"Dymkovo toy"

Opposite the city of Kirov, on the right bank of the Vyatka River there is Dymkovskaya Sloboda. For a long time, toy makers settled in it. They say that this is why the settlement was called Dymkovskaya, because from morning to night there was smoke rising from every roof - the craftsmen burned toys.

Since time immemorial, the settlement has been famous for its toys - whistles. There are several legends about their origin, which also tell about where the ancient Vyatka holiday “Whistling” came from.

This colorful, noisy and cheerful holiday - fair has existed since ancient times. Here’s how the writer V. Lebedev talks about it: “When you get to the square and walk among the whistling crowd, it seems like you’re walking on air. Everyone is laughing and has some cheeky faces. Walking people carefully hold in front of their faces a small clay toy depicting a two-headed beast or a ram with gold spots on its sides. They were whistling at this sheep's tail. People walking with these colorful animals close to their faces look like a huge colorful masquerade.”

Here's one of the legends

One day, countless hordes of nomads approached Khlynov (as the city of Vyatka was previously called, later Kirov). The Vyatichi were threatened with imminent death. But they resorted to a trick: they distributed clay whistles to all residents of the city - from small children to old people. And then they crept up to the enemy camp at night, and how they whistled! The nomads fled in panic. Either they decided that a fairy-tale monster had attacked them, or that help had come to the Vyatichi people. Since then, the Vyatichi people seem to celebrate the holiday “Whistling”, all winter they sculpt, burn and paint bright beautiful toys for it, and in the spring a cheerful whistle spreads far over Vyatka.

It is also believed that the Dymkovo toy originated in pagan times. Whistles also speak about this - in those days they were made not for playing, but to evil spirits drive away.

And another traditional toy is multi-colored clay balls. It is known that the Vyatichi threw such balls from the steep slope into the ravine during the “Whistle”. The pagans once did the same thing - they threw wheels of fire into ravines during the holiday in honor of the Sun God. And the Dymkovo doll, a nanny with children in her arms, was once the goddess of fertility...

Miraculously, the ancient Dymkovo toy has survived to this day. If in the middle of the 19th century almost 60 families were engaged in the toy craft in Dymovka, then at the beginning of the last century only one craftswoman made toys - A.A. Mezrina. Fortunately, interest in the folk toy has been revived in our time. They gathered the old Dymkovo craftswomen, selected young students, and the Dymkovo toy blossomed again in all its beauty.

The themes and plots of Dymkovo craftswomen are the same as those of all toy makers. But their toys are not like others.

So what is their difference?

Dymkovo fishing has always been an exclusively female affair. In the fall, red clay was prepared in the meadows for the whole winter, and clean sand was prepared in the shallows of the river. Having mixed the clay with sand and water, kneaded thoroughly until a homogeneous mass was obtained. First, large main parts of the toy and separately small ones were sculpted from thick clay dough, which were then stuck and smeared with a wet rag. The fashioned toy was dried for 2-4 days at room temperature and fired in a Russian oven on burning logs and iron baking sheets. After cooling, the surface of the product was whitened with chalk diluted with skim milk. 6-10 paints were prepared for the work, for which the paint powder was ground on a cast-iron plate, a little water was added, and before painting, a whole egg was added, resulting in egg tempera paint, which was used to apply a bright multi-colored painting on the white background of the toy.

The painting begins with the depiction of two strands of hair in black paint; With a thin splint of “socket”, two points of the eyes and thin arches of the eyebrows are applied, with another stick of bast “spot”, they are printed on the mouth and two red circles of blush on the cheeks. The toy comes to life.

At the second stage, the headdress is evenly painted (smeared) with yellow or red paint and the jacket with another rich color.

At the final stage, with a free brush, an improvised pattern is applied to the skirt, dress, apron, and kokoshnik.

The nature of the patterns of the Dymkovo clay toy was determined by the generalized shape of the figures, which required conventional decorative elements: circles, stripes, straight and wavy lines, dots and strokes that make up a geometric pattern. At the same time, the Dymkovo pattern uniquely imprinted the features of the natural coloring of animals, apples in the form of colored circles, rings, and dots on the croup of horses, deer, cows, and goats. The ornamentation of human figures reflected woven patterns linen motley, embroidery, bright patterns of paintings of arcs, sleighs, rockers.

The color structure of the painting is determined by the predominance of warm or cold colors. In the first case, the brightness of, for example, yellow, orange and red elements is enhanced by larger elements - blue or green. In another case, the sound of blue, blue and green colors is emphasized by a pink, red or orange element.

Nowadays, Dymkovo toy masters work in bright, spacious workshops; they are provided with all materials and tools, right down to electric muffle furnaces in which toys are fired. But the traditional painting system is preserved. The toys are the same in mood, but very different in shape. There are also traditional whistles here - ducks, lambs with golden horns, horses. There are also nannies with cheerful children, colorful birds, good-natured animals. And there are entire compositions.

It’s good to put such a figure on a shelf and, if your soul is tired, come up, look at this sunny toy, and smile.

Treskunova Polina, 3rd grade.

PROJECT WORK

On the topic: History of the creation and emergence of the Dymkovo toy.

Completed by: 3rd grade student

Treskunova Polina

Project Manager:

Puzach V.S.

Moscow 2010

I. Introduction

The theme of my project was “The history of the creation of the Dymkovo toy.”

In Dymkovo, beyond the Vyatka River,

Precious continuing work,

Not looking for peace in old age,

Glorious craftswomen live.

