One, frankly speaking, not very smart middle-aged lady said to me a couple of years ago something like, “How can you love little children? While they grow up, it's one torment. But it’s already interesting with grown-ups! In the meantime, little ones, know for yourself, clean up the poop.”

But a small child is an amazing, incomparable miracle!

In just one year of his life, the baby turns from a helpless lump into a meaningful, only for now small, person!

A year after birth, he will already be walking, speaking a few words, laughing and rejoicing, and communicating with his loved ones.

Watching him grow is an amazing gift that each of us gets only once or twice in our lives (for some more, but this is not a common occurrence). And then a couple more grandchildren. That's all!

And if you don’t just watch him grow, but help the baby develop, you get mutual communication that stimulates the baby to independent achievements (for now, mainly in terms of physical development) and to his first discoveries!

Of course, the baby will develop without much intervention. Nature itself arranged it this way. But the less adult participation, the worse the child develops. Children growing up in orphanages, where there is one nanny for several people, develop much more slowly and speak much worse than their peers. And only because they lack the attention of adults, lack warmth and care.

How does a baby's brain develop?

In the first year of life, a child's brain develops most intensively. Without going into scientific terms, I will say that if the brain is stimulated, its development is much better. After all, organs that are not used do not develop at all (as unnecessary)! The same goes for parts of the brain. If, for example, the cerebellum (it is responsible for coordinating movements) is not used intensively, its development is slow (only to the extent that it is used). And the grown-up child will have difficulty performing gymnastic exercises, will climb awkwardly, will get motion sickness in transport, and will fall more often. And why? Because the cerebellum developed only according to the load that was there. And there was, for example, a measured, calm life, in which the baby lay in the crib almost all the time. They picked him up very carefully, like porcelain doll, put him in the stroller on the back and rolled him around. The child did not even have the opportunity to practice his movements.

And so - with any part of the brain responsible for one or another function. If you don’t stimulate it, don’t give it a load, it doesn’t develop fully, not as well as it could if it were stimulated.

The human brain is divided into many parts, each of which is responsible for its own function. They all develop gradually - one after another. If you follow the child’s natural development, help him master movements, babble, fine motor skills, then the development of brain parts will proceed at a normal, desired pace, without advances. But you shouldn’t get carried away with excessive “development” - it’s too early to give your baby a load that is completely inappropriate for his age. In this case, there is intensive development of the upper parts of the brain, with insufficient development of the lower ones, which should develop first. In a word, you need to know moderation in everything. And it is reasonable to limit your desires and dreams of making something special out of your baby, something that modern “advanced” parents sometimes do. This applies to both physical development (primarily) and mental development.

Don't rush for "development"!

Dear Parents!

Before doing anything with your baby, using any super-fashionable (and very expensive) method, wait a few days, think about whether your baby really needs this now. Has he sufficiently mastered simpler skills or abilities? How well will you be able to practice using this method? Will the exercises harm your baby? Or will it harm your baby if you start intensive classes and then give them up because you don’t have enough strength and time to cover so many activities.

Engage with your baby and develop him! But don't rush! You're not late for anything! Think about the fact that development can be harmed with the wrong approach or excessive loads. Although many psychologists say that it is impossible to overload a baby, because his brain simply turns off when the load limit is reached. But it’s very possible to ruin your character and your relationship with your child through “unsuccessful” activities!

It is much more difficult to teach a child who is “tortured” by learning to do anything! Remember this!

Without which full development in the first year is impossible

But it just so happened that mothers working with babies became overly interested in “naked” “development”. We got carried away with something that, in theory, we could completely do without!

• for example, insanely expensive, but the most “necessary”, “educational” toys, pendants, rugs,
• cards with words and pictures, with numbers and letters,

and other benefits, but they completely FORGET about the basic needs of the baby! These needs are simply relegated to the background, somewhere far away, deep down - behind cards, pictures, cubes and presentations...

Not only do parents load the child with all sorts of benefits at home, but then they also drag the baby to “developmental” classes at “early development centers”, where the baby is loaded with unnecessary information again and again. And at the same time he is motionless, passive, awkward, clumsy, painful and capricious. Can't do simple things...

