitable are semi-soft chairs with comfortable seats and backs equipped with handrails. The equipment also includes cabinets for various materials, records, books, projector, player, Board games, stand with daily press.

Not every elderly person strives to become a member of the club, and some are physically unable to come to the club. In this case, the main tasks of the social worker are the following: identifying and recording lonely elderly and disabled citizens in need of home care; establishing and maintaining contact with the workforce, in which war and labor veterans and disabled people previously worked; establishing contacts with Red Cross committees, councils of war veterans and labor, and other public organizations to provide patronage assistance to single pensioners; assistance in preparing the necessary documents when establishing guardianship or guardianship, as well as placement in boarding homes or territorial centers: providing a variety of services to single pensioners (home delivery of lunches, semi-finished products, dry cleaning, laundry, etc.); fulfilling requests related to correspondence with relatives, friends, and other one-time assignments; organizing the burial of deceased single pensioners.

2.2 Technologysocialserviceelderlyof people

Elderly people and disabled people in the Russian Federation have all the socio-economic and personal rights and freedoms enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the constitutions of its constituent republics, and other legislative acts. However, a change in the social status of a person in old age and a disabled person associated with the cessation or limitation of labor and social activities; transformation of values, lifestyle and communication; experiencing difficulties in social, everyday and psychological adaptation to new conditions, gives rise to serious social problems.

The most acute problem is the limitation of life activity of the elderly and disabled. Limitation of life activity is understood as the complete or partial lack of a person’s ability or ability to carry out self-care, movement, orientation, communication, control over one’s behavior, as well as engage in labor activity /5, p.21/.

In solving this problem, improving the system of social rehabilitation and social assistance for the elderly and disabled is of paramount importance.

Social rehabilitation is a complex of socio-economic, medical, legal, professional and other measures aimed at providing the necessary conditions and returning these population groups to a full life in society.

An integral element of social protection of older people and disabled people at the present stage is the provision of social assistance, i.e. provision in cash and in kind, in the form of services or benefits, provided taking into account the social guarantees legally established by the state for social security. It is, as a rule, in the nature of periodic and one-time additional payments to pensions and benefits, in-kind payments and services in order to provide targeted, differentiated social support for these categories, eliminate or neutralize critical life situations caused by unfavorable socio-economic conditions.

Social services and provision for older people include pensions and various benefits; maintenance and services for the elderly and disabled in special institutions of social protection bodies; prosthetics; benefits for disabled people; providing assistance to the homeless.

Social security is carried out by government agencies, enterprises, and individuals through contributions (deductions from wages) of workers. In the latter case, payment from the funds is determined not by labor contribution and length of service, but by the size of contributions. This practice is very common in Western countries.

Let's consider the content of the work of the Social Service Center (for elderly citizens and the disabled). As a rule, it includes several sections. The day care department (designed to support at least 30 pensioners and disabled people) provides meals, medical and cultural services. Participation in feasible labor activities in special workshops or subsidiary farms is provided. The temporary stay department (designed to accommodate at least 15 people) carries out medical, health and rehabilitation activities, cultural and consumer services, food in conditions of round-the-clock detention.

The department of social assistance at home (it serves 120 people in the city, 60 people in rural areas) provides permanent or temporary (up to 6 months) social services at home for pensioners and disabled people who need outside help (free or on a paid basis ). One of the primary tasks of social assistance departments at home is the active identification of disabled citizens in need of home care.

The emergency social assistance service of the Social Services Center provides a wide range of services: one-time provision of free hot meals or food packages to those in dire need; provision of clothing, footwear and basic necessities; one-time provision of financial assistance; assistance in obtaining temporary housing; provision of emergency psychological assistance, including via a “helpline”: provision of legal assistance within the limits of its competence; other types and forms of assistance determined by regional and other characteristics.

In the context of the crisis situation in Russia, targeted social protection of older people is essential. It turns out primarily to those most in need: single pensioners, disabled people, elderly people over 80 years old.

Sociological studies in our country have shown that the main directions for ensuring the well-being of the elderly (in their opinion) are: increasing pensions, improving pension provision, developing home care services, increasing the number of nursing homes and improving living conditions in them. Improving pension provision is one of the most important areas of social security in modern states.

It is necessary to pay attention to social services for the elderly. Here it is important to provide, taking into account the loss of self-care ability, the provision of special comfortable shoes, clothing, various kinds of instruments and devices that would make it easier for old people to move around the street, housekeeping, and perform certain hygiene procedures.

Since 1986, so-called Social Service Centers for Pensioners began to be created in our country, which, in addition to social assistance departments at home, included completely new structural units - day care departments. The purpose of organizing such departments was to create unique leisure centers for older people, regardless of whether they live in families or are alone. It was envisaged that people would come to such departments in the morning and return home in the evening; During the day, they will have the opportunity to be in a cozy environment, communicate, spend meaningful time, participate in various cultural events, receive one hot meal and, if necessary, pre-medical care. medical care.

The main task of such departments is to help older people overcome loneliness, a secluded lifestyle, fill existence with new meaning, and create an active lifestyle, partially lost due to retirement.

Initially, such Centers were created at boarding homes for the elderly, since these institutions have such a material and technical base that could provide the department with the appropriate space, its equipment, and provide visitors with hot meals. The branches were designed for 25-50 visitors per day. During the first period of operation of the branches, there was no limit on the duration of visits. Payment for food was charged from visitors to the department on a differentiated basis, depending on the size of the pension received.

When the first centers were created, rotation of visitors to day care departments after a certain time was not yet provided for. However, the positive experience of these institutions made them popular among the population of retirement age, and found a large number of people willing to use the services of the day care department. In this regard, taking into account the number of pensioners living in the service area of ​​the Center and the number of applicants to visit the branch, in many territories the time frame for which one group should be recruited was calculated, so that during the year everyone could visit the center twice and more than times.

Pensioners and disabled people are enrolled in the department, regardless of their marital status who have retained the ability for self-care and active movement, on the basis of a personal statement and a certificate from a medical institution about the absence of contraindications for admission to the department. The department provides premises for a first-aid room, club work, a library, workshops, etc.

Thus, along with the provision of traditional forms of social security: cash payments (pensions, benefits); in-kind provision; services and benefits; stationary and non-stationary types of services - great importance is attached to new forms of emergency social assistance to disabled citizens of the Russian Federation in dire need. The considered issues of creating and developing social assistance services for disabled citizens in Russia give reason to predict their further improvement, in which new cadres of social work specialists will take an active part, the training of which is currently being given the most serious attention.

2.3 Technologysocialrehabilitationelderlyof people

Conversation With client. The first conversation usually aims to determine the client's eligibility to receive social services. A lot depends on the quality of the conversation. A conversation with a client can most accurately be defined as communication (communication) or interaction. It's an art and a science. Novice workers faced with this form of activity need to have knowledge and understanding of the obvious and secret reasons for this or that human behavior, i.e. motives of behavior. Knowing this promotes work efficiency and tolerance of people. Only by carefully listening and observing how people seek help can turn objective facts and subjective feelings into part of interpersonal communication, including open and closed messages, their decoding and reactions to different levels of communication.

The basic skills needed to initiate a conversation include these 10 principles. First, inform the client about the duration of the conversation; start a conversation after the client understands the situation; try to be friendly in order to create a free, relaxed atmosphere; try to see the situation through the client’s eyes; realize the danger of making judgments rather than accepting a person as he is; develop social communication skills, for example, smiling to help communication, initially avoiding questions that can be answered with a “yes” or “no”; do not speak or speculate for the client; do not rush too much, do not fuss, and learn to cope with pauses and silence from the client (usually this is the time when the client is thinking hard).

Each conversation is usually focused on some basic problem, such as, for example, an investigation of the client’s financial problems, his illnesses, grievances, relationships, etc. Each acquaintance conversation should have a clear outline, i.e. beginning, middle, end. Each subsequent conversation-meeting with a client should be somehow based on the content of the previous one, and written or video recordings should be used.

During the conversation, addressing the same difficulties or even denying them can give the employee some kind of “key”. We must pay attention to inconsistencies and omissions. For example, an abused person may not want outside intervention. Such unexpected changes or that the client associates one idea with another, so they both mean nothing.

A conversation-interview with a social worker differs from everyday conversations in that they have a topic aimed at achieving a specific goal, a time frame is usually defined, and positive or negative development of relationships is expected. Let's consider the last aspect in more detail. The first meeting between a social worker and a client, in addition to a purely informative function, has at least 3 goals: the desire to enter into an alliance with the client regarding treatment methods, i.e. the social worker tries to understand the client’s thoughts and feelings; tries to instill in the client a sense of hope that he will cope with the situation; demonstrates methods and forms of work. If these factors are not taken into account, then it is impossible to manage the situation. This is especially important if there is a negative reaction from the client.

If the client has physical disabilities, mental, hearing, or speech disorders, then alternative methods of communication may be needed. But even experienced workers sometimes anticipate events or think out for the client what he would like to say or express that is unrealistic. It is better to give the client the opportunity to speak as freely as possible, because if a person is given the opportunity to tell his story himself, then it is amazing how quickly he himself comes to a solution to his problem. Stereotypical attitude towards the client creates obstacles. You should not consider the client as belonging to a certain class, etc., as this distorts the image of him and leads to hasty conclusions: people are too complex, sensitive and prone to dynamics to make hasty conclusions about them.

Our task is to highlight the moments when this method interferes or helps in helping the client. Thus, a social worker who asks questions in a suspicious or accusatory manner, and in a disinterested or friendly tone, will create feelings of fear and mistrust in the client. The words here are less important than the tone and manner of the speaker. Asking too many questions can feel like an interrogation, and asking too few questions can prevent you from uncovering important points.

The skillful use of questions is something little explored in social work practice. It is very important because... It is not only a collection of information, but also one of the ways to begin the process of change. The reporter type of questioning can sometimes succeed if the opponent's arguments are deliberately put before the reporter in order to lead to change.

A good social worker has the following six qualities: sympathy or understanding - an attempt to see the world through the eyes of another person; respect, responding to the client's problem in such a way as to convey confidence that he himself can cope with it; specificity, clarity, so that the one who advises understands the problem as clearly as possible; knowing oneself and helping others to know themselves; sincerity, the ability to behave naturally in relationships with the client; immediacy, dealing with exactly what is happening at the present moment of the meeting.

A particular challenge for new social workers is the ability to determine what communication difficulties they may encounter and, accordingly, what skills need to continue to be practiced. Based on this, when working with clients, a social worker can be given the following recommendations: it is necessary to have knowledge and understanding of the obvious and secret reasons for human behavior; have interpersonal communication skills; skillfully ask questions; try to eliminate communication barriers that lead to misunderstanding.

Thus, having studied this section, it is clear that social workers must be able to listen, observe and respond. Acquiring the skills to visit clients, understand the specifics of their lives, the skills of asking questions, solving problems, planning actions - all this is far from easy. To become an experienced advisor (consultant), it is not enough to be caring and understanding; you also need to skillfully apply numerous techniques and methods of work in practice.

Evaluative analysis. An important feature of working with individual clients, particularly older people, is evaluative analysis. Appreciative analysis is an ongoing process that aims to understand people in relation to their environment: it is the basis for planning what needs to be done to maintain, improve or change the condition of a person or his environment. The skill of conducting an assessment analysis and obtaining results depends on the administrative talent of the social worker in conjunction with the skills of human relations. For such work, you need a person who can organize, systematize and analyze the information received, while he must have a keen sense of the situation and be able to understand the uniqueness of each specific situation. Basic data such as facts are very important, but the thoughts, feelings and intuition of the social worker are equally important.

Traditionally, evaluative analysis in social work tends to follow the path leading to sources (resources), rather than the path of needs. Let's consider models that separate goals and means. Good practice results from broad, comprehensive assessments rather than narrow ones that focus only on social services. This broader approach allows us to see the shortcomings of the service system and possibly eliminate them. Of course, this type of analysis in relation to older people can lead to improvements in services: clients will be able to live independently longer, and the quality of life for them and those caring for them will improve. An illustration of this may be the following example: a group of old people who neglected food because they had no appetite or could not cook for themselves, or forgot to eat, began to gather together in a relief home in their place of residence, where they were given lunches, and this service was created especially for them.

Appraisal analysis is the process of selecting, organizing, categorizing, and synthesizing data. It is possible as a result of systematic and careful consideration of the client's needs, and not simply the provision of possible services. The methods used may be: questions, self-assessment, role play, screening tests, sketches, diaries, etc.

Evaluative analysis involves the possibility of error or bias on the part of the social worker. To avoid this, cross-check the data.

Based on this, we can recommend: developing self-control when considering the data received; be able to stand up to those of higher status or power and oppose their opinions if necessary; consider all assessments as working hypotheses, which should be filled with content as information and knowledge become available.

Interdisciplinary assessment analyses. The main purpose of serving people is to create person-oriented mobile structures, while the social worker organizes the provision of services by independent, voluntary and government organizations, he is also responsible for cooperation with medical institutions and agencies of various types. In this regard, the manager (the one who manages the work with a specific client) organizes and coordinates the interdisciplinary assessment analysis. In the case of assessing the health of older people, this may take place at home, in a day center or in a hospital.

Maintaining records. The main purpose of maintaining records is to improve the quality of services. One of the challenges for new social workers is determining what relevant information they need to focus on. Inexperience leads to long reports that contain a lot of unnecessary information and lack quality information.

At a minimum, records should contain: the essence of the problem or situation; available and necessary sources and resources; short-, medium-, and long-term goals; action plan and client's point of view.

Systematic records are maintained in four separate sections: assessment document, monitoring card, periodic record forms, and expense information.

Periodic record forms, used every three months to review the progress of care, are considered most valuable during times of crisis or change. These include details regarding the problems themselves and the changes achieved, changes to be made, activities of the social worker, other services, practical services and resources required but not available.

The fourth document is the cost information. This is a record of how much money the social worker has spent on aides, in-home assistance, meals on wheels, day care, and institutional care. This information was divided into thirty weekly blocks of entries. Each page covered the cost of holding each client for each quarter of each year.

Thus, social workers must be able to anticipate the new needs of those who will need their help in changing socio-economic conditions, and must be flexible in finding ways to optimally meet such needs. Research is urgently needed to determine the nature and extent of needs, to ensure programs are effective and cost-effective without sacrificing quality, and to stimulate new types of services.

2.4 Medicalsocialrehabilitationelderlyof people

In social work with older people, various forms and methods are used. This includes social services at home, urgent social assistance, targeted social protection, and so on. This system operates various institutions, in particular social service centers, day care units, inpatient facilities and special residential buildings for the elderly.

Medical and social rehabilitation is especially important for the elderly.

It is generally accepted that wheelchairs, walking sticks, and coughing are attributes of old age, that aging and illness are one and the same thing. Numerous studies in the US have shown, however, that this is not the case. And old people can be active and cheerful.

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Among modern technologies of social work with older people, self-help and mutual assistance can be distinguished.

Practice shows that self-help and mutual aid groups are small (5-7 people). They bring together people who live nearby and have periodic contacts. Such groups often arise spontaneously; more often they are organized by one of the most active among the future members, sometimes a social worker who provides them with everyday assistance. Thus, mutual aid group we will define it as a small, localized group, whose members have common problems (needs) that they jointly solve, satisfy, and help each other.

Self-help groups focus their attention on various areas of life. Some of them seek to awaken public interest in the problems of their members, trying to achieve a change in attitudes towards them in society. Families of disabled people often form groups to provide support for each other. For example, people with disabilities must have a real right to communicate. But not in all countries it is enshrined in legislation and is carried out with the help of so-called communication employees. Communication worker - this is a friend of approximately the same age as the disabled person who shares his interests. He should be able to give advice in any situation and help spend leisure time. This type of activity is carried out by employees in their free time and is paid by the municipality. In this case, mutual aid groups take on the solution to this problem.

Those areas of life where older people willingly create self-help groups can be roughly outlined as follows: crisis situation or grief; health status, disability, communication, self-realization, etc. Most groups operate in several directions. They can be therapeutic and educational, research, social. Such a group exists as long as its members control its resources and actively participate in the implementation of programs that rely on its strength.

Mutual help groups have a number of features that distinguish them from social services, as well as therapeutic groups operating on the basis of these services (for example, a group of pensioners working with a psychotherapist, social worker in a day care center) of a social organization.

A self-help group can arise on the basis of a social organization and in interaction with it. And then it acts as one of the informal groups, possessing all the qualities of the latter: spontaneity of occurrence, voluntary membership, freedom to leave the group, etc. Thus, self-help groups for older people are not a phenomenon that arises on its own, but only in interaction with social services (methods of interaction are another matter), in comparison with them, against their background. This provision is of fundamental methodological importance.

Social service to a certain extent determines the specifics of relationships and the density of contact within a mutual help group. The lack of communication experienced by clients of social services determines the specifics of the activities of self-help groups for older people, which are often called - communication groups.

Thus, the impact of social services on a self-help group is in different directions. Sometimes the group fits completely into the social service, superimposes on its formal structure as one of the forms of work, sometimes it functions on alternative principles.

In turn, self-help groups of older people influence the activities of official structures, stimulating or inhibiting their development. Under certain conditions, it is not social services that provide timely targeted support to those in need, but mutual aid groups, due to the fact that they have a more flexible structure, themselves are simpler and more accessible. These groups bring together those who help and those who are helped. They may develop more advanced technologies of assistance and influence on the social environment of older people. Sometimes, in the process of its development, a mutual aid group formalizes a program of its activities, adopts a charter, and registers as a public organization. This was the case with the Gray Panthers in the USA, and this was the case with the CIS Veterans. The latter organization grew (relatively recently) on the basis of a group that fought for the observance of the rights of older people in the former USSR, developed by international organizations and adopted in the CIS, but inaccessible to many due to a lack of information, not to mention the practice of treating law and order.

In the organization of mutual assistance, various functions of groups are realized. Their members: 1) receive recommendations on how to overcome emerging difficulties; 2) if necessary, receive financial assistance; 3) feel attention and support. This help has a special meaning because it comes from people who have experienced similar difficulties. The helper and the one being helped become equal, at least in that they face the same problems. By discovering that what they thought were exceptional circumstances also befall others, people no longer feel alone in coping with those circumstances.

The assistance provided by groups can take various forms, including the exchange of experiences between individuals, mutual criticism, general educational seminars - irregular or permanent, on a specific problem common to all group members. Some groups have their own hotlines, for example, some groups offer immediate assistance to widowed people immediately after the funeral.

The formation and development of mutual assistance among older people was directly or indirectly influenced by the following factors:

• the gradual withdrawal of the state from the social sphere, the relegation of its social functions to the regional level, which local authorities are not ready to fully accept, the curtailment of a number of social programs; social role the object of assistance allocated in these programs to older people;
• awareness by social work practitioners of the connection between mutual assistance and state support for the elderly, the influence of the former on the effectiveness of the state’s social policy as a whole;
• the presence in the practice of social work of aging problems, the solution of which is not possible with the help of the existing arsenal of social technologies;
• constant increase in costs for social therapy and rehabilitation with the same level of health status of the elderly;
• contradictory results of traditional methods of intervention: social work specialists may even interfere with the individual's independence with traditional methods of professional intervention;
• actual inequality among older people in the opportunities and quality of therapy.