Red viburnum outside the windows,

Steamboat smoke moves,

there is still damp clay on the table,

A rough, unformed lump.

Old lady at her work

He sits on a low bench.

Clay Vyatka toy

He sculpts... no, he doesn’t sculpt, he creates!

Nice painted toy!

Everything sings, artlessly - bright,

And young joy is visible in her,

Has become the art of craft.

Our national Russian decorative art has been famous for its traditions since ancient times. How did folk crafts originate in Rus'? Why did folk crafts begin to develop? I really like the patterns that are used to decorate the Dymkovo toy. They are simple and fun. But my favorite figures are the young ladies and the whistles. The young ladies have very beautiful and varied outfits.

Why did I choose this topic? While completing the project, we will answer various questions about the Dymkovo toy and learn a lot of useful and interesting things.

People's life has always been characterized by competition, who has the most skillfully sewn shirt, the finer woven sundress, if you want to be known as a good groom - cut the house, not only firmly, but also spare no effort on the carving. The secret of any mastery is, first of all, patience and hard work. But not everyone can achieve real mastery.

II. Main part.

1. The history of the creation of the Dymkovo toy.

The Dymkovo toy is perhaps one of the oldest crafts in Russia. It arose out of love for the pottery tradition of the Vyatka lands in ancient times. Dymkovo toy (Vyatka, Kirov toys), Russian folk art craft has long existed in the settlement

Dymkovo, which is on the outskirts of the ancient Russian city of Khlynov (later Vyatka, now Kirov).

The Dymkovo toy has existed on Vyatka land for more than four hundred years. Its occurrence is associated with spring holiday Svistunya (“whistle dance”), to which the female population of the Dymkovo settlement sculpted clay whistles in the form of horses, rams, goats, and ducks. Later, when the holiday lost its significance, the craft not only survived, but also received further development.

There is an old legend that tells how enemies once surrounded the city. The townspeople did not know how to save their lands from the untold force that came from a foreign land. But the Vyatichi turned out to be resourceful people. They came up with a “military” trick. All the residents, both children and old people, took clay whistles and, in the dark night, quietly crept up to the enemies. And such a whistle was raised! The enemies were frightened, rushed about, it seemed to them that a huge army had come to the rescue of the townspeople, and they fled away in fear. Since then, the Vyatichi have celebrated their victory with a cheerful “Whistle”. Nowadays, craftsmen continue to make whistles in the form of funny animals. The ancient holiday has not been forgotten either.

The remote city of Khlynov was located east of Moscow. In the 16th century, the population of Khlynov began to swell with immigrants from the Northern Dvina and Veliky Ustyug. The newcomers founded their village, Dymkovskaya Sloboda, on the low right bank of the Vyatka. After the flood, significant deposits of red clay were discovered here. This incident contributed to the development of first pottery and then toy making. This is how the Dymkovo toy was born - a unique phenomenon in folk art. The development of toy craft is associated not only with the discovery of clay, but also with an ancient custom.

The revival of the fishery occurred during Soviet times in the 30s of the 20th century. and is associated with the name of A.I. Denshin, who managed to persuade hereditary craftswomen A. Mezrina, E. Penkina, E. Koshkina not to give up their craft and organize the “Vyatka Toy” artel.

Later, the range of topics expanded due to the introduction of new everyday stories and fairy-tale themes into the toy, developed a large number of ornaments and color combinations.

Dymkovo sculpture has long become a folk sculpture. The difference between this craft and other Russian folk crafts is that each toy is the author’s creative work masters of hand sculpting and painting, which exists in a single copy.

The Dymkovo toy is made from local plastic red clay with the addition of river sand. It is characterized by a simple geometric pattern of ornaments, paintings, and bright colors, in which there is a lot of red, yellow, blue, green, and scarlet.

In folk art, art is always closely related to craft. The stronger the craft foundation, the higher the performance skill, the greater the artistic value of the hand-made product. Likewise, the Dymkovo toy is a labor-intensive hand-made production, where everything was professionally organized down to the smallest detail.

2. Toy manufacturing technology.

1. To produce the Dymkovo toy, local clay is used, thoroughly mixed with fine river sand. It is collected in the spring after the flood on the Vyatka River and mixed with clean river sand so that it does not crack when fired. Preparing clay for work is not an easy task: it is chopped with a shovel, turned over many times, and filled with water. They shovel it again, previously they kneaded it with their feet. The finished clay is rolled into balls, from which pancakes are made and the basic shape of the desired toy is rolled up.

2. The figures are sculpted in parts, the traces of sculpting are smoothed out with a damp cloth to give the product a smooth surface. After complete drying, the toy is fired.

No matter how hard you try, you won’t notice traces of the “lubricant”: with a sharp splinter, the craftswoman deftly cuts off excess pieces of clay, and with a damp rag she constantly “smoothes” the toy, and it turns out even, smooth, as if not made by hand, but cast in a mold. But the toy is not ready yet. After sculpting, it was dried for several days, then fired in a Russian oven for 3-4 hours and cooled.

3. The next stage of work, characteristic only of Dymkov, is “whitewashing”.

"Whitewashing". Color scheme, geometric pattern

The toys were immersed in a solution of fine ground chalk diluted in milk and placed in a draft. The milk quickly soured, and a film formed on the surface of the product, the red clay turned into dazzling white and was ready for painting. We used white gouache.

