We can talk endlessly about the types of handicraft techniques using paper, because human imagination is limitless. We do all sorts of things with these grateful materials - we cut, and glue, and crumple, and burn, and tear, and roll, and twist, and soak. And all this in order to turn a flat sheet of paper into a wonderful miracle, which can please the eye and be used in business. Well, if not for business, then for pleasure - for sure!
Those who think that only children should learn various techniques for working with paper materials are mistaken. Today, paper plastic, origami, and quilling are very popular among designers and are used in the design of retail spaces and festive events. We want to tell you about the trimming technique. It is simple, but allows you to create airy, voluminous compositions of any size and on any theme.
CUTTING is one of the types of paper crafts. This technique can be classified as both an appliqué method and a type of quilling (paper cutting). With the help of trimming you can create amazing three-dimensional paintings, mosaics, panels, decorative interior elements, postcards.
In this way it is possible to decorate almost any objects, for example, photo frames. Still little known, this technique is quickly gaining new fans and gaining popularity in the world of needlework. Such a rapid growth in its popularity is explained, firstly, by the unusual “fluffiness” effect that trimming gives, and secondly, by the very the easy way execution. What is this, paper cutting technique? Let's get to know her better.
The principle of trimming This technique is based on the creation of images and objects using three-dimensional elements made of paper. The volumetric trimming element is called “trimming” or “butt”. It is a piece of soft paper compressed into a funnel or cone. It is from such elements that the intended product is created. Each “end” is like one brush stroke in creating a picture, like one loop in knitting or one bead in beading.
Trimming is not a difficult job, but it is painstaking. It requires not only perseverance, but also accuracy, attention and a certain dexterity. Tools To make crafts using this technique, you need a minimum set of materials and tools: paper, glue, scissors and the so-called “crosscut” tool. Not all paper is suitable for cutting. Typically, this technique uses corrugated paper or, in other words, crepe paper. This paper is sold in almost all craft and cultural supply stores.
In addition to corrugated paper, regular paper napkins are also suitable for trimming. From corrugated paper, “glasses” are made directly from the ends - elements of three-dimensional appliqué. Scissors and glue will be needed to cut and glue these end pieces to the base of the craft.
A wide variety of materials are used as a base. As a matter of fact, you can “furnish” any surface to which this paper is glued with corrugated paper. Therefore, for panels, paintings and mosaics, a flat base is taken - a sheet of whatman paper, cardboard, light ceiling tiles. For volumetric crafts, blanks are made from polystyrene foam, newspapers, papier-mâché, and plasticine.
Technology as such How to work with all these tools and materials? After you have decided on the type of product, you need to prepare paper for the “trimmings”. These should be squares cut from corrugated paper. Size - from one to three centimeters, quantity - depending on the area or volume of the product. The blank on which the “ends of the glasses” will be attached can be coated with glue in advance. But you can also apply glue to each individual element - whichever you prefer.
How to make one such “fluffy”? The technology for making “trimmings” requires care. So, in your right hand you have a cutting stick, in your left - a square of paper. Place the piece of paper at the center of the end of the stick, and, holding it, gently crumple the paper, wrapping it around the stick. When crimping the paper, do not press too hard to avoid tearing it. The result is a small fluffy cone. The folded sides of the square will give it fluffiness.
After this, without removing the cone from the rod, glue it to the workpiece so that the top of the cone is glued to the surface of the workpiece, and the “clove” folds look at you. When gluing the trims, remember that the closer together you place them on the surface of the product, the fluffier and neater it will look.
If the entire trimming process is described in stages, it will look like this: Cut squares (one by one cm) from corrugated paper. We make a blank for a three-dimensional product or draw a pattern on a flat surface. We place the blunt end (end) of the rod on a paper square. We crumple the paper and roll the rod between our fingers. Glue the end tube to the workpiece. We take out the rod.
"Unconventional techniques for working with paper"
The mysterious world of paper transformation
Here are all the sorcerers, wizards, magicians,
They create fairy tales with their own hands.
You can develop children's creativity in various ways, including by working with various materials, for example, paper. Techniques for working with paper can be different: cutting and cutting, three-dimensional applique, mosaic, crafts in the style of origami, kirigami, norigami, quilling, creation of various volumes using paper-plastic techniques, paper rolling, trimming on plasticine.
Lessons in the process of using non-traditional techniques for working with paper:
Develop abilities to small movements hands, accustoms to precise finger movements under the control of consciousness.
They develop spatial imagination and teach how to read blueprints.
Introduce children to basic geometric concepts.
Stimulates the development of spatial and motor memory, teaches concentration.
Develops creative abilities.
They expand their gaming and communication abilities, their horizons and foster respect for the Japanese cultural tradition.
What is paper
Paper is such a unique material that can be used in completely different works. So, you can use paper for its intended purpose - write, print, draw, draw, or you can give the sheet shape and volume, and, suddenly, we have a crane on our hand! Or you can cut the paper into pieces, fold it again, glue it together - and you’ll get a panel, a mosaic, a painting! One time, and we made a toy, a doll, a house, whatever! Let's work harder - make a book, notebook, frame or album! We want to please our relatives - we will make a wide variety of postcards! Everything that already exists in the world, and everything else they can think of, can be made from paper! Paper is a MIRACLE! No wonder it is one of the greatest inventions of mankind!
Types of paper
It is very difficult to list all types of paper, because even a sheet is a fraction thinner and it is a different type. Therefore, we will name only those that are often encountered in life and that can be useful in needlework.
Writing paper - notebook leaves, "Snow Maiden" and similar sheets, notepad paper - the basic basis for needlework.
Coated - shiny, smooth paper, found in books, magazines, posters, posters - for decorative purposes, for decoration, to decorate work.
Newspaper - well-known newspapers, also found in books and sheet music - both basic material and interesting design material.
Rice - can now be found in stores a large number of napkins and cards from this type of paper for decoupage - decorative paper.
Designer - it has also become fashionable to create paper yourself; in stores you can find designer paper, ready for various handicrafts, for example, special blanks for scrapbooking.
Whatman paper is white thick paper of various formats, ideal for drawing, drawing, due to its high resistance to abrasion, it can be used in needlework for modeling or creating collages.
Tracing paper - thin, transparent paper - used for copying and sketching.
Cardboard - the thickest paper - is suitable for various purposes: drawing, design, packaging, modeling.
Sandpaper - flexible, rough paper - for sanding, removing old paint, preparing surfaces for priming and painting.
Photo paper is an opaque, thick paper used for printing photographs.
Wallpaper - thick paper in rolls, of various colors and textures - can be used in needlework as both a basic material and a design one.
Wrapping paper is thin, often shiny paper and is suitable for decorative purposes.
Toilet paper - thin, soft paper - is useful as a base material, for example, in papier-mâché, and for cleaning and blotting surfaces.
Foil - thin, metallic paper - for decorative purposes, to give the effect of silver, gold, etc.
Baking paper - thin, but dense, heat-resistant - is suitable for work where you need to heat, melt, or glue something.
Paper techniques
You can do various things with paper. It can be cut, or cut out of it, it can be torn, it can be glued with various materials, it can be bent, folded, given the desired shape, it can be wrinkled or straightened, it can be painted, aged, given new effects and much more. Techniques for working with paper vary depending on the area of handicraft. Let's get to know some of them.
Application
One of the most famous types of decorative and applied art. People begin to practice appliqué from early childhood. The essence of this direction of needlework is cutting out and then gluing figures, patterns, paintings onto another surface. One of the types of applique is decoupage. When working in this direction, techniques such as bending, cutting, tearing and tearing, and gluing are used.
Openwork cutting
No less than quilling, a fine art is cutting out patterns from paper. For this type of work, it is advisable to use thick paper. High Quality so that it does not tear when cutting. This direction of needlework can be useful when creating panels, postcards, paintings, volumetric models or individual elements for decorating something. Here the paper is cut, cut, folded, glued, painted depending on the idea and imagination of the master.
Openwork Christmas tree
Origami:
Age: from 4 years
The ancient oriental art of folding figures from a square sheet of paper.OrigamiIt’s like a magic trick - a wonderful figure is born from an ordinary piece of paper in a few minutes! Origami does not require large material costs; origami activities are absolutely safe even for the smallest children. With the help of origami, you can quickly and easily create a whole world that you can play with! No special abilities are required and everyone can do it! With the help of origami it is easy to make unusual and Original gifts and decorate the premises. Basically, in this direction only such work techniques as folding and bending are used. Origami is divided into modular, simple, wet folding. Each type has its own characteristics. For complex folding patterns, it is better to use special paper. Origami has also developed its own symbols.
Papier mache
The art of creating three-dimensional things from paper and adhesive mass: these can be masks, sculptures, furniture, boxes, dummies, toys and much more. During work, paper is soaked, cut, glued, painted.