In the first year of life, a child needs something completely different than cards, pictures and educational activities in groups. But you can do without cards and benefits!
And without what can't get by in the first year? What's most important?
In this chapter I do not intend to deny all the experience of early development accumulated by famous teachers and enthusiasts. I just want to express my own opinion on this matter, based on my experience (experience of communicating with my children and the experience of many mothers who raised children before my eyes - in person and on the forum).

So. The most important thing in the first year is what is simply NECESSARY:

All the time that the baby is not sleeping, he should always be naked at home! Even if it's cold at home! This is perhaps the most important condition of RR. Otherwise, the baby feels relaxed all the time, the muscles don’t work, because you don’t really want to move like that. There's nothing extreme about this. If you teach a child to be naked from birth, then he takes it for granted. In addition, in the first days the baby mostly sleeps. And he stays awake for only a short time. Therefore, training will be smooth, gradual, painless.

Usually this point causes the most objections from grandmothers and other relatives. Tell your grandmothers that the doctor at the clinic told you so!

And most importantly, try to start with yourself! Shoot warm sweaters(gradually - in layers), warm socks and slippers. It’s best to walk around barefoot at home (bare feet, not socks!), wearing a light T-shirt and shorts - it’s easier to keep up with your child! Sports mom - sports child!
The child must be given the opportunity to move unrestrictedly. No playpens! No sitting in the crib or even on the parents' couch! You can leave the baby in the crib only for a short time and in case of emergency, literally for three to five minutes. If you have equipment in your crib for activities with your baby, for example, tied crossbars (according to the advice of M. Fedotov) or ladders (for example, the “Vstanka” ladder by V.S. Skripalev), then staying in bed for some time is justified. But still, it is better for the child to spend most of his time on the floor. While he is a very tiny baby, lay down a “foam” (travel mat) and a diaper on him. As soon as the baby starts crawling, no amount of foam or blankets will help. Let him crawl all over the room, and then throughout the house. Just everything dangerous items should be fenced or put away.

It is necessary to regularly engage in physical development with your child! From day to day. This can be dynamic gymnastics - in full or abbreviated form (on the Internet you can find a description of the exercises with pictures). This could be exercises on a ball or just a massage and practicing movements that the child will have to master in the near future. But without physical development there is no intellectual development! Believe me, dear parents. A motionless child is not able to experience the world as well as a “live” who has felt everything in the house, seen everything, sniffed everything. Small child at eight to nine months you can perfectly navigate even in a very large house. And he will find both mom in the kitchen and dad in the office! Just give it an opportunity!
It is very advisable (if possible!) to pay attention to exercises in the water. This is either swimming or diving (with or without an instructor). Or just water games in the bathroom. But the baby must strive to stay in an aquatic environment. How well the mother succeeds is not important. The main thing is desire and regularity.
The baby needs to develop speech. You need to talk to him a lot, but this does not mean that you need to chat incessantly. You need to pronounce words clearly and clearly so that the child hears not a stream of sounds, but words. The basis for speech development is the correct speech of adults. Try to use complex sentences - do not simplify your speech especially for the baby. And of course, don’t lisp or distort your words.

You can stimulate active speech with games, requests, and questions. When showing something to your baby, repeat the word several times. And, of course, you should definitely read to your baby from the first weeks of life!
The child needs to be taught to be independent! Help him only to the extent that he is unable to cope with matters on his own. And gradually reduce your participation. Has your baby learned to climb onto a chair and sit down on his own? All! You never sit him down again or sit him down with your own hands. The same goes for other skills.

Teach your child not only to do things on his own. But also to remain alone, to play without mom or older children. If you don’t teach this in the first year of life, then it will be very difficult!
It is absolutely necessary to teach your child hygiene. A child who does not understand what is happening to him, peeing under himself, this has now become the norm. All “smart” books write that a child under two years of age is not able to control his movements. And my children, for some reason, were in control. For example, by the age of one year, daughter Sasha had already done EVERYTHING on the potty and began to ask. At the age of four and a half, she asked herself completely, and sometimes sat on the potty herself.