4. They painted toys by mixing colors with eggs and kvass, and not two or three colors, as in other crafts, but a good dozen. Blue, yellow, green, orange-red minium, crimson - magenta, black soot and other mixed ones: blue, pink, brown, decorated toys in a variety of combinations. ... We started painting with the lightest paint and ended with the darkest. The craftswomen had homemade brushes, made from splinters and rags, but one was sure to be a thin ferret brush - for painting the face. The patterns on the toys were inspired by traditional ones that go back to ancient origins: cells, stripes, circles, ovals, dots. But how many variants did the craftswomen know, in what combinations did they give! How they knew how to make colors sound against the matte whiteness of the background! And to top it all off, decorate it with shining diamond-shaped leaves of gold leaf, which made the toy more elegant and richer.

3. Lady.

We sculpted the lady as follows:

They rolled the pancake and it turned out to be the bell of a skirt for the lady.

Rolled up the next two pancakes and

turned out to be a head and a torso.

They carefully “smeared” the san and the head.

They rolled the sausage and divided it in half, then “smeared” it to the body. The head was decorated with braids, and the body with frills.

The lady was decorated with frills, a kokoshnik or a hat.

We painted the toy with gouache paints.

A simple geometric pattern: circles, dots, stripes.

Do you know what the elements of painting on the Dymkovo toy mean? It turns out that the blue wavy stripe is water, the crossed stripes are the frame of a well, the circle with a star-shaped center is the sun and celestial bodies. The geometric pattern consists of dots, straight intersecting lines, zigzags, circles, stars. The ornament can be single-color or multi-color, made in relief or convex. Each era, each nation had its own ornament. The painting of the Dymkovo toy is elegant and decorative.

The same craftswoman does not have the same ladies; each has its own individual pattern, build, and pose.

4. Whistle.

Whistles began to be made for the Svistunya (Whistle Dance) holiday. In 1811, Major General Nikolai Zakharovich Khitrovo, the son-in-law of the famous commander Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov, who was “with the sovereign’s person,” was suddenly “removed to Vyatka.”
In Vyatka, a major general who had fallen out of favor had the opportunity to witness a surprisingly original, purely local, Vyatka national holiday, then called whistling, and later (from about 1890), and even now - whistling. The pandemonium made a very strong impression on him. He wrote at length about it as “an era celebrated every year on the city ramparts.”
From this description we can learn that in 1811 the pandemonium holiday was still divided into two parts. similar friend on other parts. In the morning, in a dilapidated chapel near the city ramparts, they commemorated their ancestors. And “the rest of this memorable day” was devoted to entertainment: “people gather with small whistles and whistle all day long, walking along the street.” And “in those places they sell clay dolls, painted different colors and gilded."
This is the earliest (of those found so far) eyewitness testimony about Dymkovo clay paintings.
Such a trifle as clay toys, of course, would not have come to the attention of the “removed to Vyatka”, but who retained his high rank of Major General Khitrovo, if it had not been for the piercingly noisy whistler, raging with joy, which certainly could not be ignored.
And later, until 1871, we find information about Dymkovo clay painted ones, again, only in descriptions of the whistler. But she continued to amaze her contemporaries, and her descriptions appeared in print one after another, the last time already in 1940.
If it weren’t for the whistler, we would have known much less about the Dymkovo clay paintings, and their fate might have turned out differently.
But what is a whistler? Let us turn to the “Vyatka Notes” of Vsevolod Lebedev, a very talented, untimely deceased Soviet writer. Lebedev vividly and emotionally accurately told in this book about the last pre-revolutionary and first Soviet years of the Vyatka region.

Himself a Vyatchan by origin, Lebedev did not ignore the old whistler. True, it was no longer the same whistle as Major General Khitrovo saw in 1811, but the same as the Dymkovo clay toy made it, which at times subjugated this holiday. There have been no religious ceremonies or funerals there for a long time. The dilapidated chapel fell apart.

And it was this: “The Vyatka festival of whistling in a large square. When you walk towards it, it seems that you are slowly climbing some kind of large mountain, the height of which stuns your blood and consciousness.
Then at the market you realize that it’s a whistle. A flying, piercing whistle with a slight gentle throaty tint. Something is blooming and agitating there in the square. And when you get to the square and walk among the whistling crowd, it seems that you are walking on air. Everyone has laughing and somewhat impudent faces. Walking people carefully hold in front of their faces a small clay toy, worth three or five kopecks, depicting a two-headed beast or a ram with gold spots on its sides. They are whistling at the tail of this sheep. People walking with these colorful animals close to their faces look like a huge colorful masquerade.
This shine and whistle at first puzzles you, and then lifts you into the air, and so you travel until the evening, and at night - in your eyes and ears in a dream there is something bright and joyfully tender. It's a whistling festival. Since ancient times, the city of Vyatka has been famous for this holiday. In Vyatka they whistle great. In Vyatka they make whistling toys...
Here comes Ashikhmin Vanka, a new jacket is put on for the holiday, and in the mouth of a ram's tail - a clay ram: and the clay ram sings so subtly.
And the old women sit on the bench and say: “In the old days they whistled even more healthily.” In the old days, old people also whistled - he would also put a ram to his gray beard, walk around and whistle" (Vsevolod Lebedev. Vyatka Notes.)
Here it must be added that this cheerful holiday was not only filled with sharp whistles. On it, guides walked with learned bears, and Petrushka, the children’s favorite, squealed shrilly from the booth, and a motley, elegant carousel spun to the squeals of the girls. And something just didn’t happen.

The demand for whistles increased, especially in the spring, and production on them turned out to be profitable. The potters worked all winter, preparing for spring.