Scrapbooking
A newfangled direction of needlework, which consists in creating albums, notepads, books for storing photographs, clippings, drawings, etc. The main materials for production are paper of different formats, textures and qualities. Many special tools are also required. Scrapbooking is an expensive hobby, but very exciting, thanks to which truly unique things are created. In the process of creating a product, all types of techniques for working with paper are used. Separately, cardmaking is distinguished - the creation of postcards. In this direction, work is carried out similarly to scrapbooking.
Collage
The art of creating compositions in which objects and materials that differ from the base in color and texture are glued onto some base. When working, all types of paper are used. It is cut out, cut, pasted, and completed.
Modeling
You can create various models from paper: from simple airplanes to ancient castles. Origami also refers to modeling, but in oriental art, a figure is created from squares of paper without glue or thread, and in this direction, paper of various sizes and auxiliary tools are used. The process also uses all kinds of paper techniques.
Paper rolling (quilling)
Age: from 5 years.
Quilling
Paper rolling is the art of making flat or three-dimensional compositions from long and narrow strips of paper twisted into spirals.
Flowers and patterns are created from paper spirals, which are then usually used to decorate cards, albums, and photo frames. Art came to Russia from Korea. It is also popular as a hobby in Germany, England and America. Quilling is also called "paper filigree"
At first glance, the paper rolling technique is simple. Strip of paper for and is twisted into a tight spiral, after which it is glued to a sheet of thick paper. This process is repeated many times until the child fills the entire space of the sheet.
It will be convenient to start winding by twisting the edge of the paper quilling tape onto the tip of a sharp awl
Having formed the core of the spiral, it is advisable to continue working without using a tool for A. This way you can feel with your fingertips whether the roll is being formed uniformly and adjust your efforts during the process. The result should be a dense spiral less than a centimeter in diameter. It will be the basis for the further diversity of all forms. After which the paper spiral unfolds until the right size, and then the necessary quilling figure is formed from it.
The tip of the paper is grabbed by a drop of glue. Rolls can be given a variety of shapes by performing compressions and indentations.
There are 20 in total basic elements for quilling, but the principle remains the same: fold, pinch - using your imagination. You can always come up with new quilling elements yourself.
Norigami
This is uniqueauthor's technique formatted paper design, which makes it possible to make anything out of paper. Think about it - and it will be done. If you want, learn to come up with crafts yourself; if you want, learn to make them following the master. No other paper design technique can be made so quickly, simply and recognizable, even Carlson, a Chinese dragon, a tank or a submarine, a zebra or an elephant, a giraffe, a horse, a cat, a princess, a castle...
Norigami - a relative of origami: also without patterns, also according to diagrams, also from standard sheets with simple folds. But the difference is in cutting and gluing. Becausenori - it's in Japanese"glue" - we fold, cut, and glue. Children love to work with paper - it is accessible as a material and easy to handle. Working with paper, the child masters various techniques and methods - folding the sheet, gluing, cutting. Simple manipulations that are accessible to everyone, and the result is a unique creative craft that children take with them. Such an unusual toy, made with your own hands, will be a wonderful decoration for the home. Boys have fun constructing their favorite cars, tanks and planes, and even dinosaurs from paper. Girls are princesses, funny little animals. The age of children is from 5 years to infinity.
Kirigami
Age: from 6 years
This is the art of folding paper figures. In a certain sense, kirigami is a type of origami technique, but, unlike the latter, the use of scissors and glue is permissible in kirigami.
The name of the technique itself speaks for itself: it comes from two Japanese words:Kira - cut andkami - paper.
The basis of crafts using the kirigami technique is a sheet of paper. As a rule, creating a craft begins with folding a sheet of paper in half and cutting out various shapes. Shapes can be cut symmetrically:
and asymmetrically:
Using the kirigami technique, beautiful three-dimensional folding cards are made (in English they are called pop-ups),
as well as entire architectural structures made of paper.
Volumetric applique made of colored or white paper:
Age: from 5 years
Means of expression: silhouette, texture, color, volume.
Equipment: double-sided colored and thick white paper, PVA glue.
Method of obtaining an image: the child tears off pieces of colored paper, crumples them or twists them, and then glues them onto a sheet of thick paper. The work must be done on a large sheet of paper.
Volumetric applique made of paper napkins painted with gouache
Age: from 4 years
Iris folding
Iris folding originated in Holland. This technique is also called "rainbow folding". The design is formed by gluing the paper at a certain angle in the form of a twisting spiral. This technique is simple, but at the same time requires attention, accuracy and perseverance. Drawings in iris folding are made using iris templates..
Volumetric decoupage or 3D decoupage.
The decoupage technique has been known for a very long time. One of the most original types of decoupage is the creation of three-dimensional images. Once you get acquainted with this simple technique, you will be able to create life-like flowers, butterflies and much more for friends and family.
Vytanki
Cutting openwork patterns from paper (vytynanka) is a popular hobby in many countries. Each nation has its own traditions, so it is easy to distinguish the work of Chinese masters from Ukrainian ones. For a long time, openwork patterns have been used to decorate homes and interior items, especially for Christmas and Easter. Vytanki is a fairly democratic technique; you can choose a pattern for both a preschooler and a true professional.
Means of expression: spot, texture, color, volume, composition.
Equipment: white napkins, sponges, thick colored paper, PVA glue, gouache.
Method of obtaining an image: the child twists pieces of white napkins into small flagella, and then glues them onto a sheet of thick paper. The twisting procedure is repeated until the space of the depicted object is filled with curled flagella. Now you can take gouache and paint the glued napkins.
So, paper is an amazing material that is exposed to various influences and which can be used in a variety of creative works. Let's value paper and don't throw it away again! Every piece will find its place.But the most important and valuable thing is that working with paper, along with other types of fine arts, develops the child aesthetically. Children learn to see, feel, evaluate and create according to the laws of beauty. A child who knows various methods of transforming materials can, in his activities, consciously choose the type of material and the method of its transformation, depending on the specifics of the intended craft and in accordance with its purpose, combine materials, and choose means to realize the aesthetic requirements for the result of the work.
Paper was invented in the 2nd century BC. a Chinese court official and gradually began to spread westward, reaching Central Asia in 751 AD. e. In 793, paper was first made in Baghdad, during the golden age of Islamic culture. From there, the art of papermaking spread further east, and by the 14th century, several paper mills had appeared in Europe.
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When printing began in 1450, the demand for paper increased dramatically. At this time, the main raw materials for paper production were flax and cotton, but it was not until the 18th century, when demand for materials exceeded supply, that the search began for a material that would be available in abundance. At the beginning of the 19th century, the use of wood began.
Modern equipment and methods of paper production originate in the same 19th century, and now they have turned the ancient craft into a high-tech industry. The basic processes remain the same, but grades of paper that provide maximum strength, longevity and durability still rely on cotton and linen fibers and whole, graded fabric scraps.
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All over the world, people have recognized the value of paper as an object for creativity, because it can be used to make products or use it as an element for decoration. They learned to create useful objects from paper, each with its own grace and beauty.
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They also invented many ways to decorate with paper, by folding it or cutting it into intricate shapes, painting it in different colors, or using plain colored paper shapes or cut-out printed images to create paintings. In the Far East and Europe there is a particularly strong tradition of using paper as a raw material and recognizing its decorative potential.
Papier mache.
Papier-mâché (meaning "chewed paper" in French) is actually shredded paper or paper strips, mixed with glue. Paper pulp can be cast into a variety of shapes to create hard or brittle products that can then be creatively decorated.
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Centuries before the craft arrived in Europe, it was an art form in the Far East, where carefully crafted items were exquisitely decorated and varnished. At the beginning of the 18th century, papier-mâché products began to be made in France, and later in England and Germany, where several different manufacturing processes were used.
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One of them was to create trays and furniture panels from pressed sheets of paper glued together. Although the production of papier-mâché products fell somewhat in Europe in the 19th century. Papier-mâché was still a popular material for making toys, masks and various types of mannequins. Being one of the cheapest and simplest materials, today papier-mâché is experiencing its rebirth.
Decoupage.
The word "decoupage" comes from the French verb decouper, which means "to cut." Decoupage is a type of decorative art in which paper cut-outs are used to create pictures or patterns on various surfaces.
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Decoupage as an art form was influenced by the Siberian art of felt appliqué and ancient Chinese and Polish folk art using paper cuttings. It first appeared in France in the 17th century as an art for decorating furniture. A century later, decoupage became a popular activity throughout Europe. It became so fashionable that specially printed pictures were produced to be pasted onto various household and personal items such as hairbrushes, hair dryers and screens.
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It has recently seen a resurgence of interest as a way of bringing a variety of items to life, such as wastebaskets, lampshades, screens, trays and boxes.
Many of today's decoupage projects are inspired by the lush floral motifs of the Victorian era, but this does not mean that this is exactly what modern decoupage should look like.