The growing attention of older people to the problem of self-realization, due to the spread of ideas of social responsibility, has led to rejection of the situation when the available assistance resources do not reach those most in need.

Mutual aid is a voluntary interaction of older people who have common needs and problems, meeting from time to time to provide support, exchange information about activities and resources that may be useful in solving problems. These interactions usually involve social work professionals, as opposed to self-help, and these interactions typically take place on the premises of social services or community organizations.

An essential point in conceptual terms is the interest of social services in the self-help of the older generation. Reflection of the duty to promote mutual assistance in job responsibilities social work specialist, dividing the concepts of “self-help” and “mutual help” and filling the latter with new meaning means recognition of the mobilizing and therapeutic power of mutual help.

The participation of a social work specialist involves defining mutual assistance as preventing and changing a difficult life situation, as a way of solving the problems of people who find themselves in this situation. But then mutual assistance is work in the true meaning of the word. It turns out that participation in mutual assistance - it is the restoration or strengthening of connections necessary to maintain one's place in the busy society. Only the content and direction of this work changes: towards oneself through helping another in a certain space. An equally significant point in conceptual terms is that mutual assistance of older people is considered as an activity. As for the goals of this activity, according to the definition of mutual assistance, it is mutual support (Fig. 28.3).

Rice. 28.3.

The significance of different types of mutual assistance depends on many factors, including the specific situation. From the point of view of the peculiarities of the Russian context - a transitional society, a shortage of official assistance resources, instrumental support (material assistance, services) is important; from the point of view of maintaining the subjectivity of existence, and this is the main thing due to the chosen methodology of the concept, status and information support are important. Emotional support is a necessary condition for the acceptance and effectiveness of other types of social support. Communication is a leading activity in old age. It is also an essential characteristic of emotional support. Therefore, emotional support is ultimately the basis for mutual assistance among older people.

The content of mutual assistance is connected, on the one hand, with the general problems of older people, adaptation to a new status in a transformed society, and on the other hand, with a difficult life situation: grief, disability, etc. Moreover, the changes occurring in the lives of the elderly, as well as other people, are so great and constant that the interpretation of their mutual assistance as a homogeneous and constant value seems problematic. Nevertheless, an analysis of the “chronicles” kept by mutual aid participants and interviews with these participants make it possible to identify the role assigned to mutual aid by its participants.

The role of a social work specialist in such a group is intermediary. Whatever processes take place in the group, society is called upon to pay attention to both the individual and the group at the same time: helping the individual to express his thoughts and feelings in the group, and the group to listen to the individual and accept him as he is (Fig. 28.4). In addition, the social work specialist is called upon to ensure the group’s connection with the external environment.

Rice. 28.4.

Of course, a social work specialist plays many roles in a group, but mediation is the main one. At the same time, the specialist must know in what cases intervention is necessary, how to interact with “difficult” participants, and what methods contribute to the development of the group.

For example, in the process of formation and development of a mutual help group, when everyone helps each other to solve problems, three stages can be distinguished: preparatory, initial and action stages.

At the preparatory stage, an initiative committee is created. This could be two or three retired activists or one elderly person and one social work specialist interested in creating such a group. Each of them takes control of one of the areas of organizational work: searching for premises, organizing advertising, working with volunteers, etc. However, before taking any action towards creating a mutual aid group, a specialist is recommended to take several preliminary steps.

You should stop and think about whether the group is really needed, who needs it and why. What effect does the social service expect from the group? Is it possible to use other forms of help instead of a group?

It is recommended to think about possible difficulties and obstacles. Organizing a group will require a specialist to invest time, effort and money. Your life will be interrupted by people and phone calls. Working in a group may not appeal to family members of the social work professional. It is equally important to analyze the advantages of the group: in a group, a specialist can receive as much help as he has never had before; many new friends will appear who can truly understand the other and share his views; a group can bring satisfaction from the emergence of new interests and activities.

If a comparison of the potential problems and possible benefits provided by the group reveals a predominance of benefits, then you can take the next step: find a few like-minded people. Creating a group will require the use of many resources. It cannot be created alone, nor can it take on most of the work within the organization. If there are no people nearby who are motivated to create a group, then it is recommended to put your plans aside for a while.

This does not mean that the group will have to be forgotten forever. Disseminating information about self- and mutual assistance, organizing events for older activists, contacts with public organizations of veterans, and other specialists help identify potential participants in mutual assistance. If you don’t sit idly by, you will definitely find people nearby who are passionate about the idea of ​​mutual assistance.

When recruiting volunteers, it is important to adhere to the following principles:

• be confident in the necessity and significance of the group being created, its goals and values ​​of mutual assistance;
• use direct face-to-face communication, since most people volunteer because someone asked them to do so;
• be prepared to provide the necessary information to potential group members about the opportunities that may arise for them in connection with joining the group;
• ask without apologizing, using techniques like: “I’ve heard so much about your experience...”, “I have a unique opportunity...”;
• demonstrate interest in potential volunteers, even if the person does not initially respond to the call to volunteer. It makes sense to tell an interesting story about existing self-help groups. Another technique is to ask the person who answered “no” a question: “Could you advise who I can contact with an offer to join the group being formed?”;
• connect “recruits” with specific causes and people as quickly as possible; do everything possible to involve them in activities while interest and enthusiasm are high; special projects are a “hook” for involving people in the group;
• do not promise what cannot be provided; failure to keep a promise can have a serious impact on one's reputation.

Even if a specialist has one like-minded older activist, this is enough for the first time; if two or three is excellent. It is important to make it clear to volunteers that there is no group as such yet, but there are people who are ready to be together and create such a group.

Self-help groups can be large or small. Large - These are public organizations of older people, which sometimes small ones grow into after registering them with the Department of Justice. Legal registration of the group and the creation of a public organization gives the group maximum independence and a wide range of rights. At the same time, this imposes many responsibilities. Examples of the formation of a public organization from small group there is a lot of mutual assistance. So, in the 1990s. Four such organizations arose in the Samara region. Among them is the Samara regional public organization "Home Front Workers and Labor Veterans" - which has now acquired the status of a charitable organization, focusing on the development of leisure activities for older people. Another, the Samara regional society of war and labor veterans “Children to the Front”, among other things, initiated the opening of Russia’s first monument to children - underage workers of the Great Patriotic War period, participating in fundraising for it.

State registration allows an organization to become a legal entity, i.e. have their own property, acquire and exercise property and personal non-property rights, bear responsibility, be a plaintiff and defendant in court.

If a self-help group becomes a legal entity, it acquires formal attributes: a certificate of registration, a seal, a bank account. A legal entity is obliged to: register with statistical authorities, the tax inspectorate, and state extra-budgetary funds; submit reports to these organizations quarterly. Most self-help groups for older people exist without creating a legal entity. To get together and discuss issues of concern to group members over a cup of tea, no formal procedures are required. But in this case, the group will not have a name, property, and will not be able to receive grants or other types of support.

At the same time, the methods of existence of a group associated with the creation of an organization are difficult to combine with the psychological principles of the group’s work. Approval of the charter, keeping minutes, and the appearance of formal leaders may turn out to be too bureaucratic for the group. Formal membership, characteristic of a public organization, violates the anonymity of communication in which some participants are interested. In short, the legal form of existence of a group can be different and primarily depends on the scale of activity and financial development plans.

The group maintains the informal nature of its activities if it leads a relatively closed life, inconspicuous to outsiders, does not seek donations, does not apply for grants, and does not approach municipal and federal authorities. If she feels cramped in the apartment of one of the participants, or she is firmly on her feet financially, or has a desire to start writing applications for grants, or maintain contact with the media on her own behalf, then she probably has enough strength to organize it.

Cooperation between social service centers and public organizations of the older generation is expected to play an important role in the development of public forms of support for older people. Awareness of this direction as promising led a number of social service centers in the city to organize viewing competitions to better work with community organizations for older people. These shows are seen as a means of involving older people themselves, including those who are unable to leave their homes, in feasible active activities. The competitions provide for the opening of home communication clubs, the activities of which will be aimed at serving older people, primarily those who are unable to leave their homes, through the efforts of the elderly themselves - activists identified by social workers, house and street committees, as well as public organizations of pensioners. It is planned to include in the club the activists of communication clubs operating on the basis of the communication and health centers of the city's social service center, university students of the city studying at the faculties of social work.

The competition also involves the opening of a “Mutual Aid” club, whose activities will be aimed at providing the older generation with feasible work. On the other hand, pensioners will have the opportunity to receive free repair services for television and radio equipment, household appliances, etc. The winners of the competition, the most active pensioners, are awarded with memorable gifts from sponsorship funds, as well as funds allocated by regional social protection funds.

In some areas, meetings of house and street committees have proven successful, at which the social activity of pensioners is highly appreciated and the latter are awarded. In other words, there is a unity of action between social service centers and public organizations, the self-help movement of older people in their services, and the identification of retired activists.

Among other modern technologies of social work with older people is the creation interest clubs.

The main goal of senior citizens' clubs is to provide an opportunity to spend their free time profitably and pleasantly, to satisfy various cultural and educational needs, as well as to awaken new interests and facilitate the establishment of friendly contacts. These institutions must offer older people certain services, assistance, advice and organize their recreation and entertainment. For the most active people, they should be a place of useful and necessary environmental activity.

In general, the purpose of the clubs is to satisfy the various spiritual needs of older people. There are two main types of clubs for older people: clubs at the place of work, mainly at plants and factories, and also territorial, at the place of residence. The first ones are organized for pensioners - former employees of enterprises. These clubs bring together people who have known each other for a long time, which helps create a special atmosphere in the club and gives a feeling of continued connection with the enterprise, thereby reducing the stress caused by sudden retirement for some people.

The advantage of territorial clubs is the proximity to the place of residence of their members, which contributes to the more frequent presence of older people at club activities. Community clubs are often organized within local cultural centers, this expands the opportunities for friendly contacts and at the same time allows you to take part in interesting artistic events held in this cultural center. In addition, such clubs can be created in libraries, cafes, social service centers, and in rural areas also under management administrations. The effective implementation of the club’s social functions is influenced by many factors: premises equipment, work standards, composition of the club’s board of directors, etc.

The effectiveness of the club also depends on the implementation of the program. In addition, his work is influenced by the personality of the manager, his qualifications, attitude to business, and working methods. The activities of a seniors' club can be rich and varied. This also depends to a large extent on its members and especially on self-government.

A room intended for an old people's club serves its purpose best when it is located near the residence of its members. Research shows that the club comes primarily from older people living on nearby streets. It is clear that the club room should be on the ground floor. If stairs cannot be avoided, they should be comfortable, equipped with handrails, painted in light colors.

If the building in which the club has hired premises is surrounded by an area suitable for cultivation, then it can be used for the benefit of gardening enthusiasts who will put their abilities to use. In cities, in the area around the club, you can place benches and tables under awnings.

The well-being of club members is influenced by factors such as air temperature, drafts, and noise. It’s good when the club is warm, has good ventilation (but without drafts), and sound-absorbing walls make the room quiet and cozy.

In addition, the room should be well lit, and the walls should be painted in light and warm colors, which counteracts the feeling of cold and helps create a pleasant atmosphere.

Observations show that the majority of existing clubs use the same premises, holding classes at different times. And only a few clubs have several rooms: for “loud” and “quiet” classes, specialized workshops, etc. The equipment and decoration of the premises by those who use it also contribute to creating a good atmosphere in the club. The joint production of press stands, shelves, flowers, napkins, curtains makes the club premises a “second home,” as older people often call it.

The main furniture of the club consists of tables and chairs of normal height. The most common mistake in furnishing rooms intended for elderly people is the installation of low tables and soft chairs from which it is difficult to get up. The most suitable are semi-soft chairs with comfortable seats and backs, equipped with handrails. The club's equipment also includes cabinets for various materials, records, books, a projector, a player, board games; a rack for books, magazines, and a stand with daily newspapers is also required. In practice, it turns out that a desirable element of club equipment is a table on wheels, which facilitates the transportation of dishes and snacks from the kitchen to the clubhouse.

It is advisable to equip a small kitchen in the club, separated from other rooms, so that it can function during class hours. Restrooms must be located on the same floor as the clubhouse. The dressing room requires special attention; the hangers in it must be arranged freely in order to have convenient access to clothes; You should also allocate space for storing packages, bags, and purchases. If the room conditions allow, then a small room should be allocated in the club in which one could talk, listen to advice, and relax in silence. This room can be equipped with a couch, as well as a first aid kit.

Depending on the needs, the implemented forms of work and the capabilities of the premises, it is recommended to organize specialized workshops equipped with appropriate equipment, instruments, tools. Some consider it necessary to equip the club with a bathroom. Since the living conditions of today's elderly people are generally far from comfortable (many elderly people live in housing developments that lack amenities), the club must facilitate and ensure that the elderly meet basic hygienic needs. You can even install washing machines.

Taking into account the needs of club members, which must be previously studied, jobs are created for club members and its employees. To more fully meet the needs of pensioners, it is necessary to establish close cooperation with various institutions in the microdistrict where the club is located. For example, you can reserve a place at the nearest laundromat or set a time for club members to go to the hairdresser. Thus, even with only one room and a small staff, you can work very efficiently.

It is generally accepted that clubs should be accessible only to members and the number of persons in a club should be limited. It is not recommended to organize very large clubs, as this complicates the organization of their work and disrupts the atmosphere of intimacy and comfort. Practice shows that the optimal number of club members is 100-150 people. Typically, 25% of club members do not attend individual meetings. Participation in classes varies, depending on the content and forms of club work. Some public classes, for example lectures, simple manual work, should be carried out in groups of no more than 30 people, other classes require fewer people, for example learning a new type of needlework, learning a foreign language, classes in an art studio, etc.

From the above it follows that the size of the groups depends on the nature of the activities, and their number depends on the total number of club members. It must be remembered that the correctly selected size of the group determines the effectiveness of the classes.

When creating a club, it is recommended to include among its organizers older people (potential club members) working in local pensioners' organizations. Their names can be provided by local housing authorities. The next category of activists can be found by giving information about the creation of a club in the local press, radio and television programs, or by sending out notices by mail, and finally, the names of another category of people can be found out by collaborating with local social protection and health services, the Red Cross and other organizations.

As already mentioned, when creating a club, it is recommended to adhere to the principle of permanent membership. In addition, a lower age limit is established that corresponds to the moment of retirement. Membership cards are also being introduced. The literature on this issue notes the need to pay membership fees for participation in the club. The obligation to pay monthly fees, although minimal, eliminates the feeling that a person is participating in some kind of charitable organization, awakens among club members interest and shared responsibility for the money collected, and expands the scope of decision-making in the entire area of ​​rational management of the club budget.

In addition to the mentioned membership cards, some clubs have club badges. A competition is announced among club members for the design of the club badge. Wearing badges is one of the unifying moments that contributes to increased integration and identification with the club community. Another important event in the history of the club, which also contributes to the process of unity, is the naming of the club. The custom of naming clubs is as old as the institution of clubs. The names of some elite clubs even went down in history. Clubs aimed at older people also have names that make them stand out from others. Usually they reflect the principle of unification, speak about the main interests of the club members, are attached to the traditions of the area, or are humorous and cheerful, for example, the “Take a Minute” club.

The frequency of meetings in clubs varies. The most numerous clubs are those in which their members meet once a week, but frequent, daily meetings are more desirable. There are also clubs whose members meet once a month. The frequency of meetings and their duration depend on the wishes of club members and the availability of premises. It is good to make a decision on this issue already in the first phase of organizing the club and consistently adhere to it. Frequent changes in established rules, unplanned activities of other tenants of the premises, sudden changes in the club's opening hours create an atmosphere of uncertainty, awaken feelings of resentment and inferiority, pushing people away from participating in club activities.

Many club leaders, reporting on the satisfactory activities of the clubs they led, argued that their success was ensured by the “first step,” the first organizational club meetings, for which they usually diligently prepared. In addition to cordial greetings to the arriving members, they spoke about the purpose of creating the club, set meeting dates, organized entertainment events, as well as refreshments for those gathered.

At the initial, organizational stage, interaction between management and club activists is necessary. As the structure of the organization strengthens, the self-government of its members should increase. The club's board, consisting of 6-7 members, must be elected by secret ballot. It is proposed to hold re-elections annually. Conducting public control over the functioning of the club facilitates the maintenance of documentation, which some clubs maintain in great detail. There you can find class diaries containing lists of members, work plans, minutes of meetings, reports of individual sections, club chronicles, financial records, descriptions of major events, photographic and artistic illustrations, newspaper clippings, correspondence, etc. Documentation, in addition to management, is carried out by individual members of the board, and sometimes by the editorial team, which is entrusted with maintaining chronicles, reports on individual forms of classes, writing articles for the press and collecting documents relating to the club.

Khoronyu working clubs try to establish links between the club and the local community through various forms of cooperation. An old people's club cannot be a place for old people to isolate themselves. He will fulfill his social task when he cooperates and creates the opportunity to establish contacts with other social groups, organizations and clubs. At the same time, an elderly people's club can become a center where various issues related to older people in a given society are resolved.

In the implementation of the functions of the club, an important role is played by the form of classes, appropriately planned and adapted to the needs of older people. Research and daily practice indicate a huge variety of forms and content of classes.

The most popular form of training is the organization of educational events in the form of messages, series of lectures, courses, classes within the framework of the people's university, relating to a wide variety of areas of knowledge, culture and practice. Meetings with interesting people are held, and collective and individual reading of books and magazines is also recommended.

As part of cultural and artistic activities, various interest groups are organized: art sections (for people interested in painting, sculpture, drawing), drama sections (for theater and puppet theater lovers), theater lovers' circles are organized (for visiting theaters, discussions, meetings with actors ), there are also vocal and musical circles, within which choirs and instrumental ensembles function, decorating meetings and ceremonial club events with their activities, as well as popularizing song traditions among club members. Special attention in senior citizens' clubs is paid to motor recreation. Particularly popular are bus excursions to interesting places, health excursions under the slogan “trips for health” with tireless entertainment. It is necessary to popularize hiking, picnics, etc. As part of motor recreation, which is so necessary for every person, and especially for old people, outdoor games and entertainment are organized; dancing, therapeutic and preventive gymnastics are popular.

Old people willingly participate in various forms of activities related to recreation and entertainment. These include playing board games, doing crossword puzzles, listening to the radio, watching television, reading magazines, books (usually illustrated), and friendly conversations. These forms of spending free time perform an important function in the lives of club members, because they unite individuals into a team of people who are benevolent and interested in each other, and counteract the feeling of emptiness and loneliness. The creation of a good climate is also facilitated by the organization of at least a minimal amount of public catering. Some clubs provide members with lunch, which is of particular importance for single people.

Every seniors' club includes some form of handicrafts and crafts. This can be modeling, carpentry, weaving, metal-plastic, cutting and sewing, knitting, embroidery, saddlery, photography, gardening, basket weaving, collecting herbs, etc. Activities in these areas are often accompanied by competitions, exhibitions of work (“Golden Hands”) or sales. Funds received from sales replenish the club budget. Members of the handicrafts section make many items for the club's needs, provide them to organizations and people they care for, and use these items as prizes in lotteries.