If you don't know what to do or how to do it, don't worry. There is nothing tricky or complicated here. Start at least holding it over the sink at a time when the baby has not done his business for a long time (it is advisable to do this from the first days). Successful or unsuccessful – it doesn’t matter! The main thing is that this happens regularly! The child will learn everything on his own if the parents are consistent. You can continue only “planting” over the sink for up to a year. But you can try introducing the potty as soon as the child learns to sit. With this early introduction, a child who has been taught from birth to “do” over the sink usually adjusts well to the novelty. It can be more difficult during the first year, because the child already has his own habits.
During the entire first year, it is necessary to provide the child with maximum tactile sensations. Don’t be afraid to give a variety of objects for touching with your hands and various games: pieces of fabric, paper and cardboard, metal and wooden objects (safe, of course). We will talk about this many times in our book!
Be sure to let your child listen to a variety of music, as well as (preferably, but not necessarily) sounds different languages(not too many, but two or three besides the native one, no more). Everyone knows that music has a very beneficial effect on the human brain. And kids just need it. And the sounds of foreign languages ​​expand the baby’s auditory range; he gets used to hearing these sounds that are unlike his native language. Subsequently, it will be easier for a child to learn a foreign language if he heard its sounds at such a tender age.

Try to give your child a lot of vivid impressions. At least sometimes get out with your baby, as they say, “in public.” At least a couple of times in the first year, go to the zoo, attend some festival with folk festivals or a brass band. Go to an art gallery.
Play with your baby with ordinary toys - dolls, bears and bunnies, cars, balls and cubes. Encourage the child to actively play with such toys. This is much more important than “logical” toys and cards with words or even pictures.

That's all, actually.
"What is this" early development“?”, many will say. The vast majority will shrug and chuckle!
What about Doman cards? “Zaitsev’s cubes” and “Montessori frames”? Presentations? Painting? Playing the violin or learning three languages ​​at once...
This is all great! But even without this you can raise an extraordinary baby!
But for this it is absolutely necessary to comply with all the above conditions!
And most mothers believe that if they fill their child with cards, manuals, books and “educational” toys (the more expensive and cool, the better), the smarter and more capable their baby will grow up.

Did you know that 70% of a child’s brain development occurs in the prenatal period? 15% - for the period of infancy and another 15% - for the preschool years. Until the baby is born, as well as in the first months after birth, that is, during breastfeeding, its development and health depend almost entirely on the mother’s nutrition. Therefore, it is extremely important that you carefully monitor your diet and remember a number of nutrients that are especially important for the development of a child's brain.

In the first year of life, the baby grows literally by leaps and bounds. Within a year, his height doubles and his weight triples! But his brain reaches an even more incredible speed of development at this time.

The brain matter is formed in the fetal skull already in the first weeks intrauterine development baby. At the tenth week of pregnancy, the baby's brain is divided into three parts. When a child is born, the brain is almost no different from the brain of an adult, and by twelve months the final formation of the brain structure ends. The number of neurons remains approximately the same until the end of life. And from birth, many reflexes and skills are embedded in it: breathing, sucking, grasping...

From birth, the brain's neurons exist largely independently of each other. The task of the brain during the first 3 years is to establish and strengthen connections between them. At this time, children's brain cells create 2 million new connections - synapses - per second! As the child develops, the synapses become more complex; they grow like a tree with many branches and twigs.

The period from birth to three years is the time of highest brain activity. By the age of three, a child’s brain volume is already 80% of an adult’s brain. The increase in brain volume occurs due to special glial cells: they are necessary for the existence of neurons. Starting from the age of three, a sharp slowdown in the rate of brain development begins, and after six years it almost completely slows down and formation ends. The brain capabilities of a six-year-old child are almost identical to those of an adult!

Remember that for harmonious development The baby’s brain needs a certain environment – ​​saturated with positive emotions and new impressions. Such an environment will make the brain work more actively and stimulate its development. It is in the first three years that the future foundations of health, thinking, various skills, and adaptability to life are laid in the baby. Therefore, it is very important to help the brain develop in these first three years. The child should be surrounded by images, sounds, touches, smells. All these are stimuli that are perceived by the brain and help it form faster.