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You can use any kind of paper with different images. You can even use black and white or tinted photocopies to create own designs. At the end, each work must be covered with several layers of varnish for protection.
Paper cutting.
The art of paper cutting originated in the Far East. In China, where paper stencils were first used as embroidery patterns, their patterns were extremely complex and intricate. In Japan, they were originally used as stencils for printing designs on fabric.
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Eventually this art form traveled along the trade routes of the Middle East to Europe, where it was used by monks to decorate manuscripts. Thus, the first secular examples of paper-cut-outs in Europe were on religious themes, but as paper became more widely used, people began to carve scenes from everyday life. Polish folk artists have become famous for their charming and colorful pieces depicting rural life.
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German and Swiss paper cut-outs were intricate, folded stories called scherenschmitte. This tradition of creating symmetrical images, white on a black background, was subsequently adopted and continued by early European settlers in the New World.
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In Great Britain and France, a continuation of the German style was the creation of portraits by cutting out paper silhouettes. The first images of silhouettes were created in life-size - the mannequin's head was illuminated with candles and the shadow was redrawn on paper. The image was then painted over black, cut out and pasted onto white paper.
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As the fashion for paper-cut designs spread, well-bred ladies with a lot of time on their hands realized that their small craft scissors were the perfect tool for cutting out intricate lace symbols of love or Valentine's Day cards and family holiday keepsakes. Traditional paper cutting art festivals still take place in Denmark, Mexico and the USA. Depending on the type of paper used, the number of folds and the style of the image, you can create a huge variety of products.
Decorating paper.
Exist various ways decorating paper to improve the appearance of paper products or plain paper or cardboard. Various decorative effects can be achieved using stencils. For centuries they have been used to decorate interiors with repeating patterns.They can also be used to decorate small or large items, from homemade wallpaper to wrapping paper and office supplies.
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Stamping, actually a type of printing, is another excellent way to decorate paper. It can be applied to any kind of paper or paper products. Today, applying patterns using stencils and seals (stamps) is used as a simple, inexpensive, but at the same time, expressive way to decorate or add originality to any surface.
There are ready-made stamps and stencils on sale, but you can make them yourself to your liking. You can cut stencils from waxed stencil card or acetate film, and stamps can be cut from potatoes or a household sponge.
Paper designs.
By cutting and folding paper, you can create an amazing variety of items for your home - boxes, mobiles and lanterns. The art of creating decorative and useful products by folding paper several times goes back to the even more ancient art of creating such products from fabric. The pinnacle of this art is the Japanese art of origami, where paper folded several hundred times is used to create three-dimensional objects and animals.
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Any object from an elephant to a vase of flowers can be made without using glue or tape. Traditions of creating paper designs by folding paper also exist in Spain and South America. In Germany in the 19th century, they began to make crafts from folded colored paper in kindergartens, and later, the Bauhaus, the famous German design school, opened courses on how to create structures from paper folded several times.
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Typically thought of as just packaging material, cardboard can also be used to create many functional and decorative items. At the beginning of the 20th century, cardboard began to be used in the manufacture of models for sculptures, furniture and in architectural projects.
Some imaginative designers have even made various pieces of furniture entirely out of it, which is proof of its inherent durability. Cardboard became a popular craft material during World War II, when it was widely used for packaging.
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Craftsmen immediately found a use for this new industrial waste product, but their enthusiasm soon waned, because in the post-war period more interesting materials. However, recently there has been a renewed interest in cardboard as a creative material, and many craftsmen have begun to use it in new ways to create a variety of amazing items from toys and handbags to chairs and tables.
Corrugated cardboard with its multi-layer structure is particularly suitable for creating cardboard structures.
If you want to do to a loved one A truly original and memorable gift, it is unlikely that you will be able to find something more suitable than a variety of paper crafts. This book contains everything you need to know to independently penetrate Magic world paper art. The first four chapters are devoted to him theoretical foundations, including a description of the history of the invention of paper, its types, the tools needed to work, the techniques used, as well as tips for beginners. The practical part with examples of making toys and souvenirs from paper fits into the last chapter.
A series: DIY crafts
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by liters company.
Paper techniques
Application
Application is a composition, usually made up of pieces of colored paper or fabric using a wide variety of additional materials. Since ancient times, people have decorated their homes with crafts made using this interesting technique. The Kazakhs decorated yurts and carpets with them, and the Tatars decorated saddles and boots. The peoples of the North sewed fur appliqués onto their leather clothes. The Slavs used this technique to finish fabrics, from which they then sewed clothes. Even
Currently, there are many artists engaged in appliqué work. However, for now we will only talk about appliqué made from colored paper.
For example, a bouquet of flowers in half a candy box looks good. To make such a bouquet, glue a sheet of colored paper to the bottom of the box as a background. Glue flowers, stems and leaves on top. Moreover, the applique will look much better if the flower petals are not glued completely, i.e. they are made using the technique volumetric application.
If you need to quickly decorate the interior or just keep your children busy with some interesting and useful activity, you should make several paintings from colored paper with them. Why take several multi-colored sheets of colored paper, one of which will become the background of the future picture, and from the rest you can cut out some figures. It doesn’t matter at all whether they are of the correct shape or not. The main thing is that the colors are bright and contrasting. Next, stick them on the background in a free order.
You can do it much easier if you make the background sheet square (Fig. 13), and then sequentially stick squares of different sizes onto it, starting with the largest and ending with the smallest in the center. The picture will turn out to be quite unusual, but at the same time it is very simple to execute.
It is easy to decorate a nursery or veranda with such applications. By the way, the child himself is quite capable of decorating his room. Of course, it is better to give the baby safe scissors and lay a piece of oilcloth on the table.
Rice. 13. Application
When performing appliqué, you must try not to stain the parts with glue, otherwise the work will no longer be so attractive. It is better to avoid using regular office glue, which turns yellow over time and is noticeable when applied to a dark background (forms white spots). In addition, it tends to corrode painted surfaces and does not wash off clothes at all. The most acceptable would be PVA glue or ordinary paste. You can also use wallpaper glue, although it takes a long time to dry.
Papier mache
A special type of souvenir toys include products made from papier-mâché. Where did they come from? First, let's look at what papier-mâché is in principle. Literally translated from French, the word “papier-mâché” means “chewed paper” and is a method of gluing paper in small pieces in 5-7 layers according to a certain shape or model. According to one version, the first products using the papier-mâché technique appeared in medieval Iran, while other scientists believe that this handicraft originated in China, where it originated before our era.
The basis of Iranian boxes and other crafts were several layers of glued paper (coated with a mixture of glue and chalk on top), painted with paints, on top of which a layer was applied clear varnish. Unfortunately, these wonderful bright caskets and boxes were very fragile.
In Europe (England, Germany and France), the art of papier-mâché appeared only at the beginning of the 16th century. and immediately received new development. In Russia it spread a little later.
In industrial production, papier-mâché is paper pulp crushed into fibers, mixed with glue, chalk or plaster. At home, this is torn paper, preferably newspaper, soaked in paste or other glue, pressed into several layers and primed with gesso or drying oil. At the same time, it becomes durable, which allows you to work with it like wood.
Depending on the purpose of the product, its size and the number of items intended for production, there are several technological methods for preparing papier-mâché. So, you can work in six main ways:
According to various models;
According to the form taken from the model;
According to the original - a genuine product;
By blanks;
On a wire frame;
Sculpt from homemade newspaper mixture.
Over the years, visual aids, models, and relief maps have been made from papier-mâché.
Made from this material Christmas decorations, New Year's and Carnival masks, boxes, wall plates, a variety of souvenirs and much more.
Behind this foreign word lies an ordinary paper applique, which we did in labor lessons at school or even in kindergarten. Translated from French, the word “decoupage” means “to cut,” which means that the decoupage technique comes down to cutting and gluing paper elements. If we look at history, we can find out that the first products using this technique appeared in China in the 12th century; in the XVII–XVIII centuries. The method of decorating interior items using paper motifs came to Europe along with the fashion for Chinese lacquered furniture.
Nowadays, ordinary three-layer napkins with various patterns, ornaments or entire scenes are used to decorate objects, which is why decoupage is also called the napkin technique.
The decoupage technique is very simple, and even children who have already learned how to cut out various shapes and elements from paper along the contour can master it. Its essence boils down to the following: a paper motif, cut along the contour, is glued onto a previously prepared surface using any adhesive, and after drying, it is covered with one or more layers of varnish, which is necessary so that the applied pattern is not afraid of moisture.
In addition, in a craft store you can buy special glue for decoupage, which comes in different types depending on what surfaces it is intended for decorating. However, the simplest and most affordable option is PVA glue, which can be successfully used on any surface. For work, it is usually diluted in a 1:1 ratio or used undiluted.
