CHAPTER 7 PERSONAL HYGIENE OF A CHILD
CHAPTER 7 PERSONAL HYGIENE OF A CHILD
Children must be kept clean and in a neat appearance. Medical personnel, in the absence of one of the parents caring for the child, are obliged to wash, comb the children’s hair, cut their nails, and, if necessary, help them get dressed. The nurse makes sure that the children are school age Those who were on the general regime washed themselves every day in the morning and evening, brushed their teeth, washed their necks, ears, if necessary, etc. After washing, dry your face and hands with a dry towel. In some preschool and often school-age children, the skin turns red from washing and poor drying, becomes dry, and becomes covered with cracks and abrasions. To avoid this, you need to teach children the rules of hygiene; for the purpose of prevention, it is recommended to lubricate the skin with baby cream at night, for example, “Alice”, “Bepanten”, “Drapolen”, “Cheburashka”, etc.
If necessary, you need to help your child choose the right children's toothpaste and explain how to use a toothbrush correctly, following a certain sequence of actions.
(Fig. 8).
Rice. 8.Teeth brushing technique
From 6 months, that is, from the moment the first tooth appears, the child should brush his teeth with a toothbrush. The paste is chosen without a lot of foam so that it does not cause a gag reflex. You can use gel. Use children's toothpastes (Parexil, etc.).
It is better to use modern toothbrushes with movable heads and bodies such as “Aquafresh”, “Rich Interdental”, etc. Oral B toothbrushes, Stages lines take into account age-related characteristics
child's ability. Thus, Stage-1 with a comfortable handle is designed for an adult’s hand, has special soft oval-shaped bristles for cleaning teeth and massaging delicate gums, is equipped with an alert system for bristle wear, and is used for children from 4 months to 2 years. Stage-2 has a handle that fits comfortably in a child's small hand. The narrow shape of the toothbrush head fits easily into a child’s mouth, and a special protrusion allows you to reach the farthest teeth; applicable from 2 to 4 years. Stage-3 is designed for children from 5 to
7 years old when baby teeth fall out. Innovation - bowl-shaped bristles surround and allow you to thoroughly clean each tooth. Stage-4 - toothbrush for children over 8 years old. Its bristles are located at an angle to each other, which allows you to remove plaque between the teeth, and the elongated bristles at the edges “work” with the child’s changing teeth.
Nurses should help patients early and preschool age. For example, girls should comb long hair Using an individual comb, every morning and evening, wash the external genitalia with warm boiled water from front to back, towards the anus. Once a week it is necessary to check the condition of the nails, once every 7-10 days - organize a hygienic bath.
On the same day, bed linen, underwear and clothes are changed.
Hygienic bed maintenance. The bed should be nickel plated to make it easier to disinfect and wet clean. The use of wooden beds is allowed, but with the condition that their sizes correspond to the age of the children. The bed is placed in the room in such a way that it is convenient to approach it from any side, with the head end to the wall. The distance between adjacent beds should not be less than 1.5 m. The mesh on the bed should be well stretched, with a flat surface; a mattress should be placed on it and covered with a sheet, the edges of which are tucked under the mattress so that it does not curl or gather in folds. If the patient eats in bed, then the bed must be remade to remove crumbs and food debris from the sheets, and to straighten the folds. Place clean pillowcases on pillows made of feather or cotton wool (bottom) and down (top). The blanket should be a flannelette since it is well ventilated and disinfected. In the summer, patients can use fabric blankets. Duvet covers are placed on fabric and flannel blankets. Children should not be allowed to sit on other people's beds, much less visitors should be allowed to do so. Parents must sit on chairs.
A certain category of patients, for example, with diseases of the spine, joints, and pathological mobility internal organs(for example, a wandering kidney), the mesh in the bed is replaced with a wooden shield, on top of which a mattress is placed.
For seriously ill patients, special functional beds are needed that allow them to provide the required position (for example, semi-sitting, etc.). The functional bed consists of a frame with panels, two backrests, two side bars, an overbed table and a basket. The bed panel is made up of three movable sections: head, hip and foot (Fig. 9).
Rice. 9.Functional bed
The side bars of the functional bed are removable and can be used to ensure the safety of children younger age or as auxiliary devices with which bandages can be used to secure the patient’s arms and legs during long-term intravenous infusions, etc. The over-bed table consists of a tray and two legs and is installed directly above the bed in front of the patient's face if the latter is in a semi-sitting position. There is a basket for the potty.