A whistle competition was held annually; whistles were made in the shape of horses, riders, cows, and birds.

III. Conclusion.

Having studied the material for of this project, I learned that the Dymkovo toy originated in the settlement of Dymkovo, near the city of Vyatka (now in the territory of the city of Kirov). Its origin is associated with the cheerful holiday of Whistling.

The product of my project is a folder with collected material, as well as my favorite Dymkovo toys: the lady and whistles, which I made myself.

The Dymkovo toy is a decorative clay sculpture up to 25 centimeters high. It is molded from clay, fired in a kiln and brightly painted on a white chalk ground with tempera paints, gold leaf is used. Animals, horsemen (usually whistles), ladies in crinolines, gentlemen, fairy-tale characters, and everyday scenes are depicted. The poses and movements of the Dymkovo toy are somewhat conventional, simplified, according to the ancient tradition of making folk toys and sculptures. The products are distinguished by their generalized, somewhat grotesque forms. In 1919, a toy workshop was created (since 1942 - a workshop run by the Kirov Artist partnership, since 1956 - a workshop as part of the Art and Production Workshops of the Kirov Branch of the KhF of the RSFSR; masters - A.A. Mezrina, E.A. Koshkina, E. I. Penkina, Z.F. Bezdenezhnykh, O.I. Konovalova, E.I.

The Dymkovo toy is the most famous clay craft in Russia. It is distinguished by its extremely simple, clear plastic form, generalized silhouette, bright ornamental painting on white background. In the images of red-cheeked ladies, nurses, dashing horsemen, scenes of tea parties, fair festivities, cheerful carousels - the three-hundred-year-old traditions of Dymkovo art continue to live, the archaism of ancient examples is carefully preserved. The Dymkovo Vyatka toy has long become a folk sculpture. The difference between this artistic craft and other Russian folk crafts is that each toy is the original creative work of hand-made craftswomen, and exists in a single copy. Traditionally, the Dymkovo toy industry does not have mass production.

Once upon a time, a long time ago, children played with these toys. Now they serve to decorate our home. We admire the cheerful and mischievous Dymkovo toy. The Dymkovo toy does not like loneliness. She is good not even in a pair, but in a group with others, in close proximity to her brothers and sisters from the settlement on the Vyatka River, the Dymkovo toy is only a hand-made art. From sculpting to painting, the process is creative and never repeated. No, and there cannot be two identical products. Each toy is unique and one of a kind. There is no analogue of the Dymkovo toy.

My project can be used in art lessons and extracurricular reading. I will be glad if adults and children, after reading my project, learn a lot of new things from the history of our Russian craft.

Spring is coming, spring is red!

Duck whistles are whistling,

The rooster is whistling,

It's not in vain that it's a spring holiday.

Oh, lyuli, oh, lyuli!

The horses were out on the meadow!

Daring horses,

Proud, dashing.

The turkey is fabulously beautiful,

He is pompous, proud,

Looks down on everyone around

An important bird is the turkey.

Amazing outfit:

The kokoshnik sits proudly,

The water bearer is so beautiful

Like a swan floats

Sings a quiet song.

IV. Literature

1. G.L. Dine "Russian toy"

2. Dyakonov L.V. Dymkovo clay painted

3. Encyclopedia of the Vyatka Land. Volume 10, Crafts. GIPP "Vyatka", 2000.

V. Content

I.Introduction……………………………………………………….page 3

II. Main part

1. The history of the creation of the Dymkovo toy………………………...page 5

2. Toy manufacturing technology………………………………p.9

3. Lady……………………………………………………………………p.11

4. Whistle……………………………………………………….page 15

III. Conclusion………………………………………………………..page 18

IV. Literature………………………………………………………..page 22

The Dymkovo toy is a bright representative of Russian folk clay arts and crafts. It is precisely this that provides a unique opportunity to trace how this folk art developed over a long period of time, replacing many generations and dynasties of masters.

Dymkovo painting: history

The founder of this folk craft was the small settlement of Dymkovo (hence the name), located near the city of Kirov.

Initially, in the process of coloring Dymkovo toys, only those that needed to be diluted were used. For this purpose, peroxided kvass or vinegar was used. The tassel was made independently and consisted of a piece of canvas wound on wooden stick. This homemade artistic tool was used when it was necessary to draw a line. In order to draw the speck, the craftsmen used the end of an evenly cut twig.

Production of Dymkovo toys

These toys are still completely handmade art. Each representative is the work of one master. To produce the figurine, local red clay is used, which is thoroughly mixed with fine sand. The figures are molded in parts, then the finished parts are connected and completed.

Before firing the finished figures, they must first be dried. This process takes from 2 to 20 days. Products are fired in a kiln at a temperature of 700 to 800 degrees. Then the surface of the toy is covered with special temperature white. In the old days, chalk diluted with milk was used for these purposes.

This completes the process of making the toy. Next comes the Dymkovo painting. It represents a completely unique folk style.

Elements of Dymkovo painting

To paint these toys, craftsmen always used strict geometric patterns. Dymkovo painting is a combination of circles, zigzags, strict straight lines or round spots, cells and just dots are certainly used.

Elements of Dymkovo painting also include diamonds made of gold leaf, which are glued on top of an already applied pattern.

Each master applies ornamental elements to the figurine in accordance with personal wishes, in a different order and in various combinations. In this case, the product can be almost completely covered with a pattern, and sometimes the author’s laconicism can be seen. That is why among all the variety of Dymkovo toys it is simply impossible to find two identical figures.