To decorate a large surface area (cabinet doors or countertops), it is better to use wallpaper glue, gelatin solution or paste, prepared independently.
To prepare a gelatin solution you need 1 tbsp. l. gelatin pour 0.25 cups of cold water and leave for 30 minutes to swell. Then you should dilute the resulting solution with 0.5 cups of cold water, heat it with constant stirring, but do not boil. The cooled solution can be used as regular glue.
As mentioned above, varnish is used to fix the paper pattern on the surface. You can purchase a special varnish for decoupage in an aerosol, but regular water-based acrylic varnish, which can be matte or with a glossy and diamond shine, is also quite suitable.
To create an antique effect, you will need one or two-step craquelure varnish. The surface coated with such a product will crack after some time, as a result of which small cracks will appear on it, and the picture will artificially “age”. The craquelure effect allows you to create real masterpieces of decoupage art - “antique” boxes, paintings, vases, etc.
In addition, acrylic paints are useful for additional decoration of the napkin pattern, its elaboration and giving clarity to some lines. They can also make inscriptions on any surface, draw small elements of a picture, outline an outline, etc. The advantage of acrylic paints is that they dry quickly, do not have a strong odor and adhere well to different surfaces.
For work, it is advisable to use ready-made decoupage napkins, which, as a rule, are available in craft stores. Decoupage napkins are a wonderful option for decorating interior items, accessories and clothing. Made from rice paper, they have an original texture and will help create stunning effects on a variety of surfaces - from glass to fabric.
In order for the pattern to practically merge with the surface, the top colorful layer of the napkin must be separated, and then the pattern must be cut out along the contour. Some elements of the napkin may contain small parts, but it is not necessary to painstakingly cut them out, since when gluing they can simply come off. Therefore, in this case, it is more convenient to simply cut out the largest elements of the pattern as accurately as possible, and paint the small ones with acrylic paints using a thin brush. For some compositions, the pattern from a napkin can be carefully pulled out by hand; for example, this technique is often used when decorating flower pots and large surfaces.
Clippings from glossy magazines and simply printed text from a newspaper - no less original version for decoupage on various objects. Patterns made from scraps of old newspapers, which can additionally be “aged” using tea leaves, look especially beautiful.
Fragments of magazine and newspaper clippings can easily be put together into a wonderful composition that will decorate an old coffee table or turn a brand new, but not very interesting cabinet into an antique item. Even old letters from dear people– it’s better to decorate a box with them for the same letters and photographs.
Cards with gorgeous flowers or cute angels, despite the thickness of the paper, are also suitable for decoupage on various surfaces. The front side of the card must first be coated with 3-4 layers of acrylic varnish, allowing each of them to dry thoroughly. Then soak it in a bowl of water at room temperature for 10–20 minutes, then carefully roll back the sodden layer. The result is a thin film with a colorful pattern that can be used for decoupage on any surface.
Besides, beautiful pattern You can draw it yourself and print it using a printer, but in order to get beautiful and durable decoupage on the item, the printout must be properly processed. So, it is better to print the drawing on a very thin paper, for example, tracing paper, and to prevent the paint from flowing, after the motif is moistened with water or glue, it should be fixed with varnish.
In this case, a regular strong-hold hairspray or a spray can will come in handy. You should not rush and immediately apply a thick layer of varnish to the surface of the drawing: first you need to spray it in a thin layer at a distance of 30 cm from the surface, let it dry for 10–15 minutes and apply a layer of varnish again in the same way. Repeat the procedure 3-4 times, and be sure to let each layer of varnish dry.
If these preparatory work is not completed, the paint will inevitably run and the work will be ruined.
One of the most important tools for turning your idea into reality is scissors. They should have rounded ends and cut paper well. You can also use nail scissors to cut out the smallest details of the pattern. To cut out a complex pattern with a lot of small elements, scissors with serrated blades are suitable.
To apply glue to a small surface, it is convenient to use a flat, semi-rigid brush 1–2 cm wide. The same brush is useful for applying paints and varnish. To decorate a large surface, it is better to choose a larger brush or use a roller.
The decoupage technique can be applied to any surface, the main thing is to prepare it correctly, and then even old iron buckets will turn into original designer interior items.
wooden surface, coated with varnish, it is almost ready for gluing thin paper patterns onto it; you just need to remove dust and greasy deposits from it. To do this, just wipe it with a cloth soaked in water with the addition of alcohol; however, various industrial products are also suitable for cleaning such surfaces from dust and dirt. Once the surface is completely dry, it will be ready for decoupage.
Untreated wood Before gluing the paper fragment, it is necessary to sand it with fine sandpaper, remove dust, cover it with undiluted PVA glue and let it dry. You can prime with PVA glue either in one or in 2–3 layers, depending on the condition of the wood. After which the surface is ready for decoration.
Decoupage is very easy to do on plastic surface, for example, plastic glasses, plates, dishes, mugs, flower pots, buckets, etc. can be decorated with original napkin patterns. Before decorating, the plastic surface should be cleaned of dirt and dust (if the item is not new), and then degreased with an alcohol solution or any dishwashing detergent. Then you need to thoroughly wipe it dry and you can start gluing the paper motif.
Decoupage on glass It’s very simple to do, just first degrease the glass surface and wipe it dry. After the paper motif is glued, the pattern must be secured with a special decoupage varnish for firing and then the item can be washed.
Decoupage on metal will allow you to decorate even old galvanized buckets, iron barrels and other metal objects. If the intended surface to be decorated is covered with a coating of rust, then it should be cleaned with a metal brush or sandpaper, and then wiped with an anti-corrosion solution, allowed to dry and primed with any metal paint.
In order for the paper pattern to look bright on the metal and not get lost, the background should be light, preferably white, so the area reserved for gluing the motif should be covered with light paint. After the motif is completely glued, it needs to be covered with 2-3 layers of varnish.
Decoupage looks great on ceramic surfaces, allowing you to turn even the most ordinary-looking pots and vases made of terracotta into bright and colorful objects that can decorate any interior. Before decorating, the ceramic surface should be cleaned, degreased and primed with undiluted PVA glue. After gluing the motif, the object is coated with varnish in 2-3 layers.
Decoupage on fabric will transform ordinary clothes, make her elegant and attractive; however, in this case you will need a special varnish. The cut out motif is outlined using a water-soluble marker or chalk on a previously prepared place. Inside the resulting outline, glue is applied to the fabric without going beyond its boundaries, since otherwise glue stains will remain around the pattern.
The napkin motif is glued according to the contours and left for about a day until the glue dries completely. To fix the decor on the fabric, the motif must be ironed with a hot iron through the fabric or a clean sheet of paper. After which the product can be washed and ironed.
Paper plastics
Paper plastic is a peculiar mixture of paper sculpture and origami, something that turns paper into a plastic material from which interesting and original crafts.
The paper-plastic technique will allow you to create three-dimensional figures to decorate an office table or home interior, complement gift wrapping. However, such a craft may well become an independent gift.
In the process of making it, you can use ready-made patterns for cutting out leaves, flowers, figures of people and animals. In any case, you should complete a preliminary project, think through every little detail and stock up on special tools and materials. For example, to cut paper you will need a stationery knife with a comfortable handle and replaceable blades, as well as special tool for adding volume paper part, which is a wooden handle the thickness of a pencil with a metal rod with a ball (of different diameters) at the end (Fig. 14).
Rice. 14. Volume tool
The objects of work using the paper-plastic technique can be anything - birds, animals, people, car models, flowers, gift wrapping, fish, etc. However, in order to finally turn your plans into reality, you need to accurately imagine the final result.
To transfer elements from the pattern to paper for subsequent cutting, as well as to press through the folding contour, a special awl is used. This tool is a pen as thick as a pencil, at both ends of which there are awl points with small balls that prevent piercing the paper (Fig. 15).
Rice. 15. Double-sided awl
Using a conical awl, iron the elements of the figure to give it volume (Fig. 16).
Rice. 16. Conical awl
To work with small parts, you will need tweezers with sharp, precisely connecting ends, which must be free of jagged edges, as they can leave marks on the paper, making the work look sloppy.
It is better to cut out the details for the craft on a board, which will protect the table surface from possible scratches, punctures, etc. It is more convenient to squeeze out three-dimensional figures on a piece of linoleum.
In paper plastic, glue is used in an aerosol can, which allows it to be applied evenly and in a thin layer, and the surfaces to be glued adhere well.
To give the craft volume, you will need double-sided tape when one layer should be located above or in front of the other, for example, when creating three-dimensional panels, paintings and postcards.
So, when starting work, you need to decide on the composition of the future product, often use ready-made patterns and templates, and most importantly, your own imagination. Once the craft has matured in your imagination, you can begin collecting suitable material, for which you do not necessarily need to go to the stationery store for a new pack of paper or whatman paper. It’s easier to use paper that you have in the house: wrappers and boxes of sweets, packages from parcels, etc., magazines, newspapers, old books.