A bedside table is placed near each bed, where the child’s personal hygiene items, his linen, toys, and books are placed. Monitors the condition of bedside tables for personal items nurse.
Change of bed linen and underwear carried out in the department, as already mentioned, once every 7-10 days after a hygienic bath, but if necessary, the linen is changed more often. Older children who are in satisfactory condition change clothes on their own, and younger patients are helped by nurses or auxiliary nurses.
When changing the underwear of a seriously ill patient who is on strict bed rest, the nurse grabs the edges of the shirt, removes it over his head and then frees his hands. Clean underwear is put on in reverse order. If the patient’s arm is injured, then first remove the sleeve from the healthy arm, and then from the sick one. Put shirts on the sick person first and then on the healthy one.
hand.
Usually, at the same time as changing underwear, bed linen is changed. If the patient can sit, then the nurse transfers him from the bed to a chair and remakes the bed. Changing linen for bedridden patients is carried out in two ways:
1) the dirty sheet is rolled up from the side of the head and legs and then removed. A clean sheet, rolled up on both sides like a bandage, is placed under the patient’s sacrum and straightened along the length of the bed;
2) the sick child is moved to the edge of the bed, then the dirty sheet is rolled up along the length of free space They straighten the clean one, onto which the patient is transferred, and on the other side they remove the dirty one and straighten the clean one.
Dirty linen - separately bedding and underwear - is collected in plastic bins with lids or oilcloth bags and taken out of the ward to a special room. The hostess sister, putting on a spare robe and an oilcloth apron, sorts the linen and transfers it to the central linen room of the hospital, from where it is sent to the laundry. After changing linen, the floor and surrounding objects in the room are wiped with a rag soaked in a 1% solution of calcium hypochloride.
The department contains a supply of linen for a day. Do not dry laundry on central heating radiators or reuse them.
Untimely and improper change of linen, mainly bed linen, contributes to the development of bedsores.
Help with natural needs. A child who is on strict bed rest is placed on a bedpan (enamel or rubber) or given a urine bag (enamel).
shaped or glass). A patient who is allowed to get up must use a potty, which is placed under the bed. The potty is numbered, its number corresponds to the bed number. Labeling is necessary to ensure that the child only uses his own potty. The vessel, urinal or potty is washed daily with hot water and laundry soap and then treated with a 1% chloramine solution or a 0.5% bleach solution. To eliminate the smell of urine, dishes after use are treated with a weak solution of potassium permanganate.
Prevention of bedsores. Skin care is especially important in children, long time those on strict bed rest and unable to take hygienic baths. Skin wipe with a towel or clean soft cloth (gauze) moistened with one of the disinfectants (semi-alcohol solution, cologne, table vinegar, camphor alcohol, etc.). One end of the towel is moistened, lightly wrung out and wiped behind the ears, neck, back, buttock area, front of the chest, armpit and groin folds, folds on the arms and legs. Then use the dry end of the towel to wipe the skin dry in the same order.
Bedsore- necrosis of soft tissues (skin with subcutaneous fatty tissue). More often, bedsores occur in weakened children in the area of the sacrum, shoulder blades, greater trochanter, elbows, heels, where soft fabrics are compressed between the surface of the bed and the underlying bony protrusion (Fig. 10).
The main reasons for the formation of bedsores are impaired local blood circulation in the skin and underlying tissues and insufficient mobility of the patient.
The formation of bedsores is promoted by poor skin care, an uncomfortable bed, and infrequent changing of the bed. First, paleness of the skin appears, which is subsequently replaced by redness, swelling and peeling of the epidermis. The occurrence of blisters and necrosis of the skin indicates more pronounced disorders and a clear underestimation by medical personnel of the initial symptoms of bedsores. In severe cases, not only soft tissues, but even the periosteum and superficial layers of bone tissue undergo necrosis. Rapid infection leads to sepsis.
Rice. 10.Places where bedsores form when the child is lying on his back (a), on his stomach (b), on his side (c)
Preventive measures aimed at preventing bedsores include turning a sick child on his side (if his condition allows), shaking off crumbs repeatedly every day, eliminating wrinkles in underwear and bedding, and wiping the skin with disinfectant solutions. Seriously ill people who have been in bed for a long time should place a rubber (inflatable) circle wrapped in film, as well as water pillows and foam pads under the most vulnerable places. Recently, for the prevention of bedsores, with extensive burns
industrially produced inflatable mattresses or so-called airpads with a corrugated surface and air supply through special holes are used (Fig. 11).