Dymkovo painting is characterized by the use of special signs symbolizing the desire for truth, beauty and healthy image life. All patterns of traditional painting in Dymka are associated with nature and various amulets.

Moreover, each element of the picture has its own hidden meaning. Thus, a wavy line is a symbol of water. Crossed straight stripes mean a well frame, and a circle with a star in the middle represents the sun. Dymkovo painting, pictures of which you can see a little lower, also has various plant elements: grains, berries, leaves and flowers.

Shape of the Dymkovo toy

Classic figures for Dymkovo toys are figures of horsemen, roosters and horses. Female figurines have flaring bell-shaped skirts and high headdresses - kokoshniks. Here special meaning has expressive details: elegant hairstyle and headdress, all kinds of frills, capes, umbrellas, handbags and other ladies' accessories.

The coloring of human figures had a certain sequence. First, hair, eyebrows and eyes were drawn in with black paint. Three orange or red spots placed on the toy's face using a splinter signified the mouth and cheeks. Then the hat was painted and, last but not least, the bright skirt.

Characteristic features of animal painting

The painting of the Dymkovo toy has its own characteristics. Each clay character is painted in a special way. Traditional figurines of horsemen, roosters and other characters beloved by the people are painted very brightly, even fantastically: a horse can have bright blue circles of apples on its sides, a turkey has an enchantingly colorful fan-shaped tail, and a goat can have red and gilded horns.

Winged ducks have a distinctive feature: a horizontal row of wing frills. When you look at such a duck, you get the impression that she is wearing two aprons with a molded frill. In addition, painting a toy provides for a certain sequence of applying patterns. The first to be applied is a wide stripe running across the chest of the duck, narrower stripes extending from the neck, and only then are transverse lines applied to form a traditional checkered pattern.

The painting of whistles in the shape of skates combines vertical stripes with rows of multi-colored polka dots. At the same time, the shades used are not necessarily in harmony with each other.

Ducks and horses are the most popular images of animals used to create Dymkovo toys. Goats, cows, rams and piglets, as well as poultry, are much less common. Anatomical details, as a rule, are not observed, so all animals somewhat resemble Dymkovo horses. Only the shape of the muzzle makes it possible to understand who is in front of us. The painting of these animals is represented by longitudinal rows of dark-colored dots or small peas of different shades.

Dymkovo colors

The patterns of Dymkovo painting are unusually bright. Blue, red, orange, yellow, crimson, emerald and green shades are the main colors used in this technique. Brown and black paint are used only in small quantities.

It should be noted that the selected tones also have their own symbolic meanings. In the minds of the common people, green is closely associated with the concept of life, symbolizing nature and peasant arable land. Moral purity, goodness and truth are, of course, White color. not only fire, but also the personification of health, strength and beauty. Blue is the color of the sky.

Decoration

The final step in decorating the toy is applying gilding. This is what distinguishes the Dymkovo toy, adding unique features to its appearance. In Rus', real gold leaf was used for these purposes, which was very thin gold plates arranged with paper ribbons (this prevented the gold from sticking together). Small rhombuses were cut out of it, which were glued in the right places using egg white.

The real Dymkovo painting

To paint toys, gouache paints are used, which are diluted on eggs, as well as tempera paints or those designed specifically for ceramic products. Ferrets or

Nowadays, Dymka, unfortunately, has long lost the qualities characteristic of a folk toy: spontaneity and low cost. Of course, these products have special plasticity. However, thanks to their excessive static nature and detailed clarity, the Dymkovo figurines became simply beautiful souvenirs.

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The process of making a Dymkovo toy

President of Russia D.A. Medvedev paints a Dymkovo toy

Manufacturing technology of the Dymkovo toy

Dymkovo toy- clay sculpture, a separate type of art. It is characterized by a certain whitewashing and bright painting.

Clay for production was traditionally mined in the settlement of Dymkovo, which is on the low-lying bank of the Vyatka River near the city of Kirov. The collected red clay in the settlement used to be chopped with a shovel and mixed with fine river sand - there is a huge river beach nearby. So, after mixing, the clay was turned over many times and moistened with water. In the old days they used to knead it with their feet.

Now the craftswoman does not dig clay and does not knead it. The material is prepared by machine in one of the ceramic production facilities. Clay comes to the workshops in finished form - plastic packaging-briquettes of 10 kilograms.

Modeling of the Dymkovo toy.

Modeling of the Dymkovo toy

Each toy from a piece of clay to a finished sculpture performed by one master. If earlier the craftswoman spent a lot of time on preparing clay and whitewashing, now more attention is paid to the process of sculpting and painting the toy.

Pieces of clay are separated and rolled into balls. The balls are used to make individual parts of the toy. The Dymkovo toy is different in that it is made not from one piece of clay, but from several. A ball of clay is rolled into a pancake, a cone is made from the pancake - the lady’s skirt is ready. It is hollow inside with walls 4-6 mm thick. The walls of the cone are leveled by turning the workpiece in your hands. Then, moistening with water, attach the sausage handles and the head ball. All made from small pieces of clay.

All the main elements of the toy are done first. All joints are smoothed with a damp cloth. It turns out like a single whole. Then they decorate the toy with details - kokoshnik, muff, handbag, dog, braids, hat, etc.

Drying and firing of the Dymkovo toy.

Drying and firing of Dymkovo toys

Dry the molded workpiece for 3-5 days, sometimes longer, in air.

In the old days a toy fired in Russian kilns. Placed directly on firewood or on an iron baking sheet.