Adherents of the ideas of “early development” - intensive development of a child’s abilities in early age(from 0 to 3 years) – pay attention to this Special attention. In their opinion, it is necessary to introduce the child to various activities as early as possible: develop his speech, draw, sculpt, play musical instruments, etc.

Equally important is the baby’s nutrition. Special meaning in the development and proper functioning of the baby’s nervous system have long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, the so-called. "smart lipids". These include docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acids (DHA and ARA), which should be part of the daily diet for the “genius”.

Breast milk does not have an exact ratio of these fats, since their presence is highly dependent on the diet of the nursing mother and how much she consumes foods containing them. For example, Japanese mothers' milk contains very high amounts of DHA (due to high seafood consumption), while American mothers' milk has very low concentrations of DHA.

Sources of “Smart Lipids” in a mother’s diet can include, for example, seafood, various vegetable oils, and walnuts.

During prenatal period the brain develops by 70%. Another 30% of development occurs from infancy to preschool age. The first 12 months of a baby’s life are associated with his rapid and comprehensive development, when he grows literally every day, gains weight and muscle mass. The brain also gains enormous speed of development during this period.

Prenatal brain development of a child

The formation of the medulla begins in the first weeks of pregnancy. During this period of time, the birth of neurons occurs, which do not stand still, but move to their permanent “place of residence” and exist separately from each other. After the second month, the baby's brain begins to divide into several parts. And already at 35 weeks, the baby’s cerebral cortex can be completely compared in structure to the adult’s cortex.

Rules for your baby's brain development after birth

Since the baby is born with a practically formed brain, the period from birth to 3 years is a period of improvement. Neurons grow and communicate with each other every minute. In one second, up to 2 million synapses connecting neurons are created in brain cells. Throughout life, the quantitative level of neurons does not change. Numerous skills, abilities and reflexes, including vital ones, are embedded in the brain from birth. During the first three years, the connection between neurons becomes incredibly strong, synapses grow like trees with a huge number of branches. By the age of three, the brain volume of children and adults differs by only 15%.

After three years, the formation of the baby’s brain slows down. Formation ends after 6 years of age. Therefore, at this age, the brain’s abilities are practically in no way inferior to those of adults.

The influence of the environment on brain formation

In order for the brain to have the opportunity to develop harmoniously, the baby needs to create a certain environment that will be saturated only positive impressions and emotions. In such an environment, brain development is stimulated, and it begins active work. Since in the first years of a child’s life the development of the future foundations of adaptation to life and thinking, health and various skills occurs, the task of parents becomes to organize assistance in the formation of the brain. The baby should be surrounded by various sounds and images, smells and touches. All this stimulates the brain to form as quickly as possible.

Factors that negatively affect brain formation

In 2008, scientists at Harvard University conducted research that identified several negative factors that interfere with normal development human brain. These include:

• the mother’s educational level is below average;
• single-parent family (divorce or death of one of the parents);
• mental problems in parents;
• family poverty and lack of funds for basic necessities;
• cruel or indifferent treatment of children by adults.

If there is more than one negative factor in a family, then the development of the child’s brain is somewhat delayed. When all five factors are present together, a child's brain develops 70% slower.

You can see the difference between children already in three years of age. The main sign of trouble in the family is a poor vocabulary. If both parents have a low level of education, they lead antisocial image life and do not have the opportunity to spend enough time with the child, the child may lag significantly behind his peers mental abilities. There are exceptions when a child from a dysfunctional family already from the age of 3 realizes the “abnormality” of the existence of his family and strives to receive his first education from the social environment (kindergarten, peers and their parents, etc.).

Not the least role in the development nutrition also plays a role in the brain. During pregnancy and breastfeeding, physical and mental development The baby is completely dependent on the mother’s lifestyle and nutrition. Now there is a lot of data about which products and what they contain.
substances affect the formation of the child’s brain. Therefore, mothers should study the information in detail and exclude foods with negative impact. After introducing the first complementary foods, you should pay attention to healthy eating baby. A special role in the proper development and formation of the brain and nervous system is played by “smart lipids”, which are contained in vegetable oils, nuts, seafood, etc.