Rice. eleven. Aerofall
Measures for the treatment of pressure ulcers are similar to measures for their prevention, with the difference that treatment involves wound care. Prerequisite successful treatment - eliminating continuous pressure on the affected area, treating the underlying disease, providing careful care for the patient. If skin hyperemia appears, the area is carefully wiped with a dry towel to improve local blood circulation. Ultraviolet irradiation is used. The skin in areas of maceration is washed with cold water and baby soap and wiped with a 5 or 10% alcohol solution of iodine or a 1% solution of brilliant green, and then powdered with talcum powder or simple powder, or the bedsore area is covered with a dry aseptic bandage. Until the dead tissue is rejected, ointment and wet dressings are unacceptable.
When necrosis is limited, the doctor removes dead tissue and closes the wound with a sterile cloth moistened with a 1% solution of potassium permanganate. Subsequently, the nurse changes the bandage 2-3 times a day and informs the doctor about the condition of the wound. As the wound surface is cleansed, they begin to use ointments for their healing - solcoseryl, iruksol, kamadol, Vishnevsky ointment
etc. Ointments are applied to the wound surface in a thin layer, the procedure is repeated 2-3 times a day until complete healing.
The appearance of bedsores in children is evidence of poor care, low medical culture of the department staff, and an irresponsible attitude towards their direct responsibilities.
Oral care. In the morning and evening, a sick child should brush his teeth using children's toothpaste. It is advisable that children rinse their mouths with warm water after each meal, preferably lightly salted (a quarter teaspoon of table salt per glass of water) or soda water (3-5 g of sodium bicarbonate per glass of water). If necessary, a number of additional oral care products are used: threads, elixirs, rinses. Nurse supervises correct application these hygiene products. So, a chlorhexidine-based mouthwash should be used 2 times a day, but not more than 14 days.
Today, many children seek specialized orthodontic care for medical or aesthetic reasons. Recommendations for wearing braces:
1) use therapeutic and prophylactic toothpaste and mouthwash, preferably from the same manufacturer (for example, toothpaste"Sinquel Active" and rinse aid "Sinquel Sensitive" or others);
2) use a special brush for braces;
3) exclude viscous, hard and hard foods from the diet, as well as chewing gum, toffee.
Great importance is currently attached to the prevention of caries. In this regard, it is recommended to use special sanitary napkins (Spiffies) from 4 months or with the beginning of the introduction of complementary foods, that is, until the appearance of the first tooth. The napkin is wrapped around the index finger and, pressing it, thumb, wipe the child’s teeth, gums, inner surface of the cheeks and tongue. The wipe is used when a toothbrush is not available, to reduce teething pain, and after each breastfeeding or bottle feeding.
Eye care. No special eye care is required. The child washes his eyes during the morning and evening toilet. However, if there is discharge that sticks the eyelashes together, the eyes are washed with a sterile gauze swab moistened with warm, strong tea.
For eye diseases, drops are instilled or ointments are rubbed in as prescribed by a doctor. Before the procedure, the nurse thoroughly washes her hands with soap and a brush, and wipes them with alcohol. The pipette for instilling drops and the spatula for putting in the ointment are boiled before use.
To instill drops into the eyes, the medicine is drawn into a pipette. Using your index finger, slightly pull back the lower eyelid, and with the other hand, slowly release one drop from the pipette (closer to the nose). The patient should look in the opposite direction. After some time, a second drop is instilled and the child is asked to close his eyes. After use, the eye dropper is washed with warm water and placed in a special case.
The eye ointment is applied using a glass spatula. To do this, the lower eyelid is pulled back and ointment is placed on the conjunctiva, the eyes are asked to be closed, and the ointment is rubbed over the eyelid with careful movements of the fingers.
Ear care. During the daily morning toilet, when the child washes himself, he should also wash his ears. If a wax plug is detected in the external auditory canal, it is removed. To do this, drop a few drops of a 3% solution of hydrogen peroxide or sterile solution into the ear. Vaseline oil, using a cotton swab, remove the plug with rotational movements (Fig. 12). When instilling drops into the left ear, the patient's head is tilted towards the right shoulder. With the left hand they pull back the earlobe, right hand Place a few drops into the ear canal. After this, a small cotton swab is placed in the ear for a few minutes or a scarf is tied around the head.
Nasal cavity care. If the child cannot clear his nose on his own, then a nurse will assist him and remove the crusts that have formed. To do this, a cotton swab moistened with petroleum jelly (preferably sterile), glycerin or other oil is alternately inserted into the nasal passages.