A senior citizen's club can also be a center for a wide range of collectors, providing instruction, sharing experiences, organizing exhibitions of collections, and stimulating interest in collecting.

The clubs have adopted the custom of organizing special events on the occasion of holidays and birthdays. In many clubs their members pay a lot of attention to organizing mutual assistance. For these purposes, a special social assistance section is being created, the task of which is primarily to identify the causes of the plight of individual club members. In addition, they are provided with financial assistance, guardianship is established for the sick and lonely, and consultations are organized in specialized institutions.

Within the clubs, specialists give advice to club members, for example, on housing issues (exchange of apartments, installation of special equipment to facilitate movement, conflict-free living together with other family members, neighbors, etc.). Elderly people also willingly accept advice from a doctor, lawyer, social care representative, or nurse. Mutual consultation is also developing between club members, since each of them, as a rule, is an expert in some field, for example, an experienced retired dressmaker gives advice on clothing style, etc. Some clubs compile lists of those willing to work professionally and mediate in hiring pensioners for work.

It is desirable that staff members in clubs for older people have appropriate qualifications, the ability to use methods of social and educational work, a known stock of knowledge from the field of psychology, pedagogy and sociology of the elderly, knowledge of certain issues in the field of disease prevention in old age, knowledge of social issues, concerning old people, as well as in the area of ​​morality. Some believe that such workers should be trained to teach classes in occupational therapy, exercise, games and recreation. It is advisable to be able to operate a player, tape recorder, film projection apparatus, i.e. there must be a generalist social work specialist.

Elderly clubs in the Penza region have proven themselves well. An example is the work of the "Rovesnik" club, which unites about 200 people aged from 55 to 85 years, who have at their disposal a cozy large kitchen and a "banquet" hall, their own hairdresser, massage room, library, two pianos, billiards and even... sports room equipped with exercise equipment. And all this farming does not stand idle. The club members are divided into sections based on interests and lead such an active lifestyle that young people, stooped by everyday worries, can only envy the energy of their parents. For example, the “Hostess” section organizes such festive feasts - it’s simply amazing. Here you can learn to cook dishes, some of which would be the envy of titled chefs working in expensive restaurants. And what about the constant gardening and gardening competitions? You should not think that, besides the club, its members have no other concerns. Just like all our pensioners, they work both at home and in their summer cottages. They work so hard that the young people just shake their heads again. And they also manage to share their experiences with each other, study and even invent new approaches to a seemingly simple dacha business. The result is amazing and unforgettable exhibitions with miracle fruits, giant record-breaking pumpkins and a friendly and competitive atmosphere.

The names of other sections speak for themselves: “Local history”, “Living room of muses” and many others. Regular visits by artists and musical ensembles are interspersed with concerts prepared in-house. People here know how to sing and play music and love them. We have our own poets and composers. There is even a club anthem. Lecturers are invited to discuss the most pressing and current topics. Excursions to historical places and museums of the city and region, just trips into nature. It is not surprising that children and grandchildren are sincerely jealous of the lives of club members. Although, however, for them the doors of “Peers” are always hospitably open. Children, or rather grandchildren, take an active part in almost all of the “Peers” events.

Everyone who works in the club does it on a voluntary basis. But unlike what is generally accepted in this regard, they do it with a now unfashionable enthusiasm and enthusiasm. The essence of this was best expressed by the head of the club, Fedor Mikhailovich Kulikov. A man with a wealth of life and administrative experience, today, as before his retirement, he resolves hundreds of large and small issues, frankly admitting: “I never knew that in retirement I would have such an integral life...” Currently in There are already about 100 such clubs in the Penza region; they are united into an association for older people.

Old age is a time for summing up, evaluating what has been done or not done throughout life. Older people want to mentally and emotionally return to past years and remember significant events in their biography. Appropriate work technologies, widely used abroad, have in recent years begun to be used in Russia as one of the promising areas for increasing the activity and mutual support of older people, a means of positive psycho-gymnastics.

“Theater (club) of memories” can be especially effective in working with older people who find themselves in a situation of isolation due to disability, long-term illness or loss of loved ones. In addition, it is useful for all older people to mentally return to the time when they were young, healthy, actively involved in social reality. Memories stimulate memory and independent thinking; support self-esteem and pride in life achievements; serve as an impetus for the emergence of new interests in life; help to better understand modernity through the connection of the past with the present; provide an opportunity to exchange experiences; promote communication; can be used in meetings with schoolchildren and students interested in history, which serves to strengthen relationships between young and old people.

Day care centers use old photographs, books, newspapers and magazines to evoke memories of the past.

Elderly people bring photographs, preserved from childhood or adolescence. You can also use published albums. Analyzing and examining them, the participants of the “Theater of Memories” talk about interesting events and people. Photos are easier to use if you project them onto a screen. Old photographs of historical places in the region are very interesting. Thanks to them, the assembled group can discuss the changes that have taken place.

Helps awaken memories and historical books. A passage is chosen, everyone gets a copy of it, and then they discuss what they read. This form of work is especially effective when working with veterans of the Great Patriotic War.

In old newspapers and magazines You can find references to local and national events, fashion, films and performances of a bygone era.

Causes a lot of emotions in older people old things. They can be brought from home or taken from a local museum to be discussed as a group.

Participants in the “Theater of Memories” meetings listen with excitement songs and other musical works 20s, 30s, 40s, even 70s of the last century, sing along to their favorite records.

If they have material and financial resources and are in good health, older people are happy to take part in excursions, which can also have a nostalgic overtones (to places of military or labor glory). Recently, organized visits to religious institutions and holy places have become popular.

The combination of social and physical activity, appropriate mental stress for the elderly and disabled is achieved using various technologies occupational therapy. Occupational therapy helps older adults create and enjoy productive, independent lives. Labor in this case means any activity or occupation, including productive, leisure, and everyday forms.

In its usual meaning for our country, occupational therapy is the instillation of professional skills in disabled people, their involvement in work in compliance with the recommended conditions and nature of work in order to achieve a certain therapeutic effect, positive changes, primarily in their mental state, and increased self-esteem. In most cases, this approach can no longer be applied to older people. Only a small proportion of representatives of older age cohorts show interest in productive work.

In relation to older people, occupational therapy involves the implementation of individually selected activities to restore social skills, communication capabilities, the ability to make decisions about organizing one’s life and spending leisure time; full assistance to active and independent life. In this context, occupational therapy can be considered as a tool for social rehabilitation, aimed at the fullest possible realization of rehabilitation potential, even in cases where it is very limited and does not relate to professional activity.

At an older age, it is very important that work brings joy and satisfaction, and that its results are visible. For older people, it is advisable to organize such activities as floriculture, creative work, and making objects using traditional arts and crafts technologies.

Practice shows that social rehabilitation in the form of occupational therapy has a positive effect, expressed in improved objective indicators of somatic and mental state, higher self-esteem, positive emotional tone, and a feeling of a full, equal life.

For the successful social adaptation of older people into society, universities of the “third age” are playing an increasingly active role among social work technologies.

In Russia, “third age” universities most often have the status of public initiatives. The first experience of a free school for adults in Russia dates back to 1855. Sunday schools were organized in Kyiv by a public figure, teacher, scientist N. I. Pirogov, who remained in the memory of the people mainly as a great surgeon. Regular attempts to create something similar began in Russia in the mid-19th century. and were, as a rule, charitable projects.

Universities of the “third age” pursue the following main goals:

• stimulating the life and social activity of older people;
• prevention of premature aging, prevention of loneliness;
• development of socially approved forms of activity, interests, needs.

The “third age” university model consists of organizing training for elderly clients by qualified specialists: psychologists, lawyers, music workers, social work specialists with additional education as a programmer, florist, applied artist, or some other artistic skills, knowledge of the basics theatrical production, etc. The university has faculties of computer science, legal literacy, psychological support, creative development, healthy lifestyle, etc.

A prerequisite for the existence of a university is the creation of its attributes, which give rise to the flavor and mood of youth, optimism, and knowledge. The integral attributes of the university are: logo, motto, anthem, corporate colors, university diploma.

Education at the university is structured in such a way that “students” receive knowledge at a specific faculty of their choice. If the “students” are interested in something else, then after completing their studies they have the opportunity to continue it at another faculty or acquire more in-depth knowledge, but in the form of elective individual classes in the evening.

Teachers keep a log of class attendance, issue each student with a study program, class schedule, “student memo,” etc. Students do not have grade books or student ID cards. The main criteria for the success of training for older people are the demonstrated interest in classes and the application of acquired knowledge, skills and abilities in life.

The results of social work with older people within the framework of the university’s activities include:

• several cases of employment as a result of acquiring the knowledge needed at a new place of work;
• developed computer skills, ability to use digital technology;
• ability to independently draw up claims and statements of claim;
• observed advances in physical and emotional state older people (eliminating communication deficits, more active lifestyle, improving well-being, mood, etc.).

As an example in Fig. Figure 28.5 shows the structure of the “third age” university in Moscow.

Rice. 28.5. Structure of the “third age” university

Among the new technologies of social work with older people, social tourism is becoming increasingly active.

Modern tourism is diverse. There are planned and amateur tourism. Planned tourism - these are tours and voucher trips organized by institutions that provide transport, accommodation, food, and excursion services. Amateur tourism provides tourists with more independence in choosing a route, organizing meals, accommodation, and excursions.

In addition, tourism can be classified according to various criteria as follows:

• by purpose (functions) - health, educational, sports;
• main occupation - hike, travel on a gangway-port;
• way of transportation - pedestrian, water, ski, using animals (for example, horses), railway, bus, automobile;
• seasonality - summer, winter, off-season;
• composition of tourists - youth, school, family;
• duration - weekend or holiday tourism;
• nature of the loads - passive, active.

All types of tourism have a beneficial effect on people. Sports tourism is very widespread.

Let's consider the functions of tourism from a social point of view.

The development of science and technology, the growth of labor productivity, the intensification of production processes, and the use of computer technologies are accompanied by an increase in the rhythm of life, an increase in the number of stressful situations, and a disruption of the ecological balance in nature, so restoration of the psychophysical resources of society and human working capacity, and the rational use of free time become an important task.

The main function of tourism from a social point of view is reproductive function aimed at restoring strength. Tourism is not limited to a passive form of restoring physical and mental strength, but uses forms through which you can change the nature of activity and environmental conditions, actively explore natural phenomena, traditions, establish new social contacts, friendships and business connections.

Tourism brings about a contrasting change from monotonous life, be it production associated with nervous tension and monotony of the environment, or the stay of a person with disabilities within the walls of his home, which lasts for years, or the life of a person of retirement age who finds himself outside of the usual social contacts and cannot get used to it. to the “emptiness” that many people experience upon retirement.

Tourism is always about movement. It provides a change of scenery, a change in the usual way of life. Clean air and active recreation promote physical health. Psychological relaxation sets in, since there are no irritating factors from the industrial and urban environment (noise, stressful work conditions, the hustle and bustle of city life, etc.).

Tourism has a positive effect on personal development. He has restorative function and carries great humanitarian potential. It is always very important for a person to see with his own eyes, hear, touch, try everything for himself.

No less important compensatory functions tourism, which provide the special needs of people with disabilities.

Nowadays, tourism is becoming more and more accessible to older people, people with health problems, and people with disabilities. Thanks to the development of medicine and pharmacy, technology, and the tourism industry, ways are emerging to maintain health and vital activity in an active form. Thus, by regularly taking medications, a person maintains an optimal level of impaired functions, and with the help of technical means and improved transport, he can comfortably move long distances. The development of social tourism, which is becoming a priority in the tourism industry, the development of tourism programs taking into account accessibility for people with special needs - all this creates equal opportunities to exercise the right to rest and to become familiar with cultural values. The Standard Rules, adopted by the UN in 1993, recommend that states, in cooperation with public organizations, provide equal opportunities for people with disabilities to realize their rights.

Elderly people and people with disabilities can increasingly be found on environmental expeditions, tours to different countries of the world, they climb to the tops of mountains, cross ice continents, travel in wheelchairs, cars, rafting down rivers, and take part in international congresses and conferences.

Tourism becomes a way of life modern man, including people with disabilities. At the same time, the importance of tourism is increasing as means of rehabilitation.

Rehabilitation potential is individual and depends on psychosocial attitudes, physical resources, as well as motivationally stable attitudes. A person’s need to master cultural values ​​is stimulated by a sense of pleasure, success in increasing vital activity, and the ability to manage one’s physical and emotional state.

The effectiveness of the rehabilitation process depends on the type of thinking. In difficult situations (illness, disability, any life problems), a person is characterized by a pathogenic type of thinking, which narrows consciousness and leads to stress, suffering, depression, and immersion in a negative environment. The multifactorial impact of tourism contributes to a switch in thinking to sanogenic (health) thinking, when the situation does not seem hopeless and a person finds a solution to his problems.

The preventive and rehabilitative role of tourism is very important when there is a crisis of adaptation, the number of psychosomatic diseases is growing, the number of people with disabilities is increasing, who, together with the elderly, are increasingly finding themselves in a marginal state.

Tourism has enormous potential for a positive impact not only on individuals, but on society as a whole. Of course, by developing the regulatory framework of the tourism industry and stimulating tourism activities, this potential can be fully realized for the benefit of people.

Social tourism (social tourism) - a purely economic category, a variety of any type of tourism, subsidized from funds allocated for social needs, in order to create conditions for travel for schoolchildren, youth, pensioners, disabled people, war and labor veterans and other citizens who are supported by the state, government and non-state funds, other charitable organizations and foundations provide social support to the least affluent part of the population, using their right to rest.

The main function of tourism from a social point of view is the reproductive function aimed at restoring strength. Tourism is not limited to a passive form of restoring physical and mental strength, but uses forms through which you can change the nature of activity and environmental conditions, actively explore natural phenomena, traditions, establish new social contacts, friendships and business connections.

Tourism promotes psychological rehabilitation and adaptation of older people and people with disabilities, and their integration into society. Practice shows that inclusion in society, self-confidence, activity in leisure activities, skills and abilities of the active process of integration into society of people with disabilities are actively implemented in the process of social tourism.

The “Social Tourism” program includes the following types of tourism: tourism for the purpose of studying culture, tourism for recreation, sports, health-improving, environmental, adventure, political. These types of tourism are actively used by specialists of the social service center for the sociocultural rehabilitation of the elderly and disabled.

Tourism for the purpose of studying culture - visiting historical, cultural or geographical attractions, places of special religious significance. Each such trip is not only a walk and relaxation, but also an opportunity to learn more about our history, about our country, city. Participation in trips and excursions brings variety to the lives of people with disabilities and the elderly, filling it with special content. Tourism, focused on cultural knowledge, is divided into educational and pilgrimage.

Tourism for leisure purposes consists of a short-term (one-day) rest for physical or psychological recovery of the body. These include fishing trips, mushroom picking, fishing and mushroom picking competitions. For people with disabilities, this is a way to merge with nature, an opportunity for comfortable and affordable recreation. This type of tourism helps to improve mood, vitality, and expand your social circle.

Medical and health tourism is caused by the need for the treatment of various kinds of diseases, rehabilitation after injuries, accidents, operations and improvement of the body in order to maintain youth, beauty and health, relieve stress and fatigue. It provides assistance to young people with disabilities in recreational activities in Slovenia and Israel, and to war and labor veterans in Bulgaria.

Sports tourism - This is physical recreation, motor-active recreation and entertainment using physical exercises, outdoor games, various types sports, as well as the natural forces of nature, as a result of which pleasure is obtained and good health and mood are achieved, mental and physical performance is restored. Sports tourism at the social service center is a technology for the rehabilitation of elderly people and people with disabilities by means of physical education and sports.

Ecological tourism - familiarizing tourists with natural values ​​and environmental education. It includes visits to ecologically clean natural areas (reserves, wildlife sanctuaries, botanical gardens, national parks). The ecotourism program includes naturalistic educational and historical-ethnocultural excursions, lecture material, quizzes, videos, photo exhibitions, folklore holidays on ecology, master classes using natural materials, development of an “ecological trail” project.

Adventure tourism - This is a method of adaptive physical culture of the Adventure club of Dmitry and Matvey Shparo. "Great Adventure" provides an opportunity to open up for young people with disabilities new world, overcome serious hiking difficulties, feel confident in your abilities, gain independence, responsibility, a tendency to cooperate, the ability to make decisions, be charged with optimism, a desire to improve your life, learn to travel. It provides assistance to young people with disabilities in this type of tourism.

Political tourism associated with political events and activities, participation in congresses and forums. Young disabled people, including wheelchair users, participate in youth political events ("Watch of Memory - Relay of Generations", Youth Day, rallies of the United Russia party, the First Moscow Congress of public organizations working with young disabled people).

The Social Tourism program provides an opportunity for affordable, interesting, active recreation for older people. This is an excellent method of expanding communication space, affirming their active life position, and developing spiritual, physical, intellectual and social potential.

It is important to consider that if a person in a wheelchair goes on a trip, he must be sure that he will not experience discomfort. It is advisable to organize personal assistance at some points, i.e. assistance that is required specifically for this person, and not in general for everyone who moves in a wheelchair. The nature of assistance depends on available physical resources, needs, habits and much more. A wheelchair user embarking on a journey may not be aware of all the challenges and barriers they will encounter. Therefore, it is advisable to provide personal assistance in such situations from group members, a specially designated person or a volunteer.

To effectively use tourism as a rehabilitation tool for people with special needs, the following rules and conditions must be observed:

• 1. The type of tourism is selected depending on the impaired functions and in accordance with the individual rehabilitation program; it is also necessary to take into account personal interest, desire, financial capabilities, place of residence (city or rural area), and expected rehabilitation results.
• 2. Tourism must be safe for tourists and the environment.
• 3. Tourist activities necessarily include sightseeing.
• 4. The tourist must have some physical training, a willingness to overcome psychological difficulties and weather conditions.
• 5. Tourism should remove inhibitions and bring pleasure.
• 6. Forms of tourism should correspond to individuality. Methodological training is very important, depending on the degree of dysfunction.
• 7. In tourism, physical activity and conditions must be adequate to the state of health.

It is necessary to note the complex influence of tourism on the individual and the rehabilitation process, which determines its success and effectiveness. Inclusion in society, self-confidence, activity in leisure time, mental pushing of boundaries, skills and ability to actively build one’s life, adequate behavior - these are the criteria for the successful process of integration into society of people with disabilities.

Information and communication technologies for communicating with older people in real time are beginning to develop. This technology is successfully used in the South-Eastern Administrative District of Moscow.

On the territory of the Southern Eastern Federal District, on the initiative of the district Department of Social Protection of the Population, an online admission system is actively developing through the Skure software package. The introduction of an online reception system significantly expands the possibilities of social services for clients, primarily elderly people living alone and people with disabilities.

At the initiative of the District Department of Social Protection of the Population, “Public Access Points” have been opened for online reception in the integrated social service centers “Yuzhnoportovy”, “Vykhino” and “Zhulebino”. More than 100 webcams have been installed for socially vulnerable categories of the population. Currently, work is underway to install the Skure software package in 217 apartments for disabled people, veterans and the elderly.