Early child development

Today, more and more parents are studying the rules of early development of children, approving the latest research by scientists who talk about the need to lay the first “building blocks” of future knowledge. To do this, experts recommend creating a stimulating environment from birth, which includes two factors:

1. Organizing a continuous stream of new tasks that require effort from the child.
2. Communication between parents and child and assistance in mastering new information.

In the first case, it is important to find a “golden” mean when implementing tasks. It shouldn’t be very difficult or very easy for a child. Here, parents must take into account the level of development of the baby at every stage of his life.

In the second case, communication means complete mutual understanding between the child and adults. Moreover, parents should express not only their approval, but also criticism. This way the baby will be able to realize that in different situations there may be several lines of behavior.

According to the latest data, early development implies educational a process that must begin in the womb. That is future mom, being in an “interesting” position, should already take this issue seriously. During pregnancy, you need not only to eat right, supplying the baby with the substances necessary for brain development, but also to introduce him to the “great”. Reading, handicrafts, listening to music, painting, etc. - all this leads to the formation of the baby’s brain. By following the rules of brain development for your child, you can raise a real genius!

The formation of the human brain begins during fetal development. The peak activity of this process occurs in the first 12 months of life. It is important to understand that the degree of personal integrity depends on the fulfillment of a number of conditions that affect the coherence of all functions of the body. The successful development of a baby requires maximum effort from parents. The efforts made at this stage contribute to the transformation of the child into a self-confident person, clearly aware of his abilities and having a rich inner world.

Components of the brain

The formation of the brain occurs in a strictly defined order. At the initial stage, changes affect the brain stem, at the final stage - the cerebral cortex.

Located at the base of the skull, the brain stem is responsible for many vital signs, including temperature skin and blood pressure. In its upper part is the midbrain, which controls sleep, appetite and motor activity. Maintaining balance and coordinating movements are controlled by the cerebellum, hidden behind the brain stem. Memory, adaptability and emotions are assigned to the limbic system, called the central part of the brain.

The top layer, the thickness of which ranges from 1.5-4.5 mm, is called the cerebral cortex. Thanks to it, the decision-making process is regulated. The functions it performs also include control over such important processes for humans as speech and thinking. The cerebral cortex accounts for 80% of the brain's neurons. At the time the baby is born, the level of development of this part of the brain leaves much to be desired. Its improvement often continues after adolescence. It is the cerebral cortex that demonstrates the greatest degree of sensitivity to the impressions that befall the child.

Truth and fiction

Over the past decades, scientific luminaries have conducted many studies designed to reveal the secrets of the development of the human brain. Thanks to their work, the population of the Earth became aware of the fact that The brain activity of a three-year-old baby is twice that of an adult. Scientists have also proven that the predominant part of brain cells is formed during the stay of the fetus in the womb, and infancy and early childhood are characterized by the formation of a huge number of connections. It was also possible to establish that in moments of conversation with children who cannot speak, the foundation of language proficiency is laid, and learning at the stage of early critical periods of development shows the best results due to the ease of perception on the part of the child.

Nowadays, many doctors are convinced that most of all children need care, love and a sufficient number of new impressions. From this point of view priority remains on playing together, singing, talking and reading. As practice shows, not a single toy can make up for the lack of live communication. The statement about the invaluable experience gained as a result of interaction with surrounding people and the environment. These factors are recognized as most beneficial during the developmental stage of the child's brain.

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Spatial orientation: how to teach a child to distinguish between right and left

At the beginning of life, the child, as a rule, does not come into contact with big world. Therefore, many parents...

Nowadays, we no longer talk about the full development of the brain at the time of birth. Such a complex system works differently than the stomach or heart. As it turns out, the genome laid down at conception is not the only factor influencing brain development. The list of false statements was also supplemented by the phrase about the lower brain activity of a baby taking his first steps compared to the level of brain activity of a university student. In addition, the myth regarding the need for special assistance and the importance of providing the baby with specific educational toys in order to develop thinking abilities. It also turned out that the importance of conversations with infants who do not have their own opinion regarding the subject of the conversation was previously underestimated.

Features of the development of the children's brain

As already mentioned, the initial stage of brain formation falls during the period of the fetus’s stay in the mother’s womb. On the day of the breakup physical connection with the mother, accompanied by cutting the umbilical cord, the number of cells contained in this organ reaches an impressive 100 billion. An isolated existence excludes the presence of connections, the active process of formation of which begins after the first independent breath.