If the beautiful paper you have is too thin to use for working in the paper-plastic technique, it can be glued onto a thicker base - whatman paper, drawing or sketching paper.
For classic crafts using the paper-plastic technique, whatman paper or watercolor paper are more suitable, which can be cut perfectly with a stationery knife at an angle of 45° and hold their shape. You can also use colored paper, which is not inferior in density to whatman paper. Thicker paper will bend poorly and sometimes even break at the folds.
You can find paper in craft stores self made, which consists of two layers of different colors. When cut, it looks very decorative, and its color range allows you to create very impressive crafts.
After the paper has been selected and prepared, the necessary elements are cut out of it and given the desired shape. Parts can be twisted, crumpled, folded, cuts made on them, squeezed out, giving the desired volume. When all the parts have acquired their shape, you need to start assembling the figure or composition, the individual parts of which are glued with glue or double-sided tape.
For the first craft using the paper-plastic technique, it is better to take the simplest composition with a small number of details. For example, it could be a card with a voluminous inscription, a heart, a butterfly or a large flower. Success in papermaking is easy to achieve only with constant practice; and who knows, maybe an ordinary passion for paper will develop into real mastery.
The paper paste technique should be divided into several stages, each of which plays an important role in creating a neat and beautiful craft.
Preparing a sketch and materials for crafts
On a sheet of plain paper you need to draw a sketch of the future work, develop templates and patterns. If the craft is made only from white paper, you can glue glossy paper onto a sheet of Whatman paper so that the product holds its shape better and looks more sophisticated. It is also worth noting that when working with pure white paper, your hands should always be absolutely clean and dry so as not to leave stains on the craft.
Cutting out parts and giving them the desired shape
After the patterns and templates have been developed, they must be cut out from the prepared paper. A sketch of a future craft or a cutting plan is outlined on paper using an awl with a rounded end. The fact is that if you make a pattern with a pencil, then the craft will look sloppy, and a simple pencil will have to be removed with an eraser.
The necessary details are cut out using a breadboard (stationery) knife, which must be held at an angle of 45°, since in this case the element of the composition will stand out against the general background, which is especially noticeable when using two-color paper. For example, a red supporting outline of the main paper will look great against a green decorative background.
After the details of the composition are cut out, they can be given volume, and this can be done in a variety of ways. For example, screw it onto a metal rod, resulting in a twisted or rounded part, or push it with a special tool with a ball at the end to obtain a convex or concave surface, etc.
The volume of individual parts is carried out depending on the goals of the project and one’s own imagination.
Assembling crafts into a single composition
Assemble a composition or figure from prepared elements in accordance with the idea and the drawn up sketch. Individual elements can be glued using glue, which must be applied very carefully and only at the junction, which is convenient to do with a thin brush. Flat surfaces that are separated from the general background are glued with double-sided tape.
Quilling
Translated from English, the word “quilling” means “bird feather”, “paper rolling”.
This technique appeared at the end of the 14th – beginning of the 15th centuries. in Europe. Nuns in medieval Europe made elegant medallions with gilded edges from narrow strips of paper. Their miniature masterpieces looked like products made from the thinnest gold strips, but, unfortunately, unlike real gold, they have not survived to this day.
In the Middle Ages, quilling was considered an art; in the 19th century. it was exclusively the amusement of noble ladies, and in the last century it was practically forgotten about. Fortunately, now it is returning to its former popularity.
Many people consider paper to be a short-lived material from which nothing practical can be made, but the quilling technique refutes this. For example, you can assemble a basket from delicate and fragile elements and use it to store small items.
Having mastered this generally simple technique, you can once and for all solve the problem of greeting cards and small souvenirs for family, friends and work colleagues for any celebration or holiday. Such gifts will leave an unforgettable impression on the recipient, and the author will receive a lot of positive emotions from the creative process.
The main rule of quilling is to choose the right paper. So, it should not break when folded, but it simply must curl well and keep its spiral shape. Plain white or colored copier paper is perfect for crafts. For bright colorful works, it is better to take paper painted on both sides. A pattern made of white paper on a colored background looks very beautiful.
Beginners in quilling can start with regular paper, and over time, when they develop certain skills and experience, use special quilling paper, which is available in both solid sheets of regular A4 format and cut into strips 3 or 5 mm wide, which very convenient for creating a planned masterpiece.
For more effective work, it is better to use original Korean paper, which has unique properties that manifest themselves in the process of shaping the strip.
Such paper, as a rule, is already cut into strips of the required width.
The prepared strips of paper are wound onto an awl with a diameter of 1 mm, which, unfortunately, has the shape of a cone, which may result in inconvenience when forming the paper blank.
Therefore, you can cut off the sharp tip. Or use a metal rod of the required diameter, which should conveniently be equipped with a wooden handle to make it easier to wind strips of paper and adjust the density of the turns.
It is convenient to pick up paper blanks with tweezers with sharp tips without jagged edges. The tweezers should have a comfortable grip with minimal pressure on them.
Scissors will need sharp ends to cut the fringe from strips of paper as accurately as possible. Their blades must be sharpened so that they work evenly along their entire length.
You can use any glue for quilling. The main requirement is that it dries quickly and does not leave stains on colored paper. For beginners, regular PVA glue is suitable, which must be diluted with water in a 1:1 ratio.
To give the workpieces a certain diameter, use an officer’s ruler, which has several circles of different diameters.
The technique itself is not particularly difficult, but it will require perseverance and accuracy. So, first you should think over a sketch of the future craft and draw it on a sheet of paper, then decide on the color scheme and think over the shape of the elements that make up the work.
The main element of quilling is a roll - a strip of colored or white paper twisted into a spiral (Fig. 17).
Rice. 17. Roll
It is more convenient to wind a strip of paper around the tip of a sharp awl, and then continue without it, working with your thumb and forefinger, since in this case you can feel the tightness of the spiral winding.
The result is a dense spiral with a diameter of less than 1 cm.
To obtain a regular tight roll, the free end of the strip is secured with a drop of glue. From these rolls of different colors you can assemble the most ordinary or, conversely, a fancy pattern based on the principle of a mosaic. Parts can be of the same or different diameters, for which, using an officer’s ruler, it is easy to loosen a tight spiral to the size you need and also secure its tip with a drop of glue.
The main beauty of this type of paper work is that the base roll can be given a variety of shapes, for which the part, unraveled to the desired diameter and secured with glue, can be easily pressed in a variety of ways using the thumb and forefinger.
There are basic forms of rolls from which you can assemble any composition from an abstract fantasy picture to animal figures (Fig. 18).
Rice. 18. Basic forms of rolls
Paper weaving
Do you know how else to use paper besides cutting, pasting, folding, etc.? It turns out you can also weave from paper. For example, by intertwining multi-colored strips of paper with each other, it is easy to get crafts that are no less original than using techniques such as origami or quilling.
Woven paper fabric can become a cute bookmark for a book, a background for a postcard or a modest panel with a cute little flower, etc.
For simple paper weaving, you need to cut a certain number of colored strips of the desired width, for example 1 cm. It is more convenient to do this using a stationery knife, and several sheets are stacked at the same time to get a large number of strips at once.
For a simple checkerboard weave, you need to arrange several strips vertically, and then alternately pass the horizontal strips under and above the vertical ones (Fig. 19).
Rice. 19. Weaving from strips of paper
For convenience, vertical strips can be secured with glue or tape on the base sheet. After the canvas is completely ready, you can trim its sides and glue the ends of the strips. To obtain a bright colored canvas, it is better to use paper of at least the same colors, for example blue and yellow, white and red, etc.
Of course, using complex and not so complex techniques from beautiful paper produces magnificent paintings, panels, Greeting Cards and much more. However, you can also find a use for old newspapers and magazines by making very original crafts from them - wicker baskets and boxes. Those who like wicker items will definitely adopt this technique of working with paper, and most importantly, piles of old newspapers and magazines will turn into necessary interior items and wonderful gifts without extra financial costs!
To weave from old newspapers and magazines, you will need the old newspapers and magazines themselves, PVA glue, any varnish and a knitting needle with a diameter of 1.5–2 mm, and the work will begin with preparing paper twigs.
Why is a sheet of newspaper or magazine torn into pieces measuring approximately 27 X 9 cm, wind on a thin knitting needle and glue the tip of the paper with glue. It should be wound at an angle of 45° - in this case the twig becomes flexible enough for weaving (Fig. 20).
To make it easier to weave the twigs together, they need to be rolled with a rolling pin, as a result of which they will become flat. It is better to start work by braiding an object, for example flower pot or even banks.
Rice. 20. Rolling newspaper into a twig
Weaving, as a rule, begins from the bottom, for which 4 twigs are first crossed among themselves (Fig. 21 a). Next, more twigs are added, of which there should be an odd number in total (Fig. 21 b).