Rice. 12.Toilet external auditory canal
solution. In this case, the child’s head is tilted back and after 2-3 minutes, the crusts are removed with rotational movements. Caring for your nose requires some skill and patience.
Nail cutting. To do this, use small scissors with rounded jaws so as not to injure the skin. After finishing cutting, the scissors must be wiped with cotton wool moistened with alcohol or a 0.5% chloramine solution.
Hair care. It consists of washing your hair, combing your hair, braiding your hair, etc. Only individual combs are used to comb hair. Combing short hair for boys is usually easy. Girls' long hair should be divided into separate strands, comb each separately, and braid if necessary. If there is excessive dandruff or dirty hair, use a thick comb dipped in a solution of table vinegar. Wash your hair with baby soap or shampoo.
Vision hygiene at school age children. In school-age children, serious attention must be paid to the prevention of visual disorders. Reading and writing guidelines should be followed:
1) the book must be held below chin level at a distance of no closer than 50 cm;
3) while reading, you need to blink more often, preferably at the end of each line;
4) carry out exercises to train the eyeballs (turn up, down, left and right, focus your gaze on any distant object and move your eyes to a nearby object; repeat exercises up to 10-50 times);
5) do not watch TV for a long time or at close range;
6) do not play with the computer for more than 30 minutes a day.
CONTROL QUESTIONS
1.Name the elements of a sick child’s morning toilet.
2.What are the requirements for the design of the bed and its hygienic maintenance?
3.How to use the functional bed?
4.What is the technique for changing bed and underwear for children?
5.What are the rules for storing clean and dirty linen?
6.What does it consist of? daily care for the skin?
7.What is the prevention of bedsores?
8.How are bedsores treated?
9.How to properly place the rubber backing circle?
10.What are the rules for caring for the patient’s ears, eyes, oral cavity, and hair?
General child care: Zaprudnov A. M., Grigoriev K. I. textbook. allowance. - 4th ed., revised. and additional - M. 2009. - 416 p. : ill.
The hygiene of preschool children is dealt with by science, which studies external factors, affecting children's body. Personal hygiene of preschool children requires compliance with basic and primary measures to create the necessary conditions for preserving the child’s health. The main task of creating correct mode for the child is healthy sleep, timely eating and necessary rest at lunchtime and at night. If the necessary regime is not followed, you may notice the child’s poor health, lethargy, fatigue, and subsequently psychological illnesses.
Hygiene of preschool children - Rules of personal hygiene for children
Personal hygiene rules for children must 
be observed at a certain age of the baby. In the first years of your baby's life you should ensure that your child falls asleep every two hours. A child should be awake on average from five to seven hours a day. At a later age, devote children's sleep your baby has less time. As your child gets a little older, make sure your child washes their hands every hour. Otherwise, there is a chance of contracting a very serious disease.
You should also wash your hands after leaving the toilet. This required condition personal hygiene not only for children. If you have pets in your home, make sure your child also washes their hands after touching them. It is also very important to know how to wash your hands properly. Teach your child not to just rinse them without using soap, explain that you need to take soap, wash your hands, and then wipe them dry with a paper towel. Your baby most likely attends kindergarten. These same rules need to be explained to the child so that in public places The baby did not forget to follow the rules of hygiene.
Explain to your child that it is extremely undesirable to frequently touch your nose with your hands and that you should not scratch your eyes with dirty hands. Thus, bacteria enter the mucous membrane of the nose and eyes and cause further development of the disease. Make sure you always have a handkerchief in your child's jacket pocket. This way, when the baby sneezes or coughs, he will cover his mouth and the infection will not spread further through the air. Naturally, Doctors say that the best way of personal hygiene for a child is frequent hand washing. This is the most The best way prevent infection from entering.
To kid you don’t just need to soap your hands and rinse, you need to wash your hands for a minute, then rinse, only in this case it will be beneficial. Teach your child to brush their teeth correctly. This should be taught to a child at the age of two years. Explain to your child that the brush must be washed before and after brushing their teeth. Explain to your child that his teeth need to be brushed 2 times a day, after he has eaten, because the remaining food eats away his milk teeth, which leads to the formation of caries. If your child decides to have a snack somewhere, tell him to at least rinse his mouth. Teach your baby to comb his hair, because this is also a hygienic norm for every person.