A scheme has been developed for the interaction of executive authorities and local self-government with the population through the “5kure” program. Training in managing the Skure software package for veterans and disabled people is provided by employees of social service centers.

The district administration has developed a program “Information and communication communication in real time” with a development perspective for 2010-2012. This program is an innovative form of social services for the population (pensioners, disabled people and other categories of people in difficult life situations).

Main goals of the program:

• improving the level and quality of life of clients;
• increasing the accessibility and efficiency of providing social services;
• providing conditions for effectively solving social protection problems through the creation and development of an information technology system.

Main objectives of the program:

• providing qualified advisory assistance to clients;
• minimizing access time to socially significant institutions;
• organizing communication between social protection system specialists and clients in real time.

Expected results of the program:

• reducing social isolation of citizens;
• expanding the circle of communication and information space;
• obtaining complete statistics on the client’s interaction with the website of the social protection institution;
• large-scale use of specialists from socially significant institutions of the capital in their activities;
• increasing the social and innovative activity of government institutions.

Program development:

• 1. As part of the program, computer literacy training will be continued for disabled people and veterans of the Great Patriotic War on the basis of the district educational center, district libraries, and at home.
• 2. District governments of the South-Eastern Administrative District will continue to provide used computer equipment to disabled people and veterans of the district free of charge.
• 3. It is planned to organize work on compiling an Internet directory of electronic addresses of users of Internet resources.
• 4. On the basis of social service centers for the population of the Southern Eastern Regional District of Moscow, interest clubs will operate online.

GU CCSO "Zhulebino" has become a launching pad for the realization of the rights of citizens and organizations to access information based on the effective use of information and communication technologies in real time. In November 2009, a webcam was installed in the Zhulebino complex center in the department of social rehabilitation of disabled people.

Using free Skype software, the center's specialists have the opportunity not only to conduct individual consultations, exchange information with clients, but also conduct web conferences.

Web conferencing allows you to communicate directly with your interlocutor. In this case, not only audio information is transmitted, but also gestures and facial expressions. For people with limited mobility, it is now possible to provide information and advice via a webcam. Clients of the department of social rehabilitation of disabled people take an active part in web conferences with representatives of executive authorities.

Supporting the health and active longevity of the older generation is now unthinkable without their physical rehabilitation and social adaptation through the means of physical culture and sports.

If you don't want to grow old, train your adaptation reserves. By managing personal health resources, you can significantly delay or accelerate the aging process. The essence of the “Active Longevity” method is to model and optimize a person’s lifestyle depending on the goals that he is trying to achieve. Special meaning This method is gaining popularity due to the rising costs of diagnosing and treating diseases around the world. Therefore, it is very useful to be able to assess a person’s condition and improve his physical and mental performance only with the help of his own reserves, by changing his lifestyle. The lifestyle of a person who controls the aging process is regular special training.

In the system of social protection measures for older people and people with disabilities, its active forms are becoming increasingly important, the most effective of which is rehabilitation and social adaptation through physical culture and sports. It has been scientifically substantiated and proven that physical rehabilitation is not only an integral part of social, everyday, professional, socio-cultural, medical, psychological rehabilitation, but also lies at their basis.

Seven years ago, the Fili-Davydkovo Social Service Center (Moscow) began a movement to promote active recreation and tourism among pensioners and the disabled. Today, the center already has some experience in various types of tourism that older people can engage in. Tourism is a unique means of recreation and rehabilitation for older people. One of the technologies for social adaptation of pensioners and disabled people is adaptive physical education, which can be conditionally defined as sports tourism.

Sports tourism - This is physical recreation, i.e. motor-active recreation and entertainment using physical exercises, outdoor games, various sports, as well as natural forces of nature, as a result of which pleasure is obtained and good health and mood are achieved, mental and physical performance is restored.

All types of adaptive physical culture are used in the work:

• adaptive physical education, intended for the formation of the basic principles of physical education;
• adaptive motor recreation, designed for organizing healthy leisure, active recreation, games, communication;
• adaptive sport, aimed at improving and realizing physical, mental, emotional and volitional abilities;
• adaptive motor rehabilitation, aimed at using natural remedies and methods that stimulate rapid recovery of the body.

The main task is to develop in students a conscious attitude towards their strengths, strong confidence in them, overcoming the necessary physical activity, as well as the need for systematic physical exercise and, in general, a healthy lifestyle.

Let's consider the forms of implementation of adaptive physical recreation (APR).

1. "Schools for a healthy lifestyle." These are schools of mental health, life safety, cardiology, gastroenterology, and osteoporosis.

Clients have the opportunity to obtain the necessary information in areas of interest from the best specialists. Each of them develops and delivers lectures according to the approved plan. Students not only receive information that interests them, but also have the opportunity to use their knowledge in everyday life. The basic components of the “schools” are to increase motivation for physical activity and a healthy lifestyle.

2. General development studios: “Oriental dances” and “Movement for joy”. The mental life of a person is most directly connected with the body, with movements. Dance movement therapy combines work with the body, movements and emotions. Dance is one of the ways of life, communication, harmonization of a person, expansion and enrichment of his creative world, self-actualization, and integration. The groups include elderly people with various diseases and young disabled people with hearing impairment, vision impairment, damage to the musculoskeletal system, and mental illness.

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Diploma (thesis) on the topic: Social work with older people. The role of the central social service center in social services

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INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………….………3

I. ESSENCE AND CONTENT OF SOCIAL WORK

WITH ELDERLY CITIZENS…………………………...8

1.1. The concept of social work with older citizens…………..8

1.2. Modern social problems of citizens

elderly………………………………………………………...22

2. THE ROLE OF KSSO (COMPRETE SOCIAL SERVICE CENTER) IN IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF MODERN ELDERLY PEOPLE……………………………………………………...41

2.1. Traditional technologies in working with older citizens in the Russian Federation……41

2.2. Innovative technologies of social work with citizens using the example of the Khoroshevsky CCSO………………… …………………..…...54

CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………….....68

REFERENCES……………………………………………………...71

APPENDIX………………………………………………………………………………….77

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…………..……………..

INTRODUCTION




Elderly people need increased attention from society and the state, and represent a specific object of social work. The importance of everyday attention to solving social problems of this category of citizens is also increasing due to the increase in the proportion of older people in the structure of the Russian population. Thus, in 2008, out of 142 million 754 thousand people, there were 29 million 109 thousand people over working age, which amounted to 23.03% of the total population. According to various demographic studies, the trend towards an increase in the proportion of older people in the total population continues. In this regard, it becomes obvious that the problem of social work with older people today is of national importance. Social work with older people in Russia is becoming a specific form of state social protection with the aim of ensuring a decent old age.

Problems of social work with older people are currently the focus of many social institutions, social and research programs aimed at ensuring an acceptable standard of living for older people.

The experience of social service centers clearly demonstrates the extreme importance and necessity of the work that these social services carry out. A promising area of ​​activity for social service centers is to expand the range of social services and introduce innovative technologies for social work with older citizens.

Business cooperation with specialized scientific institutions and laboratories, as well as with educational institutions that train social workers and social work specialists, opens up new opportunities for improving the work of the CSO. The coordinating university for scientific and methodological training was the Russian State Social University, on the basis of which an educational and methodological association (UMA) of universities of the Russian Federation in the field of social work was created.

Scientific works devoted to the study of the specific problems of social work with older people are reflected in the works of S.A. Belicheva, S.I. Grigorieva, V.I. Zhukova, I.G. Zainysheva, I.A. Zimnyaya, E.Sh. Kamaldinova, V.M. Kapitsina, V.V. Kolkova, L.I. Kononova, A.I. Lyashenko, V.P. Moshnyagi, V.A. Nikitina, G.I. Osadchey, P.D. Pavlenka, A.M. Panova, L.V. Topchego, M.V. Firsova, E.I. Kholostovoy and others.

Theoretical and practical aspects of training professional personnel in the social sphere with older people are presented in the works of V.G. Bocharova, G.V. Mukhametzyanova, P.D. Pavlenka, A.M. Panova, T.M. Tregubova, L.V. Topchego, Kholostovoy, N.B. Shmeleva, R.S. Yatsemirskaya.

In the works of A.I. Arnoldov, N.F. Basov, S.A. Belicheva, V.G. Bocharova, L.G. Guslyakova, I.A. Lipsky, V.Sh. Maslennikova, G.V. Mukhametzyanova, V.A. Nikitin, T.M. Tregubova, V.A. Fokina, I.V. Fokina, E.I. Kholostovoy, B.Yu. Shapiro, T.F. Yarkina presents methodological, methodological, applied aspects of social work with older people in Russia and abroad. They focus on understanding its realities and prospects with this category of the population and pedagogical problems that arise when working with older people.

An analysis of the literature on the research topic showed that social work with older people is in the general attention of both legislators and social services. At the same time, in the theory and practice of social work, more attention is paid to traditional technologies in working with older citizens than to innovative ones. A change in the social status of a person in old age, caused, first of all, by the cessation or restriction of work activity, changes in value guidelines, the very way of life and communication, the emergence of difficulties in social, everyday, psychological adaptation to new conditions, requires the need to develop special approaches, forms, methods and technologies in social work with older people.

The object of study of this thesis is modern social problems of older citizens.

The subject of the study is the role of the social service center in improving the quality of life of older citizens.

The purpose of the diploma research is to study the role of the social service center in solving modern social problems of older citizens.

Hypothesis. The solution to modern social problems of elderly citizens will be carried out more effectively when the CCSO uses innovative technologies of social work.

Main objectives of the study:

1) consider the concept, essence and content of social work with older citizens;

2) analyze modern social problems of older citizens;

3) describe the experience of using traditional technologies in working with older citizens using the example of the CCSO;

4) find out the importance of using innovative technologies

in working with older citizens using the example of the CCSO.

To solve the problems and test the hypothesis of the thesis, a set of methods was used:

Theoretical: literature analysis, systematization, generalization;

Empirical: questionnaire survey, descriptive qualitative-quantitative analysis.

The study was conducted on the basis of the State Institution KCSO “Khoroshevsky” of the Northern Administrative District of Moscow. For the study, 40 elderly people were selected who periodically visit the day care department of the Center, of which 15 were men and 25 were women. The age limits of the sample are 60-69 years.

The novelty of the study lies in the insufficient elaboration of the use of innovative social work technologies on the problem of overcoming modern social problems of older people. This study can be used both in theoretical developments on the problem under study, and in practical application in the work of central social services in order to improve the quality of life of older people.

Provisions for defense:

1. Identification of modern social problems of elderly citizens, taking into account their differentiation, allows us to select the most effective technologies of social work.

2. Improving the quality of life of older people requires an integrated approach to solving the main problems inherent in old age, which include poverty, deteriorating health, lack of competitiveness in the labor market, increasing lack of demand in the family and society, a sharp decrease in social activity, and loneliness.

3. The use of innovative technologies contributes to the achievement of practical results on such priorities as respecting the rights and ensuring safe conditions for older people, as well as improving the quality of life and maintaining independence in old age through the provision of social services.




……………………………………………….

I. ESSENCE AND CONTENT OF SOCIAL WORK WITH ELDERLY CITIZENS




1.1. The concept of social work with older citizens




Over the course of many centuries, a specific mechanism for supporting the elderly population has been formed in Russia. The emergence of social work with older people as a specific institution of society is associated with the transition of private charity into an organized system of state social policy.

Currently, social work with older people is based not only on the ideology of providing benefits and privileges, but also on humanistic, democratic ideas about the free personality of an elderly person who has his own rights, which are enshrined in regulatory documents.

This paragraph presents a brief historiogenesis of social work with older people in Russia; reveals the concept, goals, content of social work with older people at the present stage of development Russian society.

The specific mechanism for supporting the elderly population for many centuries in Russia was determined on the basis of such indicators as the state of the level of economic development of society, multicultural habitat, social differentiation, various types of social structure, etc.

The system of social protection of older people in Russia developed gradually on the basis of private charity and a system of state charity. In the public consciousness of the Russian people, ideas about social differentiation and faith in means of “protection” developed at the everyday level. The Russian mentality is characterized by belief in populism, Slavophilism, Westernism, and communism. Charity in Russia as a social phenomenon is the result of a compassionate attitude towards one's neighbor.

L.V. Badey distinguishes five periods in the history of the development of charity in Russia.

The first period (from the 9th to the 18th centuries) includes the path from “love of poverty” to the first attempts by the state to intervene in the organization of care for the poor and disadvantaged, especially the elderly.

The second period is from the 60s of the 18th century to the reform of 1861, when the foundations of state and public charity were laid as forms of state assistance for shelter and food.

The third period - the 60s of the 19th century until 1917 - there was a liberalization of social policy, the transfer of its functions to the bodies of zemstvo self-government and the development of Russian philanthropy.

The fourth period is from 1917 to 1990, or the Soviet period, in which private and public charity was reduced to a state form of social security.

The fifth period, from the beginning of the 1990s to the present, is characterized as the formation of a social work system that meets the standards of civil social society.

It should be noted that the network of various kinds of state social institutions especially expanded under Peter I. In 1718, in Moscow alone there were more than 90 almshouses of various profiles, which housed about 4 thousand people.

Under Catherine II, the system of state charity was further developed. “Orders” or institutions were created that were entrusted with the “care and supervision” of public schools, orphanages, hospitals and hospitals, almshouses “for the poor, crippled and elderly,” “a special home for the terminally ill,” “workhouses for both sexes,” and etc.

In general, the 18th and first half of the 19th centuries were the time of the formation of the state system of social charity, which operated under the leadership of special administrative and managerial bodies. It consisted primarily of closed-type charitable institutions.

In the second half of the 19th century, reform of the entire system of social assistance to needy elderly citizens began, which was expressed in the decentralization of the management of the social sphere.

At the end of the 19th century, more than 5 thousand charitable institutions were under the jurisdiction of zemstvo and city self-government bodies on the territory of zemstvo provinces. The charitable movement grew actively. As historical statistics show, during the year 1898 alone, charitable societies and institutions provided some form of assistance to 7 million people and satisfied 20 million one-time requests from those in need. Over 460 thousand people permanently lived in almshouses and other charitable institutions.

In the middle of the 19th century, new approaches were outlined in the development of Russian charity, the main ones being decentralization and individualization in providing assistance to the elderly population.

In the 20th century, the role of non-governmental organizations in charity increased again. However, its volume and scale are not commensurate with the contribution of the Russian nobility, merchants and the nascent bourgeoisie to charity and trusteeship.

A brief historiogenesis of social work with older people allows us to conclude that this activity, first of all, was aimed at providing material assistance to the elderly, first at the level of philanthropy, and then became a system of public education.

Social work with older people is currently based not only on the ideology of providing benefits and privileges, but also on humanistic, democratic ideas about the free personality of an elderly person who has a number of rights (economic, social, cultural). Elderly people in the Russian Federation have all the socio-economic and personal rights and freedoms enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

In the Russian Federation, the age limits for old age for men are 60-74 years, for women - 55-74 years

The social service system in modern Russia is built and regulated in accordance with legal norms and provisions of Federal Laws: Federal Law dated August 2, 1995 No. 122-FZ “On Social Services for Elderly Citizens and Disabled Persons” (last edition dated August 22, 2004 ), Federal Law of December 10, 1995 No. 195-FZ “On the Basics of Social Services for the Population in the Russian Federation”, Federal Law of July 17, 1999 No. 178-FZ “On State Social Assistance” (last amended on November 25, 2006 G.).

Favorable opportunities for actually providing elderly citizens with high-quality social services were created by the approval in 1997 by the Government of the Russian Federation of the target program “Older Generation”, one of the most effective social programs, characterized by an innovative approach, comprehensiveness, and sustainable financing. The program was extended for 2002-2004. and new tasks have been set for this period.

The main goal of the program was to create conditions for improving the quality of life of older citizens through the development of a network of social service institutions and improvement of their activities, ensuring the availability of medical care, educational, cultural, leisure and other services, promoting the active participation of older people in society.

The “Older Generation” target program has become an effective model of intersectoral cooperation, combining the efforts of a number of ministries and departments to strengthen, first of all, the material and technical base of social service institutions for elderly citizens and the disabled. Measures were taken everywhere to overhaul, reconstruct, disaggregate, technically re-equip facilities for the elderly, and equip them with means to facilitate care for the elderly.

During the implementation of the program, emphasis was placed on the need for a systematic solution to the problems of developing social services for older people, the application of uniform principles of network management and the consistent introduction of new organizational and legal forms of institutions, ensuring the accessibility of social services through mobile social services, the availability of specialists with a high status in all main indicators.

Taking into account the norms and requirements of the main international documents, ideas were actively developed about the need to perceive the older generation not only as recipients of assistance, but also as subjects capable of being active and participating in the social life of society. Currently, the Federal Target Program “Older Generation” continues to be implemented, which is designed for the period until 2010.

By Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of December 2, 1998, Russia joined the International Year of Older People.

An important event in terms of attention to the problems of older people is the fact that 1999 was declared the International Year of Older Persons. The UN documents concerning the conceptual and operational framework for holding the Year state that each state is free to choose a strategy for its implementation.

In 2002, the Second World Conference on Aging in Madrid adopted the International Plan of Action on Aging, in which Member States committed to action in three priority areas: older people and development, promoting health and well-being in old age; ensuring existence in a favorable sustainable environment.

In his annual Address to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, V.V. Putin, as President of Russia in 2006, identified the main problem of the country as the problem of demography, calling it the most pressing problem of modern Russia.

At an extended meeting of the State Council in February 2008, when the issue of the Development Strategy until 2020 was considered, Russian President Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin set the task of reducing the mortality rate in the Russian Federation by more than 1.5 times and increasing life expectancy by 2020 until 75 years old. The average life expectancy in the Russian Federation is 66 years, of which 60 years for men and 73 years for women. While in economically developed countries the gap in life expectancy between men and women is approximately 6-8 years, and in Russia it is 13 years.

The current President of Russia D.A. Medvedev has repeatedly drawn attention to the problems of older citizens from the State Duma and the Russian public.

Taking into account the tasks set by the President of the Russian Federation, the State Duma has begun active work aimed at overall income growth in the country and improving the pension system. Important socially oriented federal laws have been adopted aimed at creating conditions for a qualitative increase in citizens’ labor pensions by stimulating their pension savings, including through co-financing from the federal budget, the National Welfare Fund, and additional insurance contributions for the funded part of the labor pension. During the autumn session of 2008, almost 585 bills were considered, of which 51 bills were proposed for consideration by the Committee on Labor and Social Policy. The State Duma is actively working towards overall income growth in the country, improving the pension system and social services for older citizens.

In the domestic theory of social work, based on modern practice of social work with older people, the content of the concept of social work with older people has not been sufficiently developed. The concept of social work with older people A.N. Panov conditionally divides into the following groups of definitions:

1) definitions in which the essence of social work with older people is presented in a general way, including macrosocial processes in the structure of social activities aimed at providing assistance and assistance to older people;

2) definitions that are not directly related to social work with older people, but affect certain aspects;

3) definitions in which the subject field of social work is reduced to its individual social services;

4) definitions that adequately identify social work with concepts accepted in many countries of the world.