The most significant proportion of connections are formed during the first three years of life. In the future, there is a possibility that some of them will rupture. The degree of their strength depends on the amount of attention, care and love devoted to the little person. It is these elements that form the necessary basis, without which full development of the individual is impossible.

The number of neurons given to us by nature is approximately 20 times greater than the population of the Earth and 10 times greater than the number of stars included in such a large galaxy as the Milky Way.

Neurons are called the nucleus of the brain. The connections formed between them continue to be one of the most interesting riddles human body. The experience accumulated to date and fresh impressions include the mechanisms for the formation of the so-called brain circuit. The complexity of the network formed as a result of the interaction of individual cells with each other is most eloquently demonstrated by the fact that each of the tiny elements can communicate with 15,000 of its fellows.

At the stage of brain development, the first year of life is most significant. Constantly repeated calling by name contributes to the formation of connections in such a way that the baby, after a certain time, begins to perceive this name as a call that requires a response. Created at great speed connections lay the foundation of our habits, memories, thoughts, mind and consciousness.

In the brain three year old baby generated approximately 1000 trillion connections. Adults, oddly enough, are much “poorer” by this indicator (almost twice as much). When a child reaches approximately eleven years of age, the process of getting rid of unnecessary connections begins in the brain. The environment and close relatives act as a stimulator for the growth of compounds and their further ordering. The learning structure reproduces repeated experience. Connections that have not been activated for a long time are subject to exclusion. There is a theory according to which positive or negative actions committed once have a certain impact on the development of the brain.

Constructive activity of preschoolers

During the period of preschoolers’ stay within the walls kindergarten kids get used to labor activity, m...

Daily use of connections during the first years of life transforms them into permanent units. Repeating stable verbal structures promotes speech recognition and strengthens language connections.

Stages of brain formation

The period of brain development can be divided into several stages:

• stay in the womb
• infancy stage,
• childhood
• and youth.

Each of these time intervals is unique. Successful completion of each of them is impossible without certain conditions. Failure to comply can result in serious problems.

Infancy is usually divided into 2 periods. The first (critical) period, which occurs for 1-8 weeks. These days are allocated for the formation of visual functions. Violation of the norm of visual influence in the direction of its decrease increases the likelihood of poor development of nerve cells. Such complications can haunt a person for the rest of his life.

A longer sensitive period begins from six months and lasts up to approximately 24 months. It is characterized by facial recognition, a favorable attitude towards acquaintances and display of wariness towards strangers. At this stage, the baby’s attachment to his protective mother, who radiates warmth and love, is formed.

The curve reproducing the stages of brain formation has a wave-like structure. The nature of the line reflects the level of the brain's response to impressions. The higher this indicator, the more opportunities for brain development. The peaks of the bursts occur at different time intervals, corresponding to the most productive stages of brain development.

Periods favorable for learning are called “windows of opportunity.” On these days, information is received and processed more intensively than during periods of relative calm. Skills in various fields activity a person hones throughout his life. The learning process can only be interrupted by death.

The most fruitful period of brain development coincides with the first three years of life, extending into early childhood and adolescence. This is what explains the ease with which children learn the grammar of their native language, with which they come into contact every day. Learning at a later age turns out to be less effective due to the slower pace of learning. Children who take advantage of opportunities at the most suitable periods for acquiring knowledge will subsequently find it much easier to join the team and realize themselves.

Periods of skill formation

Parents should have an idea of ​​the timing of this or that activity. Knowledge in this area will help determine the level of development of the baby. Shifting the timing involves contacting a doctor to avoid complications of physical or mental state baby.

Prolonged sleep and lack of obvious activity is the norm for infants 1-8 weeks. After this period, children are characterized by multiple smiles and laughter. Over the next few months Head turns are replaced by rollovers. Four month old babies excel in this skill and make attempts to grasp objects at a distance arm's length. Nine month old babies They are already sitting with support, crawling and taking their first steps with the help of adults. The predominant part yearlings Tomboys not only walk confidently, but also run quickly.