The clay begins to heat up and soon becomes as if transparent - it glows with an even red color in the fire. At this point, the firing process ended, and the toys slowly cooled in the extinguished oven.

Now toys are burned in muffle furnaces at temperatures over 1000 degrees. Such heat gives clay even greater strength. The ovens are quite large and toys are loaded into them in batches. Again, craftswomen do not have precious time taken away from non-creative processes.

Whitewashing and painting of toys.

Whitening toys

After the oven, the workpiece turns out to be brownish-red. For whitewashing in the old days they used a solution of chalk in milk - they dipped the whole toy. The milk on the surface sours and forms durable, bright film of casein glue. Whitewashing is a characteristic feature of the Dymkovo toy.

Nowadays whitening is done using tempera white, which is applied with a brush.

Painting of the Dymkovo toy.

The final part of the process is painting.

First, let's talk about the old traditional way paintings:
Dry paints were ground with egg, and peroxided kvass or vinegar was added. The color scheme was not rich, only basic tones. Compositions ranging from soot to fuchsin and chromium were used. These paints seemed to give up some of their color to the workpiece and sounded muted. In the 20th century, they used gouache, also diluted on an egg. Now they use bright acrylic paints- very durable.

Painting toys

Brushes are used mostly soft, of different sizes. Thin brushes allow the craftswoman to introduce small details into the plot - this is not always good, as it leads to oversaturation of the plot.

Pieces of gold leaf or gold leaf - a mixture of zinc and copper - are glued on top of the paint. They shine and give along with bright colors dazzling charm of the Dymkovo toy.

Technological thread from the past of Dymkovo toys

The production of Dymkovo toys today has retained the entire technological thread of the past:

1. Preparation red clay for work.

"Whistling-whistle-dancing."

Once upon a time, making clay toys in settlement Dymkovo Vyatka region was a family craft. Whole families of people mined and kneaded clay, pounded and rubbed it with their hands, using paint grinders and lump chalk, and spent the entire period from autumn to spring sculpting, drying and firing their creations. As the day of the fair called "Whistling and whistling dance", which fell on the fourth Saturday after Easter, the finished toys were whitened with chalk, which was diluted with skimmed cow's milk, after which they were painted with egg paints, decorated with spots of golden leaf. The local population brought the original colorful goods on boats for the holiday in city ​​of Vyatka, giving the joy of his art to adults and children.

The fair was a continuation of the commemoration of the inhabitants of Veliky Ustyug and Khlynov, who laid down their lives in the battle that went down in the history of Vyatka under the name Khlynovo massacre, in which “I don’t know my own.” In honor of those killed and in memory of the tragic battle at Razderikhinsky ravine a memorial cross was built, and then a chapel was erected.

The riotous fair fun lasted three days, and all the days the residents of Vyatka, young and old, whistled into clay whistles. Once a witness to this holiday Vyatka writer Lebedev V.V. in his memoirs he compared walking among the whistling crowd in the square with the feeling of “walking on air.” When describing people, Lebedev paid special attention to the laughing and somewhat impudent faces of the Vyatichi people.

Unfortunately, now this holiday has long since sunk into oblivion, existing only until the twenties of the last century, but the fishery is still alive. In the century before last Dymkovskaya Sloboda From 30 to 50 families of toy makers lived and worked. Over the years, centuries, family dynasties of the trade have been formed, represented by Penkins, Nikulins, Koshkins and many other famous names. Each dynasty strictly followed its own, unique to it, traditional features crafts. The toys varied in shape, proportions, colors and patterns. In these times Dymkovo toy consisted of individual figures depicting animals, birds, people, as well as a wide variety of whistles. All of them carried ancient images of human ideas about the world around them.

Anna Mezrina and Alexey Denshin are the custodians of the Dymkovo fishery.

Since the beginning of the twentieth century the existence of the Dymkovo fishery was threatened. The volume of production of hand-made toys was rapidly decreasing. The craft was no longer as rewarding as it once was, and many hereditary craftsmen simply stopped practicing this craft, looking for more profitable occupations.

Clay toys became a thing of the past, becoming the property of history. Workshops for creating gypsum products began to flourish, which were in enormous demand both among the local population and at fair sales. major cities. Many toy makers began to earn extra money by painting plaster products, and only the craftswoman (1853-1938) created her clay creations in the old fashioned way. She, in fact, became the only connecting thread between the past and the present, the present and the future of the Dymkovo craft. Now her work is a classic and an example to be followed by modern craftswomen. Anna Afanasyevna bequeathed her traditions and experience to her two daughters: Alexandra Ivanovna Mezrina(1874-1934) and Olga Ivanovna Konovalova(1886-1979), not only teaching them the basics ancient art, but also passing on all his secrets.

And yet, apparently, the Vyatka artist played a decisive positive role in the fate of the entire Dymkovo craft Alexey Ivanovich Denshin(1893-1948). From the age of fifteen, he became so captivated by the work of poorly educated craftswomen that he was subsequently able to discern true art in their works. Denshin constantly sketched Dymkovo toys and studied the technology of the manufacturing process. The work of A. A. Mezrina became an object of special love for him.

Even after October revolution Denshin A.I. did not stop actively studying and promoting the Dymkovo craft. Trying to focus the attention of the authorities on the original Russian folk art, the artist created with his own hands albums with sketches of Dymkovo toys and descriptions fishing history. Album “Vyatka clay toy in drawings”, published in 1917, album “Vyatka clay toy. Elegant Dolls”, dated 1919, and the album “Vyatka Ancient Clay Toys”, published in 1926, published in small editions in Moscow and Vyatka, instantly became rarity of the book world.