In a broad sense, social work with older people is a consequence of state social policy aimed at maintaining standard of living the older generation and ensuring its social security.

In a narrow sense, it is aimed at optimizing the activity of an elderly person as a subject of various spheres of life.

Based on theoretical analysis and comparison of the points of view of various researchers, social work with older people is defined as a special process of purposeful practical activity carried out by professionally trained specialists, humanistically aimed at effectively solving the individual problems of older people who find themselves in difficult life situations.

It should be noted that most researchers continue to view social work with older people as an activity to meet the needs of the client and resolve his problems: poverty, poor health and loneliness. This requires the social worker to be able to provide special types of assistance, which, however, are not differentiated depending on the capabilities, abilities and subjectivity of the elderly person, while in the world practice of social work there has been a tendency to transfer the elderly person from the position of an object of social work to its subject.

Therefore, based on the subjective approach in social work with this category of the population, there is an urgent need to revise the content of social work with older people. The construction of this type of activity is based on goals of various levels. In modern geopolitical conditions, they consist not so much in adapting to this age, providing material and psychological assistance, but in initiating the activity of an elderly person in solving their problems. To transfer it from an object of social protection to a subject, it is necessary to create real conditions on the basis of economic, psychological, pedagogical programs that make it possible to set in motion incentives for the development of activity of this category of the population.

In a broad socio-economic sense, the goal of social work in this case is to compensate for economic disadvantage and equalize the opportunities of this population group based on the use of their rights.

In a narrow, organizational and social sense, the goal of social work with older people is, first of all, to provide them with various types of assistance in the implementation of legalized social rights and compensation for physical, mental, and intellectual disabilities that impede their full functioning.

It follows from this that the goal of social work with older people is, first of all, to provide the elderly with a dignified old age.

All goals of social work with older people can be differentiated by time of implementation into long-term, medium-term, and short-term. Long term goals are:

Promoting unconditional respect for the constitutional rights and legitimate interests of older citizens;

Promoting their human dignity; affirmation of their significant role in social development.

Medium-term goals are:

Ensuring an optimal level of individual adaptation of elderly people to life in new socio-economic conditions;

Providing the necessary social assistance and guaranteed social services that contribute to the creation and maintenance of conditions for a fulfilling life in old age.

The short-term goals of social work with older people are:

Participation in the formation of public consensus regarding the situation and problems of older people;

Promoting the attraction of additional investments to finance social services for older people, based on public initiative, with the participation of non-state actors.

From the analysis of specialized literature, through theoretical generalization and comparison, the main aspects of social assistance to older people as the least protected category of the population are highlighted.

At the institutional level of the organization, they include a functionally defined complex:

Educational work with this category of citizens;

Compliance with the basic legislation establishing the system of rights of older people;

Differential consideration of differences in the demographic characteristics of the urban and rural older population.

At the institutional and regional level, this is the development and organization of a network of stationary, semi-stationary and non-stationary social service institutions for older citizens, which takes into account methods of system analysis in social management and introduces innovative forms of work with older people. At the same time, the content of education at this age should be built from the standpoint of comprehensive andragogical and institutional approaches (A.D. Goneev, S.I. Zmeev, A.A. Labeykin, G.A. Klyucharev, T.M. Kononigina, A. F. Kolesnikova, V.A. Fokin, etc.).

According to its goals, social work includes the creation of conditions conducive to effective readaptation and favorable functioning and vital activity of older people in society.

It is very important that an elderly person feels within himself the strength that allows him to dominate any circumstances. The meaning of social work is social rehabilitation, actual restoration of habitual responsibilities, functions, types of activities, the nature of relationships with people, the transformation of an elderly person from an object (client) into a subject.

It is necessary not only to give to an elderly person, but also to help him continue to give of himself, so that he feels a certain stability, optimism and hope that the person remains needed in new circumstances.

The priority direction of social work with the elderly is organizing their living environment in such a way that an elderly person always has a choice of ways to interact with this environment. Freedom of choice gives rise to a feeling of security, confidence in the future, and responsibility for one’s own and other people’s lives.

A social work specialist is a person who, in an environment of professional interaction, establishes humanistic and moral relations in society when organizing social support. It forms a real system of value orientations of the individual and directly affects the elderly person and his environment. Due to his values ​​and individual personal qualities, a social worker changes the situation in a microsocium, gradually interacting with social and public institutions, and actually helps solve the individual problems of a particular person.

The system of providing qualified social assistance to elderly clients, according to its goals, includes several specific areas.

1. Information and analytical direction of professional activity: conducting a preliminary collection of information about a specific elderly person, choosing methods of clarifying diagnostics for analyzing the problem, developing an effective social project to resolve the existing problems of an elderly person.

2. Organizational and practical specificity in the provision of primary social assistance in a specific situation in order to mobilize the client’s strength for self-help. This requires a specialist to be prepared for systematic professional interaction with an elderly person in need in the forms of counseling, moral and psychological support and providing practical assistance aimed at overcoming problems that are relevant to the elderly person (obtaining benefits, pensions, compensation).

3. Coordination and management direction, which concerns the specialist’s readiness to create a set of conditions for social rehabilitation and ensure the interaction of an elderly person with specialists and workers of other services. At the same time, a functional analysis of the capabilities of the involved organizations and the modern administrative and legal framework in a specific situation is necessary.

4. General-analytical direction: a specialist’s forecasting of the occurrence of social problems of an elderly person and ways to resolve them and information and assessment activities in organizing control over the progress and results of social rehabilitation with maintaining relevant business documentation of an accompanying nature.

The identified areas define in their system the personal characteristics of productive and efficient, that is, high-quality achievement of the predicted result in a professionally organized process of social assistance to lonely elderly clients.

The main criteria for quality, success and productivity (constructiveness) in the performance of a specialist’s professional activity (social, organizational, evaluative) significantly depend on the individual and personal characteristics of its implementation.

Social work in its current understanding and interpretation cannot do without deontology. L.V. Topchiy and A.A. Kozlov define deontology as a set of ethical standards of professional behavior for social service workers.

In deontology L.V. Topchiy and A.A. Kozlov include basic principles, moral precepts that make it possible to provide effective social services to the population, eliminating unfavorable factors in social work, aimed at optimizing the system of relationships between various categories of social service personnel and clients, preventing the negative consequences of social services: professional duty, selflessness, professional endurance and self-control, trust between specialists and clients, professional secrecy, etc.

Deontological problems arise especially acutely when communicating with seriously ill elderly people who have lost the ability to self-care. It is well known that patient and balanced people cope most successfully with caring for sick people. A feeling of respect for an elderly person, interest in his life path and experience usually increases confidence in the social worker and his authority as a specialist.

Key concepts for social work - “well-being”, “social functioning” - carry a value-normative overtones and imply life activity in society according to its norms and in accordance with its values.

The most important characteristic of social work is its humanistic orientation. The priority here is given to the values ​​of respect for the individual, his autonomy and personal dignity, faith in the possibility of personal self-realization, continuity of development, integrity and awareness of human experience. But this does not at all exclude, and even presupposes, social responsibility, social justice and equality. Humanistic orientation implies the affirmation of the individual’s right to free expression of will and moral existential choice of life path.

In conclusion, we can conclude that based on the humanistic orientation of social work, currently older people are not patients of social services, but clients endowed with an equal volume and list of rights in relation to their nation, gender, language, religion, beliefs, and views.




1.2 Modern social problems of older citizens




The practice of social work in the Russian Federation shows that the category of older citizens includes completely different people. Among them there are healthy and not so healthy, as well as those suffering from chronic serious illnesses (physical and mental); living in families and living alone; having different material and social conditions; happy with life and unhappy, despairing; inactive homebodies and people leading an active lifestyle, etc.

This paragraph will pay special attention to the consideration of social problems of older citizens at the present stage of development of Russian society.

Older people are characterized by special social problems, which are primarily related to health.

The social living conditions of older people are primarily determined by their state of health. It is important not only the objective state of health, but also the self-assessment of well-being by older people. G.D. In 2007-2008, Yanovsky conducted a sample study of older people living in Moscow, rural areas of the Moscow region, Samara, and Dubna. For self-assessment of health, the following control question was included in the questionnaire: “Are you satisfied with your health at present?” (the results of the answers are shown in Figure 1.1), but some respondents refused to answer this question without explaining the reasons. Elderly people in Dubna are most satisfied with their well-being (59%). Elderly people living in Moscow are more dissatisfied with their well-being than other respondents (58%). Among residents of rural areas of the Moscow region, 42% are not satisfied with their health, 35% are satisfied. Of the responding elderly people living in Samara, the percentage of those satisfied and dissatisfied with their well-being was equal (35%).

Figure 1.1. Satisfaction with the current state of health of older people, in %.

Indicators of self-assessment of their well-being by older people are important for the selection of forms, methods and technologies of social work in this direction. However, to provide timely and effective medical and social care, an objective picture of the presence of diseases in older people is necessary.

The incidence rate in older people is almost 6 times higher than in young people. On average, there are from 2 to 4 diseases per elderly patient in Russia, and the cost of treating elderly people is 1.5-1.7 times higher than the cost of treating young people.

Figure 1.2. Presence of diseases among respondents by region, in %

Ranking of morbidity according to the responses of older people surveyed in a study conducted by G.D. Yanovsky is presented in Figure 1.2. From the diagram in Figure 1.2 it is clear that cardiovascular diseases dominate (1st place), diseases of the musculoskeletal system and musculoskeletal system take 2nd place, respiratory diseases take 3rd place, diseases of the digestive system take 4th place, 5th - diseases of the endocrine system, 6th - diseases of the nervous system, 7th - diseases of the genitourinary system, 8th - oncological diseases. Unfortunately, it was not possible to take into account the incidence of eye diseases in this survey, although there were a lot of complaints about these diseases, many elderly people could not qualify them, since few people turned to an ophthalmologist. Problems with dentures and dental diseases were not identified in this survey, since this problem concerns almost every elderly person and is assumed by default.

Unfortunately, most Russian pensioners still do not have access to quality medical care.

In many countries, up to half of all health care budgets are currently spent on health care for the elderly. (N.A. Averchenko, E.V. Karyukhin, R.S. Yatsemirskaya, I.G. Belenkaya, N.F. Dementyeva, A.V. Podkorytov, D.A. Turchenkova and others).

A special feature of Russia is that among 32 million elderly and senile people, 10.8 million people are disabled.

The number of disabled people has a pronounced regional asymmetry (N.K. Guseva, I.K. Syrnikov, I.V. Kuznetsova, L.P. Grishina, S.N. Puzin, G.D. Yanovsky).

According to the results of the 2007-2008 study, G.D. Yanovsky found out that the picture of disability in the metropolis and in the countryside differs radically: in the countryside, 82.7% do not have a documented disability, in Moscow - only 26.5% (Fig. 1.3).




Figure 1.3. Disability of respondents by region, in%.

This situation with disability eloquently demonstrates the significantly lower availability of medical care for the elderly in rural areas.

2009 was declared by Moscow Mayor Yuri Luzhkov as the Year of Equal Opportunities - equal opportunities for disabled and healthy people. The Moscow government not only pays attention to the social problems of people with disabilities, but also takes effective steps in this direction.

1. Adaptation of administrative buildings, structures and areas of the city for people with disabilities (including during new construction, reconstruction and repairs).

2. Appropriate re-equipment of the existing housing stock and courtyard areas adjacent to the houses, pedestrian and transport communications.

3. Creation of conditions for the unhindered use of public ground passenger transport by disabled people.

4. Improving the work of the specialized service “Social Taxi”.

The Year of Equal Opportunities is the launching pad for the implementation of a larger project - “Strategies for improving the quality of life of people with disabilities in the city of Moscow for the period until 2020.” Thus, these are not just one-time actions, events, but a large-scale targeted project.

This approach must be applied at all regional levels, although this requires certain material costs.

Financial situation is a problem for older people, which can rival health in its importance. If older people have a family, they find some way out to cope with the problems that arise. If an elderly person is lonely, then despite all the allowances, they cannot provide themselves with a decent life.

Senior citizens are mostly people who have stopped working. Growing old, a person cannot part with the needs and motives of youth. In Russia, only a small number of pensioners continue to work - 15% of male pensioners and 12% of women.

Pensioners have material income several times lower than workers. This is due, first of all, to physical defects caused by diseases and decreased motor activity. For pensioners there is a job that does not require special qualifications and is low paid. Elderly people feel unclaimed in society and are alarmed by the level of inflation and the high cost of medical care. This problem especially concerns lonely elderly people, who can only wait for help from the state. The material life of older people for the majority of lonely older people is limited to the level of survival; they are content with what they have.

As the results of a survey by G.D. Yanovsky show. in 2007-2008, older citizens (especially in rural areas - 2/3) do not complain about their living conditions, although they barely make ends meet and only have enough money from pension to pension; half of the elderly in rural areas do not complain about their financial situation in this regard In respect, they look more prosperous than in Samara, Moscow and Dubna. Half of the elderly population in rural areas do not complain about food, because... They live off their farming, but medical care leaves much to be desired, because... Most villagers have less access to modern medical care. In the capital, things are much better with medical care, but the number of satisfied elderly people and Moscow residents surveyed does not reach 50%.

An analysis of subjective assessments of life satisfaction among surveyed elderly people generally showed fairly high assessments of housing conditions and nutrition and low assessments of financial situation and medical care (Figure 1.4)

High scores for the first two positions indicate the unpretentiousness, unspoiled, peacefulness of an elderly Russian, accustomed to hardships, who endured all the hardships of life, including the hardships of the Great Patriotic War (a total of 180 participants in the war or 26% of respondents in this sample of 697 people), the difficulties of the post-war years and all the unsettled modern life of older people, especially lonely people.

Figure 1.4. Satisfaction with various areas of life of respondents by region, in%.

A change in a person’s social status in old age, as the theory and practice of social work shows, first of all, negatively affects the moral and financial situation, negatively affects the mental state, reduces the body’s resistance to diseases and adaptation to changes in the surrounding social environment.

The family remains the most reliable refuge for the elderly. To the questions “Who helps you: financially, morally, during illness, when buying groceries, around the house?” G.D. Yanovsky received answers indicating that the elderly person expects the main help from children and relatives. The survey results are presented in the diagram in Figure 1.5.

Figure 1.5. Contribution of children and other relatives to the provision of various types of assistance to respondents, in %.

From the diagram in Figure 1.5 it is clear that the interviewed elderly people from Samara receive the greatest support during illness (help during illness - 100%, moral - 80%), but at the same time they receive less material support from children and relatives, than other older people surveyed (45%). This is probably due to the fact that children and relatives of elderly people have poor financial security. It is noteworthy that the elderly people surveyed mostly receive moral support and help during illness from children and relatives. Against the background of the development of the global financial crisis, socio-psychological support for older people is especially significant, because they are in a less favorable material and moral position compared to other sectors of society.

For older people, family and kinship ties are an important support, but sociological surveys conducted in Russia in 2005-2007 showed that complaints about loneliness among older people rank first. Thus, in persons over 70 years of age, this figure reaches 99-100%, while, according to a study by A.G. Simakova, in the total number of old people the proportion of lonely people is small - 6.2%. In some regions, the number of lonely elderly people already reaches 30% of the total number of elderly people.

People living alone tend to have a more pessimistic assessment of their life prospects: they foresee more unpleasant events in the future than older people living in families. Considering that the number of people living alone is constantly increasing in many developed countries of the world, including our country, scientists are increasingly trying to draw attention to the socio-demographic preconditions of loneliness.

The loneliness of an elderly person aggravates all his problems due to the absence of family members and relatives who can provide material or psychological support.

The problem of loneliness among older people is also the problem of their lack of demand in society. This refers to loneliness not only due to living conditions, but also due to the feeling of being useless, when a person believes that he has been misunderstood and underestimated. This gives rise to negative emotions and depression.

The loneliness of older people is exacerbated by alienation from younger generations. In society, there is a manifestation of gerontophobia (hostile feelings towards old people) and ageism (prejudice towards old people).

Negative attitudes towards older people have a significant impact on the motives of behavior, well-being and even the health of older people who consider themselves superfluous in society. According to domestic researchers, lonely people aged 65-75 years may experience suicidal age-related depression, and elderly people over 75 years of age are constantly haunted by the thought of dying themselves.

Negative stereotypes of old age include: illness, helplessness, poor memory, weakening mental abilities, loss of contact with reality. Attitudes appear: “old people are not interesting”; “they are like children”; “they have nothing to expect from life” (defeatism).

In Russia there is also a problem of neglect and violence against older people in the family. Currently, there is no generally accepted definition of the concept of “elder abuse,” so different authors offer different interpretations. O. Maley characterizes such violence as “the intentional infliction of physical and psychological pain, suffering and injury on an elderly person, as well as the unreasonable restriction or complete deprivation of necessary care and treatment that would support his mental and physical health.” In the textbook Kholostova E.I. Another definition is given as “active actions on the part of the caregiver that result in physical and mental injury or economic loss to the elderly person, as well as the inability of the caregiver to provide adequate care even when all the necessary resources are available.”

In the specialized literature, such types of neglect and violence as physical and psychological are distinguished.

Physical violence involves inflicting physical pain, damage, or even murder, violent coercion to do something (including sexual harassment), as well as the introduction of various kinds of prohibitions and restrictions on an elderly person’s rights and freedom. This type also includes medical violence (negligence and delay in dispensing medications, intentional overdose of a drug, or, conversely, deliberate refusal of a patient to receive the necessary medication).

Regarding the concept of neglect, the literature distinguishes two forms of its manifestation: active (intentional deprivation of vital things, intentional failure to provide care and concern) and passive (situations of isolation and even forgetting about its existence).

Psychological violence involves inflicting mental suffering on an elderly person, swearing and insulting them, threatening to place them in a nursing home, inflicting physical pain or isolation, as well as creating and developing a sense of fear in them.

Another form of it is economic violence, which is expressed in the appropriation by other family members of property or funds of older people without their consent, illegal or carried out against the wishes of the old person using his savings, as well as in the financial dependence of the elderly on their guardians.

Research by N.M. Rimashevskaya show that psychological violence is used against the elderly more often than physical violence, and accounts for 46 to 58% of cases of violence, while beatings and other more common forms of physical violence were noted in 15-38% of cases.

The most vulnerable to violence and most often exposed to it are elderly women over 75 years of age, representatives of the middle class, suffering from serious functional and mental disorders, which may be accompanied by deafness, lack of ability to move independently, etc., which makes it difficult to communicate with such people and contributes to the accumulation of caregiver tension and aggression towards them.

Persecution is most often carried out by those relatives who have been caring for this elderly person for a long time or, conversely, are physically, psychologically or emotionally dependent on him, and in more than half of the cases the aggressor is the daughter of the victim, then as the frequency of cases decreases, son, great-granddaughter, husband or sister.

With the transition to the category of older people, the relationship between a person and society, value guidelines (the meaning of life, happiness, good and evil, etc.) often radically change; the very way of life, daily routine, goals and objectives, and circle of friends also change.

In a study of older adults, G.D. Yanovsky identified the preferences of the elderly. In the structure of leisure time employment, it prevails in descending order of importance in the localities selected for this study. Table 1.1 lists the options for the structure of an elderly person’s free time and their place of preference depending on their place of residence.