After this, they braid in a circle, passing the working twig under and over each of the protruding twigs of the base (Fig. 21 c).
As weaving progresses, the twigs straighten out and a workpiece is obtained that looks like a sun with evenly diverging rays (Fig. 21 d).
End of introductory fragment.
* * *
The given introductory fragment of the book Paper crafts, toys, souvenirs and gifts (E. A. Kaminskaya, 2011) provided by our book partner -
2. Paper plastic art is very similar to sculpture in terms of creativity. But, in paper plastic, all products inside are empty, all products are shells of the depicted object. And in sculpture - either there is an increase in volume additional elements, or the excess is removed (cut off).
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/462
3. Corrugated tubes - this is the name of the technique for making products, in which for decorating surfaces or for creating volumetric figures use corrugated paper tubes. Corrugated tubes are obtained by winding a strip of paper onto a stick, pencil or knitting needle and then compressing it. The compressed corrugated tube holds its shape well and has many options for design and use.
Examples:
4. Quilling (from the English quilling - from the word quil “bird feather”) - the art of paper rolling. Originated in medieval Europe, where nuns created medallions by twisting paper strips with gilded edges onto the tip of a bird's feather, creating an imitation of a gold miniature.
Examples:
4. Origami (from Japanese letters: “folded paper”) is the ancient art of folding paper figures. The art of origami has its roots in ancient China, where paper was discovered.
Examples:
Kinds:
- Kirigami is a type of origami that allows the use of scissors and cutting paper in the process of making the model. This is the main difference between kirigami and other paper folding techniques, which is emphasized in the name: kiru - cut, kami - paper.
Pop-up is a whole direction in art. This technique combines elements of techniques.
- Kirigami and Cutting and allows you to create three-dimensional designs and cards folded into a flat figure.
Examples:
- Kusudama (literally “medicine ball” in Japanese) is a paper model that is usually (but not always) formed by sewing together the ends of many identical pyramidal modules (usually stylized flowers folded from a square sheet of paper), so that the body is spherical forms. Alternatively, the individual components can be glued together (for example, the kusudama in the bottom photo is completely glued rather than sewn). Sometimes, as a decoration, a tassel is attached to the bottom.
The art of kusudama comes from ancient Japanese tradition, when kusudama was used for incense and a mixture of dry petals; perhaps these were the first real bouquets of flowers or herbs. The word itself is a combination of two Japanese words, kusuri (medicine) and tama (ball). Nowadays, kusudama are usually used for decoration or as gifts.
Kusudama is an important part of origami, particularly as a precursor to modular origami. It is often confused with modular origami, which is incorrect, since the elements that make up kusudama are sewn or glued, and not nested inside each other, as modular origami suggests.
Examples:
- Origami from circles - folding origami from a paper circle. Usually the folded pieces are then glued together into an applique.
Examples:
- Modular origami - the creation of three-dimensional figures from triangular origami modules - was invented in China. The whole figure is assembled from many identical parts (modules). Each module is folded according to the rules of classic origami from one sheet of paper, and then the modules are connected by inserting them into each other. The friction force that appears in this case prevents the structure from falling apart.
Examples:
5. Papier-mâché (fr. papier-mâché “chewed paper”) - an easily moldable mass obtained from a mixture of fibrous materials (paper, cardboard) with adhesives, starch, gypsum, etc. Plasters are made from papier-mâché , masks, teaching aids, toys, theatrical props, boxes. In some cases, even furniture.
In Fedoskino, Palekh, Kholui, papier-mâché is used to make the basis for traditional lacquer miniatures.
You can decorate a papier-mâché blank not only with paints, painting like famous artists, but using decoupage or assemblage.
Examples:
7. Embossing (another name is “embossing”) - mechanical extrusion that creates images on paper, cardboard, polymer material or plastic, foil, on parchment (the technique is called “parchment”, see below), as well as on leather or birch bark, in which a relief image of a convex or concave stamp is obtained on the material itself, with or without heating, sometimes with the additional use of foil and paint. Embossing is carried out mainly on binding covers, postcards, invitation cards, labels, soft packaging, etc.
This type of work can be determined by many factors: force, texture and thickness of the material, the direction of its cutting, layout and other factors.
Examples:
Kinds:
- Parchment - parchment paper (thick waxed tracing paper) is processed with an embossing tool and during processing it becomes convex and turns white. This technique produces interesting postcards, this technique can also be used to design a scrappage page.
Examples:
- Texturing - applying an image using a cliché onto a smooth material, usually metallized paper, in order to imitate foil stamping. Also used to imitate the skin of certain breeds (for example, a cliché with a pattern imitating crocodile skin, etc.)
*Techniques related to weaving:
Man learned weaving much earlier than pottery. At first, he wove a dwelling from long flexible branches (roofs, fences, furniture), all kinds of baskets for various needs (cradles, boxes, carts, scoops, baskets) and shoes. A man learned to braid his hair.
With the development of this type of needlework, more and more different materials for use appeared. It turned out that you can weave from everything you come across: from vines and reeds, from ropes and threads, from leather and birch bark, from wire and beads, from newspapers.... Weaving techniques such as wicker weaving, weaving from birch bark and reeds appeared. , tatting, knotted macrame weaving, bobbin weaving, bead weaving, ganutel, kumihimo cord weaving, chainmail weaving, net weaving, Indian mandala weaving, their imitations (weaving from paper strips and candy wrappers, weaving from newspapers and magazines)...
As it turned out, this type of needlework is still popular, because using it, you can weave many beautiful and useful things, decorating our home with them.
Examples:
1. Beading, like beads themselves, has a centuries-old history. The ancient Egyptians were the first to learn how to weave beaded threads into necklaces, thread bracelets, and cover women's dresses with beaded nets. But only in the 19th century the real flourishing of bead production began. For a long time, the Venetians carefully guarded the secrets of creating a glass miracle. Masters and craftswomen decorated clothes and shoes, wallets and handbags, cases for fans and eyeglass cases, as well as other elegant things with beads.
With the advent of beads in America, indigenous people began to use them instead of traditional Indian materials. For ritual belt, cradle, headband, basket, hair net, earrings, snuff boxes...
In the Far North, fur coats, high fur boots, hats, reindeer harnesses, leather sunglasses were decorated with bead embroidery...
Our great-grandmothers were very inventive. Among the huge variety of elegant trinkets there are amazing items. Chalk brushes and covers, toothpick cases (!), inkwell, penpick and pencil, collar for your favorite dog, cup holder, lace collars, Easter eggs, chessboards and much, much, much more.
Examples:
2. Ganutel - exclusive Maltese handicraft. It is in the monasteries of the Mediterranean that this technique of creation has been preserved to this day. beautiful flowers for decorating the altar.
The ganuteli uses thin spiral wire and silk threads to wrap the parts, as well as beads, pearls or seed beads. Brilliant flowers turn out graceful and light.
In the 16th century, spiral wire made of gold or silver was called “canutiglia” in Italian, and “canutillo” in Spanish; in Russian, this word was probably transformed into “gimp”.
Examples:
3. Macrame (from Arabic - braid, fringe, lace or from Turkish - scarf or napkin with fringe) - knot weaving technique.
The technique of this knot weaving has been known since ancient times. According to some sources, macrame came to Europe in the 8th-9th centuries from the East. This technique was known in Ancient Egypt, Assyria, Iran, Peru, China, and Ancient Greece.
Examples:
4. Weaving lace with bobbins. In Russia, the Vologda, Eletsky, Kirov, Belevsky, Mikhailovsky fisheries are still known.
Examples:
5. Tatting is a woven knotted lace. It is also called shuttle lace because this lace is woven using a special shuttle.
Examples:
*Techniques related to painting, various types painting and image creation:
Drawing is a genre in the visual arts and a corresponding technique that creates a visual image (image) on any surface or object using graphic means, drawing elements (as opposed to pictorial elements), primarily from lines and strokes.
For example: charcoal drawing, pencil drawing, ink and pen drawing...
Painting is a type of fine art associated with the transmission of visual images through the application of paints to a solid or flexible base; creating an image using digital technology; as well as works of art made in such ways.
The most common works of painting are those made on flat or almost flat surfaces, such as canvas stretched on a stretcher, wood, cardboard, paper, treated wall surfaces, etc. Painting also includes images made with paints on decorative and ceremonial vessels , the surfaces of which can have a complex shape.
Examples:
1. Batik - hand-painted fabric using reserve compounds.
The batik technique is based on the fact that paraffin, rubber glue, as well as some other resins and varnishes, when applied to fabric (silk, cotton, wool, synthetics), do not allow paint to pass through - or, as artists say, “reserve” from coloring individual areas of fabric.
There are several types of batik - hot, cold, knotted, free painting, free painting using saline solution, shibori.