Of interest is not only the content of the albums, but also the method of their creation. Denshin made albums on lithographic stones, and then by hand painted with egg paints, which were exact copies of the originals. These creations have become absolutely indispensable sources for studying traditions Dymkovo fishery for all generations of masters.

Another contribution of A. I. Denshin to the history of the development and preservation of Dymkovo craft was the collection and distribution of collections of Dymkovo toys. Such fruitful deeds soon bore fruit. The public and the country's leadership learned about the ancient craft. Despite everything, the craft survived, and for special services, the oldest toy maker A.A. Mezrina was awarded in 1934 personal pension.

Throughout the thirties Over the past century, the popularity of Dymkovo toys has only increased. Alexander Ivanovich Denshin managed to return hereditary craftswomen to the craft E.I. Penkin(1882-1948) and E.A. Koshkin(1871-1953), to involve the younger generation in unique creativity.

It should be noted that in twenties and thirties of the last century The attention of the leadership of the Soviet state to original folk crafts also increased. The involvement of new images in the tradition entailed expanding the theme, changing the color scheme and ornamental structure. It was during this period that compositions appeared among Dymkovo toys, structurally consisting of figures united by a single meaning and a solid base, called a “pancake”. This original technique brought the ability to reflect themes into genre scenes. real life. By the way, it was A.A. Mezrina, E.A. Koshkina and E.I. Penkina were the first to set foot on a new creative path.

The oldest craftswomen.

In the forties of the last century Elizaveta Ivanovna Penkina began to actively engage in fairy tale themes. Since 1938, her assistants in painting have been L.N. Nikulina(1906-1961) and Koss-Denshina E.I.(1901-1979). A special role in the development of this topic was played by creativity of A.S. Pushkin and its centenary, to which many events were dedicated. The work of the classic of Russian poetry seemed to suggest to the folk artists such images from fairy tales that are close and dear to every Russian person. Following these trends, E.I. Penkina creates the compositions “At the Lukomorye” and “Baba Yaga”, and Baba Yaga has the famous Hut on Chicken Legs.

E.A. Koshkina, who initially gave preference to creating traditional free-standing figures, from the thirties and throughout the forties also turned to creating compositions of several figures. Using the foundations, she positioned genre scenes with the participation of 2-3 characters. Many works were created in collaboration with the daughter of the craftswoman - Zinovia Fedorovna Bezdenezhnykh(1901-1964), who was engaged in painting compositions. Thus, works began to appear in which, along with images of birds, animals and people, there were architectural motifs.

In 1939 a team of craftswomen E.A. Koshkina, Konovalova O.I., E.I. Penkina and Z.F. Bezdenezhnykh under the direct supervision of A.I. Denshina took part in the design and decoration of the hall in the Kirov region in pavilion "Leningrad - North-East" At the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition, held in Moscow, the press of those years described the Dymkovo craft as follows: “The colorful multicolored images of people, animals and birds stand out clearly on the white surface of the walls, preserving both in colors and in forms all the primitive expressiveness inherent in Dymkovo toys.” This description became forever associated with the emerging Dymkovo relief, which long years entered the tradition of Dymkovo craft in the second half of the last century.

War and post-war years.

The Great Patriotic War caused colossal damage not only to the entire cultural heritage of our country, including the barely revived Dymkovo fishery. Craftswomen were left without work. The circumstances were such that this difficult times for the people there was no time for toys. At least that's what it seemed like. However, the Dymkovo toy soon began to regain its former popularity. Already in 1942, production was resumed; Alexey Denshin rightly noted that the Dymkovo toy became “proof of the indestructibility of the Russian folk spirit, manifested in the field of folk fine art.”

After the great Victory, virtually reborn from oblivion, the country and its people again turned to the joy-giving creativity of the Dymkovo masters. The state supported craftswomen in every possible way, financed improvements in working conditions and training for the younger generation. True, the presence of organizational difficulties did not allow us to solve all the problems. A.I. died Denshin, the older generation of Dymkovo craftswomen gradually passed away. By 1956, only eight craftswomen were engaged in the trade. Among them worked the young daughters-in-law of Koshkina and Penkina: Koshkina E.Z. (1914-1993) and Penkina Z.V. (1897-1988).

The end of the fifties of the last century was marked by a new stage in the revival of folk crafts. The craving for old Russian roots is being revived again, the problems of the traditions of Russian culture and their development are being studied. The demand for Dymkovo toys is increasing significantly, and they are beginning to be divided into two main categories: exhibition and traditional. The exhibition category was created mainly using innovations in order to attract the attention of many visitors art exhibitions at various levels, from regional to international exhibitions. Personal exhibitions of masters were also held. The work of Dymkovo masters was widely covered in the press and attracted the attention of professionals and museum employees. The names of the craftswomen went down in history and became famous.

The first generations of students - future craftswomen.

Since 1955, future craftswomen Z.I. began mastering the craft. Kazakova, E.A. Smirnova and A.V. Kuzminykh. After just three years of studying with Z.V. Penkina and E.Z. Koshkina comes to a whole “star” group of future artists: L. S. Fanaleeva, L. A. Ivanova, A. P. Pechenkina, A. F. Popyvanova, V. P. Plemyannikova, N. P. Trukhina, A. I. Vorozhtsova, N. N. Sukhanova, G. I. Baranova, N. P. Bornyakova, V. P. Krasikova. Penkina and Koshkina begin training creative youth together with Z.F. Bezdenezhnykh and Nikulina L.N.