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Taking care of children 0-12 months involves more than just feeding and dressing. Active intervention in the baby’s life on the part of parents is encouraged. Responsible mothers begin to take care of the child already during pregnancy and include protein-rich foods in their diet. Their menu also includes food products that contain omega-3 acid. This element contributes to the normal functioning of brain cells and the formation of full connections between them.

About the benefits breast milk legends are made. The food supplied by the mother protects the baby from infections and develops it immune system and has a beneficial effect on brain activity.

A lack of love and attention is much worse than its excess. Fathers and mothers need to spend time with the child, sing him lullabies, read fairy tales and not let him go on his own. physical development. Baby-safe toys with a pleasant-to-touch surface can be an excellent help. At the selection stage, it is advisable to give preference to developing varieties. Parents can also play mimic games with their child, varying the intonation and strength of the voice. A baby observing the behavior of adults will subsequently be able to reproduce the emotions corresponding to a particular facial expression.

Reading is designed to sharpen your listening skills and develop your ability to recognize emotions, expressed by vocal vibrations. Understanding the material fades into the background. Lack of training also negatively affects the stimulation of visual functions. A child can learn to distinguish shades as in home environment, and outside the apartment or house.

Loneliness is detrimental to a child. During waking hours, he needs the company of other people. The success of communication in the future depends on the fulfillment of this condition. A conversation with a child should not take place in elevated intonations. During a conversation, it is advisable to minimize exposure to distracting extraneous noise. Communication should be on a positive note. It is advisable to get rid of negativity in advance.

Maximum development of physical and mental capabilities guarantees the absence of difficulties at the stage of adaptation to society. The systematic development of children is observed in families that surround children with attention, warmth and love. At the same time, it is extremely important to perceive the baby as an equal partner with his own needs.

Hearing and vision

Abilities in recognizing sounds and visual images are formed up to 4-5 years. The importance of developing vision and hearing is difficult to overestimate, since it is these senses that help children perceive reality and contact the people and objects around them. During the first months, babies must look at moving and stationary objects of different colors and shapes. Thanks to this, the brain seems to learn to look. Equally important is the variety of sounds, a wide range of which contributes to the recognition and processing of information. At the end of these processes, in most cases a response should occur.

Language skills

Speech is formed during the first decade of life. The greatest effectiveness is observed during the first half of this period. Slurred babble and attempts to speak should not go unanswered.

Emotional development of preschool children

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Movement and physical development

For first 12 years Throughout life, children demonstrate physical readiness for various aspects of motor development. Often, walking skills are acquired much earlier than fine motor skills, which may include assembling puzzles and construction sets, modeling or drawing. It takes several years to develop coordination (playing with a ball). Some of the skills acquired in early childhood continue to be honed into adolescence.

Emotions and socialization

Identical period ( 12 years) required for social and emotional development, expressed in the manifestation of trust and empathy, as well as the perception of other people. Rapid development of emotions is observed during the period 0-1.5 years, accompanied by the formation of a feeling of attachment to parents.

The success of a fully formed personality depends on the correctness of emotional perception. Education received at an early age lays the foundation for an optimistic attitude, an active life position, empathy and the ability to be happy.

Parental support is extremely important for the social and emotional development of an individual. Social development is impossible without self-awareness and the ability to interact with other members of society. Their formation can be divided into several stages. For example, two-year-olds do not understand how and why they need to share toys. In children who have crossed the three-year threshold, this social skill is more developed.

Conclusion

Based on the above, a number of conclusions can be drawn. At the stage of formation of a child's brain, one cannot underestimate the power of daily experience, heredity, the nutritional value of the diet, as well as physical activity and manifestations of sensitivity on the part of parents. The baby's brain is prone to development that is impossible without early experiences accumulated through touch, sight, smell, hearing and taste. The listed feelings contribute to the building of meaningful connections. Early experiences contribute to the learning process by connecting neural circuits in the brain. Patterned patterns help a newborn feel the presence of his mother, recognize his father’s voice or his favorite toy, etc. Sketches borrowed from the surrounding reality are subsequently subject to improvement and honing. Thanks to this, the connection between individual brain cells is strengthened.

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