Batik - batik is an Indonesian word. Translated from Indonesian, the word “ba” means cotton fabric, and “-tik” means “dot” or “drop”. Ambatik - to draw, to cover with drops, to hatch.
Batik painting has long been known among the peoples of Indonesia, India, etc. In Europe - since the twentieth century.
Examples:
2. Stained glass (lat. Vitrum - glass) is one of the types of decorative art. Glass or other transparent material is the main material. The history of stained glass begins from ancient times. Initially, glass was inserted into a window or doorway, then the first mosaic paintings and independent decorative compositions, panels made of colored pieces of glass or painted with special paints on plain glass appeared.
Examples:
3. Blowing - a technique based on blowing paint through a tube (on a sheet of paper). This ancient technique was traditional for the creators of ancient images (bone tubes were used).
Modern juice straws are no worse in use. They help to blow recognizable, unusual, and sometimes fantastic designs from a small amount of liquid paint on a sheet of paper.
4. Guilloche - the technique of burning an openwork pattern onto fabric manually using a burning machine was developed and patented by Zinaida Petrovna Kotenkova.
Guilloche requires careful work. It must be made in a single color scheme and correspond to the ornamental style of the given composition.
Napkins, panels with appliqués, bookmarks, handkerchiefs, collars - all this and much more, whatever your imagination suggests, will decorate any home!
Examples:
5. Grattage (from the French gratter - scrape, scratch) - scratching technique.
The drawing is highlighted by scratching with a pen or sharp instrument on paper or cardboard filled with ink (to prevent it from spreading, you need to add a little detergent or shampoo, just a few drops).
Examples:
6. Mosaic is one of the most ancient arts. This is a way of creating an image from small elements. Assembling a jigsaw puzzle is very important for a child’s mental development.
Can be made from different materials: bottle caps, beads, buttons, plastic chips, wooden cuts of twigs or matches, magnetic pieces, glass, ceramic pieces, small pebbles, shells, thermal mosaic, Tetris mosaic, coins, pieces of fabric or paper, grain, cereals, maple seeds, pasta, any natural material(scales of cones, pine needles, watermelon and melon seeds), pencil shavings, bird feathers, etc.
Examples:
7. Monotype (from the Greek monos - one, united and tupos - imprint) - one of the simplest graphic techniques.
On a smooth glass surface or thick glossy paper (it should not allow water to pass through), a drawing is made using gouache paint or paints. A sheet of paper is placed on top and pressed to the surface. The resulting print is a mirror image.
Examples:
8. Thread graphics (isothread, thread image, thread design) - a graphic image made in a special way with threads on cardboard or other solid base. Thread graphics are also sometimes called isographics or embroidery on cardboard. You can also use velvet (velvet paper) or thick paper as a base. The threads can be ordinary sewing, wool, floss or others. You can also use colored silk threads.
Examples:
9. Ornament (lat. ornamentum - decoration) - a pattern based on the repetition and alternation of its constituent elements; intended for decorating various objects (utensils, tools and weapons, textile products, furniture, books, etc.), architectural structures (both externally and in the interior), works of plastic arts (mainly applied), among primitive peoples also the very human body(coloring book, tattoo). Associated with the surface that it decorates and visually organizes, the ornament, as a rule, reveals or accentuates the architectonics of the object on which it is applied. The ornament either operates with abstract forms or stylizes real motifs, often schematizing them beyond recognition.
Examples:
10. Print.
Kinds:
- Printing with a sponge. Both a sea sponge and a regular one intended for washing dishes are suitable for this.
Examples:
Wood is usually used as the starting material for stamping using a cliche stamp so that it is convenient to hold in the hand. One side is made flat, because Cardboard is glued onto it, and patterns are glued onto the cardboard. They (patterns) can be made from paper, from rope, from an old eraser, from root vegetables...
- Stamp (stamping). Wood is usually used as the starting material for stamping using a cliche stamp so that it is convenient to hold in the hand. One side is made flat, because Cardboard is glued onto it, and patterns are glued onto the cardboard. They (patterns) can be made from paper, from rope, from an old eraser, from root vegetables, etc.
Examples:
11. Pointillism (French Pointillisme, literally “point”) is a style of writing in painting that uses pure paints that do not mix on the palette, applied in small strokes of rectangular or round shape based on their optical mixing in the viewer’s eye, as opposed to the mixing of colors on the palette. Optical mixing of three primary colors (red, blue, yellow) and pairs of additional colors (red - green, blue - orange, yellow - violet) gives significantly greater brightness than a mechanical mixture of pigments. Mixing of colors to form shades occurs at the stage of perception of the picture by the viewer from a long distance or in a reduced view.
The founder of the style was Georges Seurat.
Another name for pointillism is divisionism (from the Latin divisio - division, crushing).
Examples:
12. Drawing with palms. Small children find it difficult to use a paint brush. There is a very exciting activity that will give the child new sensations and develop fine motor skills hands, will give you the opportunity to discover a new and magical world of artistic creativity - this is drawing with your palms. By drawing with their palms, little artists develop their imagination and abstract thinking.
Examples:
13. Drawing with leaf prints. Having collected various fallen leaves, smear each leaf with gouache from the vein side. The paper on which you are going to make a print can be colored or white. Press the colored side of the sheet onto a sheet of paper and carefully remove it, grasping it by the “tail” (petiole). This process can be repeated over and over again. And now, having completed the details, you already have a butterfly flying over the flower.
Examples:
14. Painting. One of the most ancient types of folk crafts, which for several centuries have been an integral part of everyday life and the original culture of the people. In Russian folk art there are a large number of varieties of this type of decorative and applied art.
Here are some of them:
- Zhostovo painting is an ancient Russian folk craft that arose at the beginning of the 19th century, in the village of Zhostovo, Mytishchi district, Moscow region. It is one of the most famous types of Russian folk painting. Zhostovo trays are painted by hand. Usually bouquets of flowers are depicted on a black background.
- Gorodets painting is a Russian folk art craft. It has existed since the middle of the 19th century. in the area of Gorodets. Bright, laconic Gorodets painting (genre scenes, figurines of horses, roosters, floral patterns), made in a free stroke with a white and black graphic outline, decorated spinning wheels, furniture, shutters, and doors.
- Khokhloma painting is an ancient Russian folk craft, born in the 17th century in the district of Nizhny Novgorod.
Khokhloma is a decorative painting of wooden utensils and furniture, made in black and red (and also, occasionally, green) on a golden background. When painting, silver tin powder is applied to the wood. After this, the product is coated with a special composition and processed three or four times in the oven, which achieves a unique honey-golden color, giving the light wooden utensils a massive effect. Traditional elements of Khokhloma are red juicy rowan and strawberries, flowers and branches. Birds, fish and animals are often found.
Examples:
15. Encaustic (from ancient Greek “the art of burning”) is a painting technique in which wax is the binder of paint. Painting is done with melted paints (hence the name). A type of encaustic painting is wax tempera, characterized by its brightness and richness of colors. Many early Christian icons were painted using this technique.
Examples:
*Techniques related to sewing, embroidery and fabric use:
Sewing is a colloquial form of the verb “to sew”, i.e. something that is sewn or stitched.
Examples:
2. Patchwork, Quilt, Quilting or Patchwork is a folk arts and crafts art with centuries-old traditions and stylistic features. This is a technique that uses pieces of colorful fabrics or knitted elements in geometric shapes to join together in a blanket, blouse or bag.
Examples:
Kinds:
- Artichoke is a type of patchwork that got its name because of its resemblance to artichoke fruits. This technique has other names - “teeth”, “corners”, “scales”, “feathers”.
By and large, in this technique it all comes down to folding the cut out parts and sewing them onto the base in a certain sequence. Or, using paper, create (pasting) various panels of a round (or multifaceted) shape on a plane or in volume.
You can sew in two ways: direct the edge of the blanks to the center of the main part, or to its edges. This is if you sew a flat product. For products of a volumetric nature - with the tip towards the narrower part. The folded parts are not necessarily cut in the shape of squares. These can be rectangles or circles. In any case, we encounter the folding of cut blanks, therefore, it can be argued that these patchwork techniques belong to the family of patchwork origami, and since they create volume, they therefore also belong to the “3d” technique.
Example:
- Crazy quilt. I recently came across this type. In my opinion, this is a multi-method.
The bottom line is that the product is created from a combination of various techniques: patchwork + embroidery + painting, etc.
Example:
3. Tsumami Kanzashi. The Tsumami technique is based on origami. Only they fold not paper, but squares of natural silk. The word "Tsumami" means "to pinch": the artist takes a piece of folded silk using tweezers or tweezers. The petals of future flowers are then glued onto the base.
The hairpin (kanzashi), decorated with a silk flower, gave its name to a whole new type of decorative and applied art. This technique was used to make decorations for combs and individual sticks, as well as for complex structures made up of various accessories.