Table 1.1

Free time of the elderly, structure of preferences, %

Types of recreation	Samara		Village		Moscow		Dubna		All respondents
		rank		rank		rank		rank		rank
TV
Walks
Favourite buisness
Telephone conversations
Visiting church
Theater, cinema, exhibitions




At the first glance at Table 1.1, it is quite obvious: in the city of Dubna they read more than in the countryside and in Samara, but everywhere they watch TV and listen to the radio equally actively. A quarter of the elderly are busy doing what they love, more than a third of them prefer walking (except in the villages, where half of life itself is spent in nature and involves working in the garden and caring for livestock). Again, in addition to the villages, many elderly pass the time by talking on the phone - more than a third of them. Quite actively, older people attend church, theaters, and cinema (the latter, of course, except in the village). The dependence of an elderly person’s activity on well-being is very clearly characterized by the answers to the question “How do you rate your rest?” (Figure 1.5). By self-assessment, elderly people in rural areas assess their leisure as passive, due to the fact that rural life itself, with hard physical labor, with low opportunities to spend time in a variety of ways, and due to the small set of such opportunities, appears to elderly people in rural areas as a sedentary, passive life.

Conducted by Yanovsky G.D. the survey showed that territorial differences in the lives of the elderly are determined mainly by differences in living conditions in the city and the countryside: the difference is in the availability of medical care, living conditions accommodation (availability of various communications, etc.), leisure opportunities, and finally, the level of education and preferences in the value system.

Figure 1.5. Respondents’ self-assessment of their own vacation, in %.

Giving up the usual lifestyle, finding its new meaning, new content is the central task for an elderly person.

According to the research of K. Roschak, the list of needs in old age is largely the same as in previous periods of life, but the structure and hierarchy of needs changes. It can be traced that the need for security, autonomy and independence, as well as the projection of one’s mental manifestations onto others, is brought to the center of the elderly person’s need sphere. At the same time, the needs for creativity, love, self-actualization and a sense of community become less significant.

Elderly people are increasingly becoming unclaimed, therefore, from a human, humanistic position, recognition of the social value of older people as bearers of traditions and cultural heritage of nations, promotion of modern scientific knowledge about the social activity of later years of life, and ways to achieve “prosperous” aging are of great importance.

There are more than 38 million pensioners and 29 million disabled people in the Russian Federation, of which older people are a rapidly growing socio-demographic group, and one cannot help but see that they make a significant contribution to the development of Russia, are the guardians of spiritual and moral values, carry out feasible labor activity in its various manifestations.

The composition of older people in the Russian Federation, as mentioned earlier, is different. Among older people, there are those who are burdened with various physical and mental illnesses, have disabilities, and cannot lead a more active lifestyle. Others have potential and strive to realize themselves in active work, continue to work, strive to find a job; still others realize their potential in socially useful activities; still others switch to a passive lifestyle. Even among older people with disabilities, there are interests and hobbies that allow them to feel needed.

In Russian society, conditions have not yet been created for the realization of the potential of the older generation; at the same time, society is not ready to take advantage of the potential of older people - there is no system and appropriate mechanisms.

But, nevertheless, this problem is currently identified at the state level, various scientific research is being conducted in the theory and practice of social work, developmental psychology, gerontology, etc.

At the end of 2008, one of the meetings of the Center for Social Innovation took place, dedicated to innovative technologies for solving the socio-economic problems of the older generation - “Active longevity: innovative technologies”, organized under the auspices of the United Russia party, the Department of Social Protection of the Ministry of Health and Social Development. Chairman of the Center meeting G.N. Karelova, in her opening speech, emphasized that “Modern society and the state bear a humane responsibility for creating conditions for the continuation of life and for those who, for various reasons, are no longer able to lead an active life, are not capable of self-care. But the main goal of society, the state and its citizens in this direction should be to create conditions and prerequisites specifically for active creative and professional longevity.”

At the meeting, a statement was quoted from an interview for the ORT channel by Natalya Bekhtereva, director of the Brain Research Institute, in which she said that at any age, if a task is set for the mind, then the physiological state of the human body begins to work completely differently. Thus, the greater the load on the mind, the more tasks are set for the mind, the more the mind finds reserves, begins to cope, and the reverse reaction of brain aging occurs. This statement, confirmed by many years scientific research, makes it possible to value the potential of older people even more. Indeed, if you look at the lists of Nobel Prize laureates, you can see that about half of the greatest discoveries were made by middle-aged and older people.

As a result of the meeting, it was emphasized that at the present stage of development of Russian society, a decisive departure from the view of older people as a burden for society and the state is necessary. The structure of diagnostics and prevention of aging should be built in accordance with this. Unfortunately, today our medicine is structured in such a way that most of the state’s funds are directed to supporting old age and those elderly people who cannot physically work today. The experience of developed countries, where health is valued especially highly, hundreds of billions of dollars are invested and the full potential of medical science shows that other important solutions are needed to increase human life expectancy. Therefore, Russian society is faced with the task of learning to live in conditions where the structure of the population by gender and age has changed, when it is necessary to coordinate the interests of all age groups, when ensuring the well-being of children and the elderly will require consistently high expenditures of resources of all types.

At the end of this paragraph, we can conclude that in the specialized literature of recent years, more and more studies have appeared on the entire range of social problems of older people. The main problems of older people are related to deteriorating health, poverty and loneliness. Moreover, these problems are universal throughout the world.

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CONCLUSIONS ON THE FIRST CHAPTER




1. Social work with older people in a broad sense is a consequence of state social policy aimed at maintaining the living standards of the older generation and ensuring their social security. In a narrow sense, it is aimed at optimizing the activity of an elderly person as a subject of various spheres of life.

2. Social work with older people at the present stage of development of Russian society, based on the subjective approach, acts as a special process of targeted practical activity carried out by professionally trained specialists, humanistically aimed at effectively resolving the individual problems of older people who find themselves in difficult life situations.

3. The essence of social work with older people is to adapt to this age, provide material and psychological assistance, and initiate the activity of an elderly person in solving their problems.

4. The priority direction of social work with older people is the organization of their living environment in such a way that an elderly person always has a choice of ways to interact with this environment. Freedom of choice gives rise to a feeling of security, confidence in the future, and responsibility for life.

5. Improving the quality of life of older people requires an integrated approach to solving the main problems inherent in old age, which include poverty, deteriorating health, loneliness, lack of competitiveness in the labor market, increasing lack of demand in the family and society, and a sharp decrease in social activity.

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2. ROLE OF KTSS (COMPLETE SOCIAL SERVICE CENTER) IN IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF MODERN ELDERLY PEOPLE




2.1. Traditional technologies in working with older citizens in the Russian Federation

Social work (in the broad sense of the word) with such categories of persons as the elderly and disabled is carried out systematically in the bodies and institutions of social security (social protection).

Currently, older people receive significant support through social service centers (CSC) of municipal and territorial governments.

Social service centers are medical and social institutions designed for temporary, daytime stay, as well as home care for elderly people, single elderly citizens, and the disabled.

This paragraph will analyze the role of the central social service center in improving the quality of life of modern older people using the example of the state institution of the integrated social service center central social service center “Khoroshevsky” of the Northern Administrative District of Moscow, which since December 1, 2008, in connection with the expansion of forms and methods of social services for the population was renamed the State Budgetary Institution of the City of Moscow “Integrated Center for Social Services “Khoroshevsky” of the Northern Administrative District of Moscow.

A comprehensive social service center is a social service institution under the jurisdiction of the social protection authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation or municipal social protection authorities, created in order to provide assistance to families and individual citizens in difficult life situations in realizing their legal rights and interests, assistance in improving their social and financial situation, as well as psychological status.

GU KCSO "Khoroshevsky" is located at the address: Moscow, Khoroshevskoe highway, 80/84.

Khoroshevsky CCSO carries out its activities in accordance with the priority areas of social policy established by the Moscow Government, and also ensures the implementation of current Federal Laws and city regulations.

The main regulatory act is the Regulations on the Center for Social Services for Elderly and Disabled Citizens.

The main objectives of the Center are:

1. development of comprehensive planned measures to organize social services for citizens, prevent a decrease in the level of their social protection based on an analysis of the social and demographic situation, the level of socio-economic security of the population in the territory served by the Center;

2. identification of citizens in need of social services, together with state and municipal bodies, public and religious organizations and associations;

3. differentiated accounting of all citizens in need of social services;

4. determination of specific forms of assistance, the frequency of its provision to citizens in need of social services, based on their state of health and ability to self-service;

5. provision of social, household, trade, medical, advisory and other services of a permanent, temporary or one-time nature to citizens in need of social services, in accordance with the federal or territorial list of state-guaranteed services, subject to the principles of humanity, targeting, continuity, accessibility and confidentiality of assistance;

6. labor rehabilitation of citizens in labor therapy workshops, cottage industries, subsidiary farms administered by the Center, subject to compliance with labor and labor protection legislation of the Russian Federation;

7. introduction into practice of new forms of social services, depending on the nature of citizens’ need for social support and local socio-economic conditions of the region;

8. involving various state, municipal and non-state structures in resolving issues of providing social support to citizens and coordinating their activities in this direction;

9. implementation of measures to improve the professional level of the Center’s employees.

Since 04/17/2009, the Khoroshevsky CCSO has been providing social services to the population on the basis of Moscow Government Decree No. 215-PP dated March 24, 2009 On measures to implement Moscow City Law No. 34 dated July 9, 2008 “On social services to the city population” Moscow", which approved:

Regulations on the admission of citizens to non-stationary social service institutions of the Department of Social Protection of the Population of the City of Moscow;

Regulations on the admission of citizens to inpatient social service institutions in the city of Moscow and payment for inpatient social service services;

Regulations on the procedure for providing targeted social assistance to citizens in difficult life situations by bodies and institutions of social protection of the population;

Territorial list of state-guaranteed social services provided to the population by social service institutions in the city of Moscow.

Law No. 34 “On social services for the population of the city of Moscow” provides for non-stationary and stationary social services for elderly citizens (women over 55 years old, men over 60 years old), and disabled people.

An agreement is concluded with citizens enrolled in non-stationary social services. Admission to inpatient social services is also carried out on the basis of a citizen’s application with payment for inpatient social services. The amount of partial payment for inpatient social services for citizens cannot exceed 75% of the pension established for the citizen, with the exception of disabled people and WWII participants, for whom the amount of payment cannot exceed 50% of the pension. Citizens who have lost the ability to self-care and who, for health reasons, require constant outside care and supervision have the right to inpatient care. Such citizens are provided with a place in rooms equipped with the necessary furniture. They are provided with clothing, linen, shoes, bedding, and at least 4 meals a day. They are provided with medical and social services.

The Center's activities are carried out in three functional areas:
- solving general issues of social support for citizens;
- social support for family, women and children;
- social support for elderly citizens and disabled people.

The main tasks of the Center: organization of social services; providing social assistance to families, children and citizens in difficult life situations; assistance in realizing their legal rights and interests, improving socio-economic living conditions.

The activities of the Center are aimed at carrying out social, recreational, pedagogical, preventive and other activities, in connection with which the Center carries out:

Monitoring the social and demographic situation, the level of socio-economic well-being of citizens in the service territory;

Receiving applications and differentiated accounting of citizens in need of social support, determining the forms of assistance they need and the frequency (permanently, temporarily, on a one-time basis) of its provision;

Providing citizens with social, socio-pedagogical, legal, psychological, medical, household, advisory and other services, subject to the principles of targeting and continuity of assistance;

Social rehabilitation of disabled people;

Providing assistance to women and children who are victims of domestic violence;

Involving state, municipal and non-state bodies, organizations and institutions, as well as public and religious organizations (associations) in resolving issues of providing social support to the population and coordinating their activities in this direction;

Introduction into practice of new forms and methods of social services, depending on the nature of the population’s need for social support and local socio-economic conditions;

Carrying out activities to improve the professional level of the Center’s employees.

Providing social support to residents of the district, elderly citizens and disabled people, the State Institution CSO “Khoroshevsky” interacts with the Administration of the Khoroshevsky District, with the Department of Social Protection of the Population of the Northern Administrative District, with the Department of Social Protection of the Khoroshevsky District, with public and charitable organizations.

In the Khoroshevsky center for social services there are 12 structural divisions for serving the population: 5 departments of social services at home (OSOD); department of social and medical services (OSMO), day care department (ODP), emergency social service department (OSSO), department of social rehabilitation of the disabled (OSRi), department of social support for families and children (OSPSiD), which since 12/01/2008 has been transformed into department of psychological and pedagogical assistance to families and children. Also, in December 2008, a new organizational and methodological department was opened at the Center.

In accordance with the topic of the thesis research, the activities of the CCSO aimed at improving the quality of life of older people will be further analyzed.

The main goal of social services at home (OSH) is to maximize the stay of citizens in their usual habitat, support their personal “social status,” and protect their rights and legitimate interests.

In 2008, the number of clients of this department was served by 660 people, of which: 233 were single, 408 were living alone, of which IVOV - 35 people, UVOV - 57 people; home front workers - 213 people.

Figure 2.1. Number of OSOD clients in 2008

It should be noted that in 2008, 68 people were removed due to the death of clients.

In the social services department at home, a social worker provides the following services:

Purchase and home delivery of food products;

Purchase of essential industrial goods;

Payment of utility services;

Delivery of clothes and household items to laundry, dry cleaning and repair;

Assistance in writing letters, applications, paperwork;

Providing assistance in home repairs;

Purchase and delivery of medications, calling a doctor at home, accompanying you to the clinic

Providing assistance in resolving issues of pensions, social benefits, providing benefits, obtaining legal advice;

Providing moral and psychological support, assistance in providing funeral services.

In 2008, on the basis of this department:

657 people received one-time food assistance in the amount of 259.5 thousand rubles (1 set – 395 rubles);

130 people received food assistance. in the amount of 78.6 thousand rubles.

Festive food packages were provided to all IVOV and UVOV for Victory Day, for the 66th anniversary of the Battle of Moscow (127 people);

Household services (hairdressing, shoe repair, metal repair, etc.) were provided to 82 people;

Sanitary and hygienic services were provided to 174 residents;

Apartment cleaning services were provided to 174 residents.

The department of social and medical services at home is intended for temporary (up to 6 months) or permanent social and domestic services and provision of pre-hospital medical care in home conditions to elderly citizens and disabled people who have partially or completely lost the ability to self-care and suffer from serious illnesses.

The main activities of the specialized department of social and medical care at home (OSMO) are:

Identification and registration of families and individual citizens in the region in need of medical and psychological assistance;

Patronage of elderly citizens and disabled people using modern methods of prevention, diagnosis, treatment;

Free provision of medical care to low-income citizens with medicines.

In addition to social workers, nurses also work in the department.

In the social and medical services department, the nurse provides assistance:

General qualified care for bedridden patients;

Measurement of pressure, if necessary, calling a doctor at home;

Providing emergency first aid, sanitary and hygienic services;

Training relatives of served citizens in practical skills of caring for the sick.

Figure 2.2. Number of OSMO clients in 2008

This department serves 137 people, of whom:

Disabled people of group 1 - 32 people,

Disabled people of group 2 - 55 people,

Disabled people of 3 groups - 1 person.

Disabled WWII - 3 people,

WWII participants – 13 people,

Home front workers - 33 people.

Thus, the majority of clients in this department are disabled.

It should be noted that by the end of 2008, 14 people were removed from service due to death.

90 clients of this department received one-time food assistance, 12 people received clothing assistance. WWII participants and home front workers (16 people in total) received holiday orders for Victory Day.

Household services were provided to 16 residents in 2008.

Every year, the Center’s staff examines the material and living conditions of elderly citizens in order to provide them with the necessary assistance. Thus, in 2008, the material and living conditions of 1,559 veterans were examined.

Due to the fact that social work began primarily as providing assistance to lonely elderly people, patronage to this day occupies one of the main places in social services for lonely elderly people and disabled people who are at home, deprived of help from relatives, as well as incapable or incapable of mobility and self-care. Patronage is an alternative to placing a client in inpatient social or medical institutions, as they retain a familiar home environment and some independence.

In most cases, lonely elderly people have a negative attitude towards hospitalization. Therefore, social services at home remain a more acceptable form for elderly and elderly citizens. The Center's social workers strive to identify those in need and increase the range of services provided.

The Emergency Social Services Department (OSSO) is intended, first of all, to provide immediate measures aimed at temporarily supporting the livelihoods of citizens in dire need of social support.

The emergency social services department provides one-time emergency assistance to citizens in need of support:

Providing food;

Providing clothing and footwear;

Providing financial assistance.

For citizens who find themselves in difficult life situations, the department provides the services of a lawyer, psychologist, and social work specialists.

Through OSSO, 5,127 people were served in 2008, of which 932 were pensioners, 3,997 people with disabilities, and 198 other categories.

Budget funds were allocated - 1,187,592 rubles, of which for free food - 803,309 rubles, for clothing assistance - 384,283 rubles, 1,700 people received the usual assortment of products in the amount of 593,594 rubles. and 531 – diabetic assortment in the amount of 209,745 rubles. 375 people received clothing assistance in the amount of 456,202 rubles.

Coupons for preferential household services and free household services were received by 2,410 people: hair salon CSO – 1,181, coupons for shoe repair – 374, coupons for repair of household appliances – 30, hairdresser – 704, metal repair – 88, watch repair – 25, repair of household appliances – 38 people.

212 pensioners received psychological assistance, 191 people received legal assistance. It should be noted that pensioners turned to a psychologist mainly to address the problem of relationships with children, grandchildren, and relatives; loneliness and misunderstanding. Legal assistance consisted of providing assistance in the preparation of wills and inheritances; consultations and registration of various pension benefits.

The main task of the day care department (DCU) is to ensure communication between older people, their active lifestyle, and adaptation of life activities in “their” environment.

As a type of semi-stationary social service, CCT includes social, medical and cultural services for older people, organizing their meals and recreation.

The day care department (DCU) organizes:

Hot food,

Medical service,

Cultural leisure,

Meetings with district leaders,

Meetings with interesting people

Bus and walking tours,

Visiting theaters, cinemas,

Concert program.

The department serves 30 people monthly. In total, in 2008, the ODP was visited by 362 people, of which IVOV - 9 people, UVOV - 28 people, veterans and home front workers - 117 people.

The center entered into an agreement for the preparation and delivery of hot meals with CJSC PROPIKOM, the cost of lunches per year was 612,000 rubles.

Since the first quarter of 2009, a hot lunch distribution point has been organized at the Center for single and elderly citizens living alone.

The emergency department operates a medical office where pre-medical care is provided. In 2008, 374 people received help from a nurse, and the number of visits to the medical office was 1,327.

In 2008, the day care department held 436 cultural events, in which 9,048 people took part. Including 64 concerts, which were attended by 3,071 people. Both amateur artists and professional groups took part in the concerts.

6 excursions were conducted, the most memorable of which, according to the reviews of the wards, were excursions to the Novodevichy, St. Danilov, Novo-Spassky, and Nikolo-Ugreshsky monasteries; excursion around Zamoskvorechye with a visit to the Marfo-Mariinsky monastery. A total of 240 people took part in the excursions.