Years later, Valentina Petrovna Plemyannikova, already a recognized master of her craft, recalled that all the teachers and craftswomen took turns changing so that the students understood the difference in the “hand,” that is, the character of a particular craftswoman in her work. Koshkina E.Z. taught the sculpting of chickens, ladies in bonnets, horsemen, boatmen and whistles. Behind these toys, according to V.P. Plemyannikova, and the name “Koshkinskie” stuck, and all of them, with their corpulence, radiant health, smoothness, roundness, and “Koshkinsky” soul, resembled a craftswoman-mentor.

The words of Z.F. will forever remain in the memory of L.S. Falaleeva. Penkina: “Girls, clay is such a material, tear it off and throw it away if there is too much. If it’s not enough, take it and add more...”

Initially, all students studied in a common room in the House of Artists on Svoboda Street, 65.

An invaluable contribution to the preservation and development of the craft in these years was made by the sculptor Mikhail Mikhailovich Koshkin (1907-1984), who was the chairman of the Vyatka Union of Artists.

Being the artistic director of the craft, E.A.

Okisheva (1927-2007) constantly visited local museums with beginning craftswomen, where the group created entire albums of works, sketching the creations of the oldest craftswomen - A.A. Mezrina, Penkina E.A. and E.A. Koshkina and many others. Some of the future craftswomen studied in the art studio at the Kirov House of Artists.

Creativity of laureates of the State Prize of the RSFSR named after I.E. Repina.

In 1967, “for the creation of samples of Dymkovo toys that develop the traditions of Russian folk art,” craftswoman Z.V. Penkina, Koss-Denshina E.I., E.Z. Koshkina and Konovalova O.I. were awarded the title of laureate of the State Prize of the RSFSR named after I.E. Repina. In addition, the same craftswomen were awarded a large number of certificates of honor, diplomas and medals. For a long period of time they were members of the art council of the craft and were involved in the acceptance and evaluation of products.

Take, for example, the products of Evdokia Zakharovna Koshkina (1914-1993). According to many memories, the craftswoman was a calm, kind, neat and balanced woman, and her works were filled with strength of form and a sense of irresistible strength. She gave preference to traditional subjects: figures of ladies, nannies, peasants, animals, birds, in the images of which, interpreted in her own way, she embodied the characteristic Everyday life The Vyatka region features of everyday uniqueness. Artistic language E.Z. Koshkina was always laconic. When creating her compositions, she discarded unnecessary details, did not resort to deliberate decoration, followed symmetry and balance, and scrupulously finished each figure in ornament and sculpting. Color scheme of toys E.Z. Koshkina is calm and a little white-faced. With a medium size, the toys of this craftswoman are monumental, they are characterized by symmetry and frontality.

Zoya Vasilievna Penkina (1897-1988) independent work started in 1935.

In the 50s, the range of images and subjects of her work expanded. Possessing an amazing imagination, Penkina Z.V. creates her own unique image of a dressed-up lady with a high hairstyle, with a variety of hats with decorations, in dresses with frills, arranged in tiers, with bows and flounces. Her daughter and co-author V.V. For more than twenty years, Kiseleva, with precisely chosen colors, emphasized in her mother’s works the main thing that distinguished them from all others.

The sixties and seventies of the last century became the period of real flowering of the original talent of Z.V. Penkina. Not giving in to difficulties, she was never afraid to take on new topics and develop all possible variations of them. The craftswoman worked quickly and a lot. The somewhat naive and cheerful character of Penkina Z.V., her feelings, were embodied in the quivering clay that seemed to come to life under her hands.

Daughter of A.A. Mezrina, hereditary craftswoman Olga Ivanovna Konovalova (1886-1979) managed to adopt from her mother the basics of traditional images of birds, loving couples, riders and ladies. She especially loved to convey in the sculpting of animals (bears, hares, cows, deer) and whistles all the diversity and breadth of her truly Russian character. Among her fairy-tale and everyday compositions, “Wedding of Animals”, “Boat Riding”, “Turnip”, “Rolling Down the Mountain”, “Old Man with a Basket” stand out. Konovalova O.I. was the first to perform the figure “The Lady on Legs.” Her toys are characterized by small size, variety in ornamentation and the desire to convey movement in plastic.

A.I.'s wife Denshina, Ekaterina Iosifovna Koss-Denshina (101-1979) began independent work in the forties. Her constant creative searches brought a lot of new things into the world of Dymkovo crafts. E.I. While working on each toy, Koss-Denshina carefully thought out the image, both from the point of view of modeling and from the point of view of painting. Having given the world of Dymkovo toys many new compositions and plots, she is the author of exclusively original ornaments from traditional components: dots, cells, circles, wavy and straight lines. After the death of her husband, the craftswoman was engaged in the artistic direction of the craft for many years.

The entire creative path of the craftswomen, the works they created that found their place in museums, and, of course, all of them are not simple, but interesting life- an important and valuable stage in the development and preservation of the traditions of Dymkovo toys. Each craftswoman is a legend, her image cannot be erased from memory, given the strength of the significance of each contribution to the common cause. Any modern toy maker, studying and mastering an ancient craft, will never miss the creativity of older generations of craftswomen. You can understand the essence of the Dymkovo miracle only if you have deep respect for the past, for the works and fate of your predecessors. This will be the case from year to year as long as the ancient Vyatka craft is alive.