Examples:
* Techniques related to knitting:
What is knitting? This is the process of making products from continuous threads by bending them into loops and connecting the loops to each other using simple tools by hand (a crochet hook, knitting needles).
Examples:
1. Knitting on a fork. Interesting way crochet using a special device - a fork curved in the shape of the letter U. The result is light, airy patterns.
2. Crochet (tambour) - the process of manually making fabric or lace from threads using a crochet hook. creating not only dense, relief patterns, but also thin, openwork, reminiscent of lace fabric. Knitting patterns consist of different combinations of loops and stitches. The correct ratio is that the thickness of the hook should be almost twice the thickness of the thread.
Examples:
3. Simple (European) knitting allows you to combine several types of loops, which creates simple and complex openwork patterns.
Examples:
4. Tunisian long crochet (both one and several loops can be used at the same time to create a pattern).
5. Jacquard knitting - patterns are knitted on knitting needles from threads of several colors.
6. Loin knitting – imitates loin-guipure embroidery on a special mesh.
7. Guipure crochet (Irish or Brussels lace).
2. Sawing. One type is sawing with a jigsaw. By decorating your life and home with handicrafts or children's toys that are convenient for everyday life, you experience the joy of appearance and the pleasure of the process of creating them.
Examples:
3. Carving is a type of decorative and applied art. It is one of the types of artistic woodworking along with sawing and turning.
Examples:
* Other self-sufficient techniques:
1. Applique (from the Latin “attachment”) is a way of working with colored pieces of various materials: paper, fabric, leather, fur, felt, colored beads, seed beads, woolen threads, embossed metal plates, all kinds of material (velvet, satin, silk), dried leaves... This use of various materials and structures in order to enhance expressive capabilities is very close to another means of representation - collage.
Examples:
There are also:
- Application from plasticine - plasticineography - a new type of decorative and applied art. It represents the creation of stucco paintings depicting more or less convex, semi-voluminous objects on a horizontal surface. At its core, this is a rarely seen, very expressive type of painting.
Examples:
- Application from “palms”. Examples:
- Broken applique is one of the types of multifaceted applique techniques. Everything is simple and accessible, like laying out a mosaic. The base is a sheet of cardboard, the material is a sheet of colored paper torn into pieces (several colors), the tool is glue and your hands. Examples:
2. Assemblage (French assemblage) - a visual art technique related to collage, but using three-dimensional parts or entire objects, applicatively arranged on a plane like a picture. Allows for artistic additions with paints, as well as metal, wood, fabric and other structures. Sometimes applied to other works, from photomontage to spatial compositions, since the terminology of the latest visual art is not completely established.
Examples:
3. Paper tunnel. The original English name for this technique is tunnel book, which can be translated as a book or paper tunnel. The essence of the technique can be clearly seen from English name tunnel - tunnel - through hole. The multi-layered nature of the “books” that are put together conveys the feeling of a tunnel well. A three-dimensional postcard appears. By the way, this technique successfully combines different types technicians, such as scrapbooking, applique, cutting, creating layouts and voluminous books. It is somewhat akin to origami, because... is aimed at folding paper in a certain way.
The first paper tunnel dates back to the mid-18th century. and was the embodiment of theatrical scenes.
Traditionally, paper tunnels are created to commemorate an event or are sold as souvenirs to tourists.
Examples:
4. Cutting is a very broad term.
Examples:
They are cut from paper, from foam plastic, from foam rubber, from birch bark, from plastic bottles, from soap, from plywood (though this is already called sawing), from fruits and vegetables, as well as from other various materials. Various tools are used: scissors, breadboard knives, scalpel. They cut out masks, hats, toys, postcards, panels, flowers, figurines and much more.
Kinds:
- Silhouette cutting is a cutting technique in which objects of an asymmetrical structure, with curved contours (fish, birds, animals, etc.), with complex outlines of figures and smooth transitions from one part to another, are cut out by eye. Silhouettes are easily recognizable and expressive; they should be without small details and as if in motion. Examples:
- The cutting is symmetrical. With symmetrical cutting, we repeat the contours of the image, which must fit exactly into the plane of a sheet of paper folded in half, consistently complicating the outline of the figure in order to correctly convey the external features of objects in a stylized form in the appliqués.
Examples:
- Vytynanka - the art of cutting openwork patterns from colored, white or black paper has existed since paper was invented in China. And this type of cutting became known as jianzhi. This art has spread throughout the world: China, Japan, Vietnam, Mexico, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Ukraine, Lithuania and many other countries.
Examples:
- Carving (see below).
5. Decoupage (from the French decoupage - noun, “that which is cut out”) is a technique of decoration, applique, decoration using cut out paper motifs. Chinese peasants in the 12th century. They began to decorate furniture in this way. And in addition to cut out pictures from thin colorful paper, they began to cover it with varnish to make it look like a painting! So, along with beautiful furniture, this equipment also came to Europe.
Today, the most popular material for decoupage is three-layer napkins. Hence another name - “napkin technique”. The application can be absolutely limitless - dishes, books, boxes, candles, vessels, musical instruments, flower pots, bottles, furniture, shoes and even clothes! Any surface - leather, wood, metal, ceramics, cardboard, textiles, plaster - must be plain and light, because... the design cut out of the napkin should be clearly visible.
Examples:
6. Carving (from the English carvу - cut, carve, engrave, slice; carving - carving, carved work, carved ornament, carved figure) in cooking is the simplest form of sculpture or engraving on the surface of products from vegetables and fruits, such short-lived decorations table.
Examples:
7. Collage is a creative genre when a work is created from a wide variety of cut out images pasted onto paper, canvas or digitally. Comes from fr. papier collée - glued paper. Very quickly this concept began to be used in an expanded meaning - a mixture of various elements, a bright and expressive message from scraps of other texts, fragments collected on one plane.
The collage can be completed with any other means - ink, watercolor, etc.
Examples:
8. Constructor (from Latin constructor “builder”) is a multi-valued term. For our profile, this is a set of mating parts. that is, details or elements of some future layout, information about which was collected by the author, analyzed and embodied in a beautiful, artistically executed product.
Designers vary in type of material - metal, wood, plastic and even paper (for example, paper origami modules). When different types of elements are combined, interesting designs for games and fun are created.
Examples:
9. Modeling - giving shape to a plastic material (plasticine, clay, plastic, salt dough, snowball, sand, etc.) using hands and auxiliary tools. This is one of the basic techniques of sculpture, which is intended for mastering the primary principles of this technique.
Examples:
10. A layout is a copy of an object with a change in size (usually reduced), which is made while maintaining proportions. The layout must also convey the main features of the object.
To create this unique work, you can use various materials, it all depends on its functional purpose (exhibition layout, gift, presentation, etc.). This can be paper, cardboard, plywood, wooden blocks, plaster and clay parts, wire.
Examples:
Type of layout - model - is a working layout that depicts (imitates) any significant features of the original. Moreover, attention is concentrated on certain aspects of the modeled object or, to an equal degree, its detail. The model is created to be used, for example, for visual-model teaching of mathematics, physics, chemistry and others school subjects, for a maritime or aviation club. A variety of materials are used in modeling: air balloons, light and plastic mass, wax, clay, gypsum, papier-mâché, salty dough, paper, polystyrene foam, foam rubber, matches, knitting threads, fabric...
Modeling is the creation of a model that is reliably close to the original.
"Models" are those layouts that are in effect. And models that do not work, i.e. "strand" - usually called a layout.
Examples:
11. Soap making. Animal and vegetable fats and fat substitutes (synthetic fatty acids, rosin, naphthenic acids, tall oil) can be used as raw materials to obtain the main component of soap.
Examples:
12. Sculpture (Latin sculptura, from sculpo - I cut, carve) - sculpture, plastic - a type of fine art, the works of which have a three-dimensional form and are made of hard or plastic materials (metal, stone, clay, wood, plaster, ice, snow , sand, foam rubber, soap). Processing methods - modeling, carving, casting, forging, embossing, carving, etc.
Examples:
13. Weaving - production of fabric and textiles from yarn.
Examples:
14. Felting (or felting, or felting) – felting wool. There is “wet” and “dry”.
Examples:
15. Flat embossing is one of the types of decorative and applied art, as a result of knocking out a certain ornamental relief, drawing, inscription or round figured image, sometimes close to engraving, on a plate, a new work of art is created.
Processing of the material is carried out using a rod - a hammer, which stands vertically, the upper end of which is hit with a hammer. By moving the coin, a new shape gradually appears. The material must have a certain plasticity and the ability to change under the influence of force.
Examples:
In conclusion, it should be noted that the division (combination according to any criterion) of most techniques is conditional (subjective), and many techniques of applied creativity are multi-techniques, i.e. they combine several types of techniques.
Happy creativity everyone!
Your Margarita.