As part of lecture courses on the history of Russia, the work of poets and writers, folk medicine, and social issues, 69 lectures were held for 2055 people. The lectures were given by RUSZN specialists, CSO specialists, and amateur lecturers from among their students. It should be noted that attracting the Center’s clients to conduct lectures makes it possible to effectively use the potential of older citizens.

In the ODP, such cultural events as the “Hour of Poetry” (31 events attended by 939 people), performances were held for the wards dance groups(13 concerts were attended by 407 people), exhibitions of works by wards (21 exhibitions were attended by 818 people), meetings with amateur poets and performers.

In the day care department there were exhibitions of paintings from Gorlov’s art studio, an exhibition of paintings by the artist Zotov for the 85th anniversary of his birth, an exhibition of watercolor works by Evpak V.M. Exhibitions of works by wards and book exhibitions for holidays were held (21 exhibitions were held, which were visited by 818 people). Video films were viewed (10 screenings were attended by 262 people).

Every month the department holds a “Birthday Day” for those who celebrated their birthday in the month of visiting, and anniversaries and centenarians of the district (90, 95 and 100 year olds) were also invited there. At such events, ODP employees present small sweet gifts, and the amateur art group organizes a concert. The Director of the Center personally congratulates the heroes of the day. A representative of the District Administration and RUSZN is always present at events.

For those wishing to visit the museum and theaters of Moscow, 210 cultural outings were organized for 1,216 people.

The department has 3 clubs: amateur arts, poetry lovers and chess.

With the financial support of the Khoroshevsky District Administration and the Municipality, councils of district veterans held tea parties at the Center for holidays: the siege of Leningrad, the 20th anniversary of the disabled society, tea parties for City Day, and the 67th anniversary of the defense of Moscow.

In 2008, close cooperation with the charitable foundation "Emergency Social Assistance", the NGO Charitable Foundation "Food of Life", the party "United Russia" helped the staff of the ODP in carrying out various events for the wards.

During 2008, the “Emergency Social Assistance” charity foundation provided the opportunity to receive hot meals for low-income citizens of the region - 5,080 people received hot meals at the emergency department.

In 2008, 3,102 people applied to the department of social rehabilitation of disabled people, who were provided with 31,619 rehabilitation services. 15 people were accepted to study at the School of Health, 62 people completed the rehabilitation course for the first time, and 52 people again. The main course of rehabilitation includes: examination by a doctor, computer diagnostics PM-KOR, exercise therapy, exercise equipment, aromatherapy, herbal medicine, BOSS breathing, auto-training, etc.

A cozy atmosphere, the friendliness of the department staff, as well as the opportunity to receive medical care and engage in physical therapy at any time have a positive impact on the emotional sphere.

In conclusion of this paragraph, we can draw the following conclusion that at the Khoroshevsky Center for Social and Psychological Support, socio-psychological support for an elderly person is carried out using methods of advisory, developmental and correctional work. All areas and types of work of the Center are significant and effectively solve many problems of their clients.




2.2. Innovative technologies of social work with citizens using the example of the Khoroshevsky CCSO

The CCSO is faced with the task of not only creating conditions for a decent life for older citizens, but also establishing harmonious relationships with the social environment, expanding the possibilities of social communication and social activity of older citizens. In these conditions, the Center’s activities are focused on using its own reserve capabilities of clients, who today represent more educated people with increased spiritual needs, who want to realize the preserved intellectual and social potential of citizens. Therefore, the pedagogical component, which consists in the formation of new social experience, positive motivation and activation of the individual’s potential in solving their own problems, is of particular importance in social work with older people. A systematic solution to the above problems is possible through the introduction into practice of innovative social service technologies, effective forms and methods of comprehensive socio-pedagogical support and assistance to older people, promoting their positive socialization and adaptation to a new social role.

Numerous studies in many countries have shown that the achievement of deep old age is facilitated by an active lifestyle, and especially work, nutrition, social and living conditions, as well as hereditary factors.

Medical and social rehabilitation of the elderly and disabled is especially important at the Khoroshevsky Center, since the majority of clients are disabled. The most acute problem is the limitation of life activity of the elderly and disabled. Limitation of life activity is understood as a complete or partial lack of a person’s ability or ability to carry out self-care, movement, orientation, communication, control over one’s behavior, as well as engage in vigorous activity.

In solving this problem, not only traditional technologies, but also innovative ones, become of paramount importance.

The social rehabilitation department of the Center operates as a sanatorium-preventorium, carrying out rehabilitation, adaptation, health-improving, valeological, treatment-and-prophylactic, sociocultural, educational and leisure activities for elderly citizens for 6 months in stationary conditions.

In the department of social rehabilitation of disabled people, two new forms of work have been developed and implemented since the beginning of 2009: art therapy and joint gymnastics according to the method of Dr. M.S. Norbekova.

The main objective of the program “Joint gymnastics according to the method of M.S. Norbekova" is, through physical exercise, to restore balance in the functioning of the organs and systems of the body of an elderly person.

The goal of gymnastics is to correct deformities, stabilize existing ones and create conditions for compensating for impaired functions of the spine and joints. The average elderly person is, first of all, physically weak. His posture and gait distinguish him in a crowd. To maintain normal muscles, they must be fully loaded. It should be noted that this program has become very popular among the Center’s clients, despite the fact that it began to operate only recently.

Classes are held once a week in a group of 10 people, with a course of up to 12 lessons. Classes are conducted by a doctor and exercise therapy instructor.

During the first quarter of 2009, 120 people classified as disabled and pensioners completed this course. Number of activities carried out in the 1st quarter of 2009 - 13.

This technology has a greater impact on physical activity senior citizens, disabled people.

One of the acute problems of elderly people and people with disabilities that require the use of innovative social technologies is loneliness.

Under the influence of psychological and social trauma, the possibility of demonstrating the communicative competence of an elderly person is blocked. Blocking disrupts the expression of individual subjectivity in communication, leads to deformation of the elderly person’s relationships with other people, and frustration. Elimination of destruction can be ensured by complex social therapy, synthesizing all three main levels of communication:

Interpersonal,

Personal-group,

Personal-social.

To do this, it is necessary that the psyche of an elderly person switches to a mode of reflexive functioning. The transition to this mode is ensured:

Intensification of efforts (which allows you to mobilize human reserve capabilities);

Replacing the means of achieving the goal (revaluation and selection of more acceptable ones);

Replacing the goals themselves;

Reassessment of the entire situation (intensification of efforts, use of new means of achieving goals also form a new look at the situation, at one’s personal attitude towards it, which leads to reassessment).

This innovative technology works if the reflection mechanism is activated, but to activate it, an affective release is required - catharsis. A method that forms personal catharsis through improvisational role-playing interaction between the individual and the group is art therapy.

Art therapy - Japanese technology of drawing with ink and paints on sumie paper on an individually selected topic specified by a psychologist. Classes are held 2 times a week in groups of 4-5 people. The general course consists of 12 lessons. Total lessons - 48.

The purpose and functions of the technique: restoring mental balance, increasing self-esteem and stimulating personal growth, giving an overall positive orientation and comfort in communication, erasing everyday negative emotions.

Art therapy is used within the framework of humanistic psychology and serves as a way to release conflicts and strong experiences, discipline, develop attention, and is a safe way to relieve tension. The technique allows you to look into the inner world of a person, reflect his state of mind, harmonize and express it on paper.

In the first quarter of 2009, 19 disabled people were involved in this program. Number of events for the 1st quarter of 2009 - 25.

It should be noted that these programs are carried out without the involvement of third parties.

For more than a year, since February 2008, a new program has been operating at the Center - the Social Support Fund "Emergency Social Assistance" - feeding low-income citizens.

To implement this, the Center organizes hot meals for low-income residents of the area 3 times a week. Food delivery is carried out 3 times a week (Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday).

In 2008, 5,080 low-income pensioners and disabled people were provided with hot meals.

During the 1st quarter of 2009, 1,360 people were provided with hot meals.

Thus, along with the provision of traditional forms of social security to elderly citizens and disabled people: cash payments (pensions, benefits); in-kind provision; services and benefits; stationary and non-stationary types of services, the Center attaches great importance to new forms of emergency social assistance to disabled, elderly people in dire need.

In the context of the crisis in Russia, targeted social protection of older people is of significant importance, which is provided primarily to those most in need: single pensioners, disabled people, and elderly people over 80 years of age.

To provide shoes, clothing, food and other basic necessities, a natural aid room has been created in the emergency social services department of the Center, where clothes, shoes, and used household items are stored. This type of assistance is provided through support from the population and charitable organizations. Disabled people in need have priority in providing assistance; single pensioners; pensioners whose incomes are below the subsistence level. Therefore, the Center’s specialists pay special attention to deciding who needs help first.

The management of the Center manages to effectively combine traditional and innovative technologies in working with older citizens and people with disabilities. For example, in the previous paragraph it was said that lectures, along with the Center’s employees and invited specialists, are conducted by amateur lecturers from among the wards. The Center's amateur lecturers are elderly people who are burdened with various physical ailments, so they independently searched for various alternative, folk remedies. In this case, the mental and creative potential of older people is used, in addition, older citizens feel useful to society. It is especially important that the lectures of the wards are commented by the Center’s specialists, which allows us to avoid mistakes and various prejudices that are often attributed to traditional medicine.

The introduction of innovations in working with older citizens and people with disabilities is justified if it serves to achieve specific priority goals. The use of innovative technologies contributes to the achievement of practical results on such priorities as:

Respecting the rights and ensuring a safe environment for older people;

Improving the quality of life and maintaining independence in old age through the provision of social services.

The criterion for improving the quality of life of modern elderly people in the Khoroshevsky Center for Social Education should be the socio-psychological well-being of an elderly person, the increase in the level of which is influenced by the satisfaction of elderly people in social services, improved health, improved quality of life, satisfaction of the elderly person’s need for self-determination, self-realization, self-actualization . Therefore, as part of the thesis research, a survey was conducted among the clients of the Khoroshevsky CCSO.

For the questionnaire survey, 40 elderly people were selected, of which 25 were women and 15 were men. The age limits of the sample are 60-69 years. It should be emphasized that the survey involved elderly people who periodically visit the day care department. The full text of the questionnaire is presented in the appendix. The results of the questionnaire are presented in the form of diagrams for ease of analysis.

To the first question of the survey, “Do you like visiting the Khoroshevsky Center for Social Education?”, all respondents answered positively.

Figure 2.3 shows respondents' answers to the question about the main reasons for visiting the Center.

Figure 2.3. The main reasons for visiting the Center by older people.

Among the main reasons, the Center's clients chose the desire to communicate (14 people), the opportunity to improve their health (12 people), and the desire to spend useful leisure time (8 people).

It is interesting to note that none of the Center's clients chose the reason for unsatisfactory financial security. One respondent chose the opportunity to get a hot lunch as the main reason.

In addition, older people supplemented the answers to the questionnaire with their own answer options. Thus, 3 people chose the opportunity to be in good shape as the main reason for visiting the Center; 1 person noted that visiting the Center brings discipline; 1 person wrote that this is an opportunity to fill life with new meaning.

The self-rated health responses of older clients are presented in the chart in Figure 2.4.

Figure 2.4. Self-assessment of the health of clients of the Senior Center.

Answers on the self-assessment of the health of older citizens with a positive and negative connotation are approximately equal. In general, satisfactory self-esteem prevails (16 people). 2 people noted their state of health was excellent, another 2 – as good. The remaining 20 people described their health as poor or very poor.

It is important to note the relationship between respondents’ answers to this question and the previous one. Despite the fact that older people give an unsatisfactory self-assessment of their health, the reason for visiting the Center in order to improve their health is noted by only 12 people.

Figure 2.5 shows respondents' answers regarding their financial situation.

Figure 2.5. Self-assessment of the financial situation of clients of the Center for the Elderly.

12 people rated their financial situation as bad, 10 as satisfactory, 8 as very bad, another 8 as good, 2 people noted their financial situation as excellent. It should be emphasized that, despite the unsatisfactory financial situation (20 people), none of the Center’s clients chose improving their financial situation as the main reason for visiting. Apparently, awareness of their low financial situation and unsatisfactory state of health allows older people not to dwell on their problems. Probably, the provision of social services by the Khoroshevskoye Center for Social Security to elderly citizens helps fill the lives of their wards with positive meaning. This is also confirmed by the respondents’ answers to the question “How do you generally assess the work of the Khoroshevsky Center?” (Figure 2.6).




Figure 2.6. Evaluation of the Center's work by older people.

From Figure 2.6 it is clear that a positive assessment of the Center’s work predominates to a greater extent. Thus, 17 people rated his performance as “excellent”, 14 gave a rating of “Good”, 4 – “satisfactory”, 4 – “bad”, 1 – “very bad”. It is impossible to fully satisfy the needs of all clients, but the Center’s employees must strive for this. It should be noted here that the Center’s staffing level is 66%. According to the staffing table, there are 179 people, but 132 actually work, including 78 social workers and 15 nurses. Basically, there is a shortage of specialists and department heads at the Center. This is due to the increasing volume of documentation and increased requirements for the performance of their official duties. The Center's management pays special attention and control to the work of social workers, which is confirmed by the systematic and targeted organization of methodological studies and seminars. There is no turnover of social workers at the Center.

Returning to the responses from the questionnaire survey of older citizens, it was revealed that the majority of respondents note that the Center’s employees generally take into account the opinions of older citizens when providing social services (Figure 2.7).

Figure 2.7. Taking into account the opinions of older citizens when employees of the Center provide social services.

From the diagram in Figure 2.7 it can be seen that 16 people believe that the Center’s employees always take into account their opinion in the provision of social services, 15 people answered “in most cases.” At the same time, 7 people answered that in half the cases, when providing services, the Center’s employees take their opinion into account, 2 people answered that they take them into account occasionally, and 2 more answered that they do not take them into account at all. The survey was conducted in anonymous form, however, so it was not possible to clarify the details, so the management and employees of the Center need to be attentive to all clients. From an analysis of specialized literature, it was found that among employees of the central service center there is a misconception that you cannot please all clients, especially the elderly, who are more touchy, constantly show dissatisfaction, etc. Indeed, among elderly clients there are different people in character; Diseases often leave their mark on the negative perception of others. Therefore, CSO employees cannot ignore such clients; at the same time, they cannot ingratiate themselves; they need an adequate response and professional ability to understand their problems. Any negative manifestation on the part of the client indicates his maladaptation, or indeed, there is a failure to provide social services in the proper form, taking into account a differentiated approach. Therefore, the Center’s employees need to monitor the effectiveness of their work, as well as timely carry out a set of measures aimed at the successful socio-psychological adaptation of all clients. The fact that not all elderly clients of the Khoroshevsky CCSO are adapted and socialized to new living conditions is evidenced by the results of answers to the question “How is your life going now, if we talk about it in general?” (Figure 2.8).

Figure 2.8. Assessment of their lives at present by clients of the Center for the Elderly.

Noteworthy is the fact that 6 people answered “it is impossible to tolerate any more”, 9 people answered “badly”. Therefore, the management and employees of the Center need to provide effective assistance to these clients, especially since these are people who periodically visit the Center and everyone answered that they like visiting it. The remaining 16 people assessed their life as good and 9 people - satisfactory.

The diagram in Figure 2.9 shows respondents’ answers to the question “What do you think brings a person your age the greatest satisfaction in life?”

Figure 2.9. Satisfaction in the lives of older people.

Among the answers of the elderly people surveyed, the leading answer is “the feeling that you are making a difference” (12 people). Thus, for people of any age, the need for self-realization and to be useful is relevant. It was previously noted that the Center’s clients are elderly people, in most cases with disabilities, but this does not in any way affect the need to be needed. In this regard, the management and staff of the Center use innovative technologies with older citizens. Only 2 people consider relaxation to be the most important thing in old age. 7 people consider it important to spend interesting leisure time. For the rest of the older people surveyed, the following are important: independence from other people (5 people); respect and care for others (4 people); family, children, grandchildren (4 people); opportunity to continue working (2 people); participation in social work (2 people); material security (2 people).

If we analyze the nature of the answers, then they are mainly of an active nature, in addition to quiet rest and material security. Despite the fact that only 12 people chose the answer “the feeling that you are making a difference,” the rest answered as an opportunity to continue working, be with children and grandchildren, etc. suggest the possibility of self-realization in old age.

Answers of surveyed older people to the question “In what areas of knowledge would you like to learn something new?” are presented in the diagram in Figure 2.10. Despite the fact that the Center systematically organizes lectures on improving health and medicine, for the elderly clients surveyed, the need for knowledge in the field of medicine is urgent (14 people). The need for knowledge from other areas was distributed as follows:

Healthy lifestyle – 5 people;

Plant growing – 5 people;

Physical therapy - 4 people;

New information technologies (computer) - 4 people;

Housekeeping - 3 people;

Jurisprudence (legal knowledge) - 3 people;

Art – 1 person;

Construction – 1 person.

Figure 2.10. The need of older people for knowledge from various fields.

It should be noted that when planning and developing lecture series, the opinions and needs of all clients of the Center should be taken into account, which ensures a differentiated approach to the provision of social services to older citizens.

CONCLUSIONS ON CHAPTER TWO




1. In its practical activities, the Khoroshevsky CCSO, despite the lack of specialists (staffing level is 66%), successfully combines the use of traditional and innovative technologies to improve the quality of life of older people.

2. Rehabilitation of older citizens at the Khoroshevsky Center for Social Rehabilitation is carried out using the following types of technologies: socio-pedagogical, educational, socio-cultural, social-adaptive, socio-psychological, health-improving and valeological. Social and psychological support for an elderly person is carried out using methods of advisory, developmental and correctional work.

3. Among the innovative technologies, Khoroshevsky CCSO uses technologies such as emergency social assistance for the disabled, sociocultural rehabilitation, art therapy, the use of modern progressive sports and recreational techniques, and the involvement of older people in the organization of self-help and mutual assistance (amateur lecturers).

4. In its activities, the Khoroshevsky CCSO focuses more on the social rehabilitation of people with disabilities, because they are the main clients of the Center.

5. Using various technologies, the management and employees of the Khoroshevsky CCSO need to identify the degree of satisfaction of older people with social services in order to differentiate the approach to the provision of services. Any social work technology cannot be implemented without taking into account the characteristics of clients, their condition, resources and motives.




………………………

CONCLUSION




Social work with older people in Russia is currently a specific form of state social protection with the aim of ensuring a decent old age.

The purpose of the diploma research was to study the role of the social service center in solving modern social problems of older citizens.

The hypothesis put forward at the beginning of the study that the solution to modern social problems of older citizens will be carried out more effectively with the use of innovative technologies of social work by the CCSO was confirmed as a result of a theoretical and empirical study of the presented thesis.

Social work with older people is currently based not only on the ideology of providing benefits and privileges, but also on humanistic, democratic ideas about the free personality of an elderly person who has a number of rights (economic, social, cultural), which are enshrined in the legal documents of the Russian Federation .

Based on the humanistic orientation of social work, currently older people are not patients of social services, but clients endowed with an equal scope and list of rights in relation to their nation, gender, language, religion, beliefs, and views. The priority direction of social work with the elderly is organizing their living environment in such a way that an elderly person always has a choice of ways to interact with this environment.

Improving the quality of life of older people requires an integrated approach to solving the main social problems inherent in old age, which include poverty, deteriorating health, lack of competitiveness in the labor market, increasing lack of demand in the family and society, a sharp decrease in social activity, and loneliness.

Social service centers play a major role in improving the quality of life of modern elderly people. This thesis research was carried out on the basis of the Khoroshevsky Center for Social Education of the Northern Administrative District of Moscow. The main clients of this Center are elderly people with disabilities, so rehabilitation is a priority.

Rehabilitation of older citizens at the Khoroshevsky Center for Social Rehabilitation is carried out using the following technologies: socio-pedagogical, educational, socio-cultural, social-adaptive, socio-psychological, health-improving and valeological. Social and psychological support for an elderly person is carried out using methods of advisory, developmental and correctional work. The cozy atmosphere of the Center, the friendliness of the employees, as well as the opportunity to receive medical care and engage in physical therapy at any time have a positive impact on the emotional sphere.

Khoroshevsky CCSO successfully combines in its work the use of traditional and innovative technologies to improve the quality of life of older people, which allows them to effectively solve the problems of their clients. Among the innovative technologies, emergency social assistance for the disabled, sociocultural rehabilitation, art therapy, the use of modern progressive physical education and health techniques, and the involvement of older people in organizing self-help and mutual assistance are successfully used.

The use of innovative technologies contributes to the achievement of practical results on such priorities as respecting the rights and ensuring safe conditions for older people, as well as improving the quality of life and maintaining independence in old age through the provision of social services.

It must be emphasized that the Khoroshevsky CSC was relatively recently, in December 2008, renamed the State Budgetary Institution of the City of Moscow “Integrated Social Service Center “Khoroshevsky”, so the staff is only 66% staffed. However, this fact should not have a negative impact on the Center's clients. Analyzing successful experience in the use of innovative technologies, the management of the Khoroshevsky CCSO was recommended to systematically study the degree of satisfaction of older people with social services with the aim of a differentiated approach to social work. The introduction of any social work technology must take into account the characteristics of clients, their condition, resources and needs and motives.

The criterion for improving the quality of life of modern elderly people should be the socio-psychological well-being of an elderly person, the increase in the level of which is influenced by the satisfaction of elderly people in social services, improved health, improved quality of life, satisfaction of the elderly person’s need for self-determination, self-realization, self-actualization.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY




Regulations




1. Federal Law of August 2, 1995 No. 122-FZ “On Social Services for Elderly and Disabled Citizens” as amended. from 22.08. 2004

2. Federal Law of December 10, 1995 No. 195-FZ “On the fundamentals of social services for the population in the Russian Federation.”

3. Federal Law of July 17, 1999 No. 178-FZ “On State Social Assistance” as amended. from 25.11. 2006).

4. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of January 29, 2002 No. 70 “On the federal target program “Older Generation” for 2002-2004.”

5. Letter of the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation dated January 5, 2003 No. 30-GK “On the nomenclature of institutions (departments) of social services for elderly citizens and the disabled.”

6. National standard of the Russian Federation. “Social services for the population” Post. State Standard of the Russian Federation dated November 24, 2003 No. 327-st.

7. Decree of the Moscow Government dated March 24, 2009 No. 215 PP “On measures to implement the Moscow City Law dated July 9, 2008 No. 34 “On social services for the population of the city of Moscow.”




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29. The elderly population in the Russian Federation: situation, problems, prospects: National report. M., 2007.

30. Psychology of social work / Ed. M.A. Gulina. – St. Petersburg: Peter, 2002. – 352 p.

31. Praida K.D. Socio-psychological aspects of partnership interaction in the field of social protection of the population // Abstracts of the 3rd Russian Conf. on ecology psychol. – M.: Psychologist. Institute RAO. - 2004 - pp. 249–251.

32. Breaking the circle of silence / ed. N.M. Rimashevskaya. - M.: KNORUS, 2005. - 268.

33. Romashina E.V. Moral and ethical problems of social work in the professional training of future specialists // Social and pedagogical activity: questions of theory and practice. Scientific and pedagogical readings. - M.: MGSU, 2007. - pp. 25-29.

34. Russia in numbers: statistical reference book. -M.: FSGS, 2007.- 248 p.

35. Russia in numbers: statistical reference book. -M.: FSGS, 2008.- 251 p.

36. Social gerontology: modern research. /ed. N.F. Shakhmatova.-M.: Medicine, 2004.- 462 p.

37. Social protection: professionalism, partnership, responsibility // Materials of the interregional scientific and practical conference / Ed. V.V. Andreeva and R.I. Eruslanova. - Cheboksary: ​​INION RAS RF, 2005.

38. Social work for older people: professionalism, partnership, responsibility. Materials of the All-Russian Congress of Social Workers. - Saratov, 2003.

39. Social work: introduction to professional activity: Textbook / Ed. A.A. Kozlov. - M.: KNORUS, 2005. - 368 p.

40. Dictionary-reference book for social work / ed. prof. E.I. Single. – M.: Infra-M, 2004. – 417 p.

41. Technology of social work: textbook. manual / ed. I.G. Zainysheva. - M.: VLADOS, 2006. – 457 p.

42. Technologies of social work: Textbook under general. ed. prof. E.I. Single. – M.: INFRA-M, 2004. - 400 p.

43. Topchy L.V. Current problems in the development of social work theory. -M.: VLADOS, 2007.- 218 p.

44. Firsov M.V., E.G. Studenova. Theory of social work: Textbook. manual for students of higher educational institutions. - M.: Infra-M, 2007.- 422 p.

45. Kholostova E.I. Social work with older people: Textbook. – M.: Dashkov and K, 2006. – 296 p.

46. ​​Kholostova E.I., Dementieva N.F. Social rehabilitation: Textbook. – M.: Dashkov and K, 2005. –340 p.

47. Shapiro V.D. A retired man. - M.: Infra-M, 2005.- 213 p.

48. Shchanina, E. V. Ways to enhance the social behavior of pensioners // Collection of articles of the III All-Russian Sociological Congress. - M., 2006.- P. 110-114.

49. Shchukina N.P. Institute of mutual assistance in the system of social support for older people. - M.: Dashkov and K, 2004.- 266 p.

50. Yatsemirskaya R.S., Khokhlova L.N. Socio-demographic situation in modern Russia // Problems of old age: spiritual, medical and social aspects. M.: Sotsium, 2007.- 247 p.




Periodicals




51. Alenikova S. M. Methodology for assessing the degree of need of citizens for social services at home //Social services. 2004. No. 1.

52. Bondareva T.V. Preparing students for social work with older people // Higher education in Russia. – 2006. - No. 11. – p.23-25.

53. Bychkunov A.E. On the issue of using social technologies in overcoming disorganization in society // Sociological Research. 2008. No. 6. - pp. 43-50.

54. Eremeeva, T.S. Continuous professional training of future social work specialists // Higher education today. -2007. - No. 7. - P.45-47.

55. Karyukhin E.V., Panov A.V. Experience in organizing legal support for the elderly in the context of public organizations // Psychology of maturity and aging. - 2003. No. 3. - P.65-71.

56. Karyukhin E.V. Population aging: demographic indicators // Clinical gerontology. 2007. No. 1.

57. Krasnova O.V. Elderly people in Russia // Psychology of maturity and aging. - 2006. -№3. - P.5-16.

58. Kuleshov A. Problems of analytical research in the social sphere // Socis. 2008. No. 5. - pp. 112-115.

59. Molevich E. F. Towards the analysis of the essence and form of social old age // Socis. -2006. -No. 4. - P. 62-65.

61. Philosopher A.A. Some aspects of psychosocial assistance to elderly and elderly people // Psychology of maturity and aging. - 2008. - No. 3. - P.34-39.

62. Yurkovsky E. Additional funds were not needed // Social security. 2005. No. 10.

63. Yuryev E. Low birth rate is not a sign of civilization // Social and demographic policy. - 2006. -No. 9. -S. 4-5.

64. Yanovsky G.D. Modern problems of the quality of life of elderly citizens of Russia // Advances in gerontology. – 2008. Issue 17. – P. 59-71.

APPLICATION

Questionnaire




Dear citizen! We ask you to take part in a questionnaire aimed at studying some aspects of the lives of older people.

We invite you to answer 19 questions in the survey.

Your sincere answers are necessary in order to improve the quality of social services of the Khoroshevsky CCSO.

Thank you in advance for your sincerity and friendly participation in the survey!




1. Do you like visiting the Khoroshevsky Cultural Center?

I find it difficult to answer




2. Indicate the main reasons why you visit the Center?

Desire to communicate

Opportunity to get a hot lunch

Opportunity to improve your health

Desire to spend useful leisure time

Unsatisfactory material security

Other ________________________________________________




3. How do you assess your health?

Excellent

Satisfactory

Very bad

4. How do you assess your health?

Excellent

Satisfactory

Very bad




5. How is your life going now, speaking about it in general?

Satisfactorily

It's simply impossible to endure any longer.




6. What do you think brings a person your age the greatest satisfaction in life?

Material security

Peaceful holiday

Interesting varied leisure activities

Independence from other people

Opportunity to continue working

Feeling like you are helping people

Respect and care for others

Family, children, grandchildren

Participation in social work

Other_______________________________________________




7. To what extent do you think the Center’s employees take into account the opinions of older citizens when providing social services?

Not taken into account at all

Rarely taken into account

About half the time

In most cases

Always take into account




8. How do you generally assess the work of the Khoroshevsky Center?

Satisfactorily

Very bad

Other________________________________________________




9. In what areas of knowledge would you like to learn something new?

Jurisprudence (legal knowledge)

Medicine

Physiotherapy

Art

Linguistics (foreign language)

New information technologies (computer)

Construction

Crop production

Homestead farming

Healthy lifestyle

Other_________________________________________________




Please indicate:

What's your gender ______________

Age _______________




Yanovsky G.D. Modern problems of the quality of life of elderly citizens of Russia // Advances in gerontology. – 2008. Issue 17. – P. 59).




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Bocharova V.G. Continuous training of social workers in working with older people // Higher education today. - 2007. - No. 2. - P. 12-15., Mukhametzyanova G.V. Personal characteristics of social educators working with older people // Russian Journal of Social Work. - 2007. - No. 3. - P.21-25., P.D. Pavlenok. Theory and practice of social work. - M.: Triada, 2005. - 373 p. Panov A.M. Preparing students for social work // Higher education today.- 2007.- No. 2.- P. 15-21., Topchiy L.V. Theory and practice of social work. - M.: VLADOS, 2006.- 256 p., Tregubova T.M. International social services: variety of models and actions. - Kazan: Institute of Secondary Prof. education., RAO, 2008.- 195 pp., Kholostova E.I. Technologies of social work. - M.: INFRA-M, 2007. - 400 pp., Shmeleva N.B. Formation and development of the personality of a social worker as a professional. - M.: Academic Project, 2008, 196 pp., Yatsemirskaya R.S. Social gerontology.- M.: Academic project, 2006.- 320 p.

Arnoldov A.I. Living world of social pedagogy. - M.: Sotsium, 2006. - 136 p., Basov N.F. History of social pedagogy.- M.: Academy, 2007.- 253 p., Belicheva S.A. Experience of social work in EU countries. - M.: Academy, 2008. - 357 pp., Bocharova V.G., Guslyakova L.G. Social education in Russia in the 21st century. - M.: Gardariki, 2008. - 267 pp., Lipsky I.A. Social pedagogy: methodological analysis. - M.: Academic project, 2008. - 264 p., Maslennikova V.Sh., Mukhametzyanova G.V. Modern problems of social work in Russia // Materials of the international scientific and practical conference. - Kazan: Fatherland, 2006. - P. 25-32, Nikitin V.A. Problems of training social workers in modern conditions // Materials of the international scientific and practical conference. - Kazan: Fatherland, 2006. - P. 45-49, Tregubova T.M. Applied aspects in working with older people // Materials of the international scientific and practical conference. - Kazan: Fatherland, 2006. - pp. 121-127., Fokin V.A., Fokin I.V. Psychology of social work in working with older people. - M.: Academy, 2007. - 223 pp., Kholostova E.I. Social rehabilitation. – M.: Dashkov and K, 2007. –340 pp., Shapiro V.D. A retired man. - M.: Infra-M, 2005.- 213 p., Firsov M.V., Shapiro B.Yu. Psychology of social work: content and methods of psychosocial practice. – M.: Pedagogy, 2006. – 192 p., Yarkina T.F. Human psychology in old age. - M.: Sotsium, 2006. - 177 p.

Romashina E.V. Moral and ethical problems of social work in the professional training of future specialists // Social and pedagogical activity: questions of theory and practice. Scientific and pedagogical readings. - M.: MGSU, 2007. - P. 26). Kuleshov A. link and issue

Problems of social work with old people are currently the focus of many social institutions, social and research programs aimed at ensuring an acceptable standard of living for elderly and old people.

Working with old elderly people has always been and is considered everywhere one of the most difficult psychologically; it is not for nothing that staff turnover is so high. It is no secret that currently the majority of social workers (doctors, nurses, administration, management and maintenance personnel) are forced to work with old people due to some forced circumstances; true calling is discovered extremely rarely.

Features of the elderly

With the transition to the category of older people, pensioners, not only the relationship between a person and society often radically changes, but also such value guidelines as the meaning of life, happiness, good and evil, etc. The very way of life, daily routine, and social circle also change. With age, the value hierarchy of self-esteem changes. Older people pay less attention to their appearance, but more to their inner and outer physical condition

. The time perspective of older people is changing. Leaving into the past is typical only for very old people; the rest think and talk more about the future. In the minds of an elderly person, the near future begins to prevail over the distant one, and personal life prospects become shorter. Closer to old age, time seems to flow more quickly, but less filled with various events. At the same time, people who actively participate in life pay more attention to the future, while passive people pay more attention to the past. The former are therefore more optimistic and believe more in the future. But age is still age. In old age, certain changes occur in the human body, energy potential decreases, the amount of water, salts and microelements decreases, oxygen metabolism and blood circulation in the brain deteriorate, and a number of other unfavorable effects are observed. physiological phenomena

. There is increased psychological fatigue, slowness of perception of reaction and thinking, memory deteriorates, motivation for activity weakens; changes in the emotional sphere are noticeable: focus on one’s interests, touchiness, suspicion, etc.

It is necessary to take into account features that are determined by at least two characteristic features of the lifestyle of older people. As a rule, the life of an elderly person is not rich in various events. However, these events fill all of his individual space and time. Thus, the arrival of a doctor is an event that can fill the whole day. Going to the store is also an event that is preceded by careful preparation. In other words, there is a hypertrophy, “stretching” of events. An event that is perceived by young people as an insignificant episode, for an old person becomes a matter of the whole day. In addition to the “extension” of events, the fullness of life can be achieved through the hypertrophy of any one sphere of life activity. The second feature is determined by a peculiar sense of time. Firstly, an elderly person always lives in the present. His past is also present in the present - hence the thriftiness, thriftiness, and caution of older people. They are, as it were, preserved in the moment, and the spiritual world and its values ​​are also subject to such preservation. Secondly, the movement of time in old age slows down and becomes smoother.

The attitude of elderly and old people themselves to the assistance provided to them by social workers deserves special attention. Practical experience and specially conducted research allow us to identify several specific behavioral stereotypes of elderly and old people:

• 1) active rejection of social assistance in everyday life, distrust of social workers, reluctance to be dependent on strangers;
• 2) obvious rental attitudes, desire and persistence in receiving as many services as possible from social workers, assigning all household responsibilities to the latter;
• 3) dissatisfaction and dissatisfaction with one’s living conditions is transferred to social workers with whom they communicate directly;
• 4) the social worker is perceived as an object. Who is responsible for their physical health, moral and financial condition.

For the social sphere, the main thing is the fact that among old people there is a tendency towards slowly growing painful pathological processes that take a chronic course and are difficult to treat. If we take into account that from the age of 40 to 45 there is already an “accumulation” of diseases, then it is understandable why there are so many very old people who are incapable of even the most basic self-care.

The transition of a person to the elderly group significantly changes his relationship with society and such value-normative concepts as the purpose and meaning of life, goodness and happiness, etc. People's lifestyles are changing significantly. Previously, they were associated with society, production, and social activities. As pensioners (by age), they, as a rule, lose constant contact with production. However, as members of society they remain involved in certain activities in various spheres of social life.

Retirement is especially difficult for people whose work activity was highly valued in the past, but now (for example, in modern Russian conditions) is considered unnecessary and useless. Practice shows that a break from work has a negative impact in a number of cases on people’s health, vitality, and psyche. And this is natural, since work is a source of longevity, one of the most important conditions for maintaining good health.

All people have individual characteristics. No two people are the same and no problems are the same. Today's elderly and old Russians were born, grew up and grew old during the difficult years of our history; they experienced revolutions, wars, transitions from one social formation to another, cardinal economic and social changes, repressions, disasters, etc. Archaic wise elders, who have mastered the mysteries of existence and represent a storehouse of calm, kindness and cordiality, have remained in fairy tales and legends. Our time has given birth to “new old people”. Having grown up and formed in certain socio-economic conditions based on specific moral and ethical principles, these people for the most part have a unique life experience that “awarded” them with certain characteristics in old age: nervousness, increased anxiety, suspicion and aggressiveness.

Looking back at their lives, all older people seem to take stock, and their balance, calmness and self-esteem depend on how they evaluate their lives themselves. Few of our old people today confidently evaluate the life they have lived with a plus sign, taking into account the results to which it ultimately led them and which we spoke about above. Hence the inferiority complex, resentment, sadness and grief, the feeling of powerlessness and fear of the future that most of our old people experience today.

In addition, aging people also have a natural reason for acquiring these negative personal characteristics: old age in itself is an unpleasant state (legs don’t walk, arms don’t hold, eyes don’t see, memory fails), but all this is many times complicated by the fact that others notice mistakes, absurdities and inability of self-control of older people. Plus, there are purely physiological changes: the majority have serious age-related changes in their mental state associated with andropause in men and menopause in women. Older people also experience sclerotic lesions of the blood vessels in the brain, which cause a slow reaction, memory impairment, lack of associative thinking, etc.

All this leads to senile neuroticism, which is characterized by anxiety, anxiety and the search for protection. Wanting to find at least some kind of support, older people look at those around them with hope. During the period of their personal formation, which took place under socialism, they developed certain stereotypes about where, how and from whom this protection could be received, and corresponding expectations and requirements for “public places.” They still sincerely believe that there must be people who are responsible for their condition, for the situation in which they find themselves, and they are looking for these people in order to present their account to them. Attempts by the state to somehow alleviate the financial difficulties of pensioners are so clumsy and not organizationally thought out that they often evoke not the gratitude of those to whom they are directed, but their indignation.

A difficult state of mind, which is inevitable with constant grief, displeasure, a feeling of complete loneliness (sometimes even in the family), cannot but lead to serious consequences and, above all, to tension in the relationships of older people with others, developing into conflicts and confrontation.