The key to a child’s health is considered timely trimming of nails. You must provide your child with individual personal care items. The baby must have his own towel, toothbrush, soap, comb. Teach your child to take a shower on his own; at first, of course, it will be a very small stream of water, but this is only in the first attempts. teach your baby to take care of himself, without outside help. Keep the water pressure low, as your child may get scared and this will become the biggest fear for the child in future years. Choose a shampoo for your baby that doesn’t cause tears.. Buy your child a robe. Individual slippers and washcloths are required. Give your baby a towel bright color. This will make it more enjoyable for your child to use and he will get used to it faster.
Keep an eye on your child’s health, because hygiene rules must be followed by everyone, from small to large.
Personal hygiene rules for preschool children in pictures:
Elena Cojocaru
Article “Hygiene of preschool children”
HYGIENE OF PRESCHOOL CHILDREN
Personal hygiene of preschool children requires compliance with basic and primary measures to create the necessary conditions for preserving the health of the child. The main task of creating the right regime for a child is healthy sleep, timely meals and necessary rest during lunch and night time. If the necessary regime is not followed, you may notice the child’s poor health, lethargy, fatigue, and subsequently psychological illnesses.
HYGIENE OF PRESCHOOL CHILDREN - PERSONAL HYGIENE RULES FOR CHILDREN
You should definitely wash your hands after leaving the toilet. This is a mandatory condition for personal hygiene not only for children. If you have pets in your home, make sure your child also washes their hands after touching them. It is also very important to know how to wash your hands properly. Teach your child not to just rinse them without using soap, explain that you need to take soap, wash your hands, and then wipe them dry with a towel. These same rules need to be explained to the child so that in public places the child does not forget to follow the rules hygiene.
Explain to your child that it is extremely undesirable to frequently touch your nose with your hands and that you should not scratch your eyes with dirty hands. Thus, bacteria enter the mucous membrane of the nose and eyes and cause further development of the disease. Make sure you always have a handkerchief in your child's jacket pocket. This way, when the baby sneezes or coughs, he will cover his mouth and the infection will not spread further through the air. Naturally, doctors insist that the best way to personally hygiene It is important for children to wash their hands frequently. This is the best way to prevent infection from entering.
The child needs to not just soap his hands and rinse, he needs to wash his hands for a minute, then rinse, only in this case will it be beneficial. Teach your child to brush their teeth correctly. This needs to be taught to the child in age two years. Explain to your child that the brush must be washed before and after brushing their teeth. Explain to your child that his teeth need to be brushed 2 times a day, after he has eaten, because the remaining food eats away his milk teeth, which leads to the formation of caries. If your child decides to have a snack somewhere, tell him to at least rinse his mouth. Teach your baby to comb his hair, because this is also hygienic the norm for every person.
Timely trimming of nails is considered the key to a child’s health. You must provide your child with individual personal care items. The baby should have his own towel, toothbrush, soap, comb. Teach your child to take a shower on his own; at first, of course, it will be a very small stream of water, but this is only in the first attempts to teach your baby to take care of himself independently, without outside help. Keep the water pressure low, as your child may get scared and this will become the biggest fear for the child in future years. Choose a shampoo for your baby that does not cause tears. Buy your child a robe. Individual slippers and washcloths are required. Give your baby a brightly colored towel. This will make it more enjoyable for your child to use and he will get used to it faster.
Keep an eye on your child's health, because the rules hygiene must be observed by everyone, from small to great.
Publications on the topic:
From 04/03/2017 to 04/07/2017 in our kindergarten“Korablik” held “Health Week. Man and Hygiene” The main goal was directed.
A. A. Mosina, S. D. Kirienko, Chelyabinsk On the formulation of the problem of psychological and pedagogical support for the individual development of preschool children.
E. A. Ulyanova Scientific supervisor – A. A. Lysova ON THE FORMATION OF VALEOLOGICAL CULTURE IN SENIOR PRESCHOOL CHILDREN P.
The role of the development of emotions in preschool children. Educator: Glazkova Olga Yuryevna Already by the birth of a person, all the facial muscles for facial expressions are formed.
"Visual modeling in educational activities children of early and primary preschool age"In the 2016-2017 school year. gg. I decided to try.
Lanyagina A.V. Article about musical development preschool children "Music has been playing since childhood!" Authors: Lanyagina Anastasia Vladimirovna.
Kuznetsova T. A. Article on patriotic education preschoolers in the State Public Institution "Regional Children's Center for Minors of the Vorotynsky District" WHAT WE CALL.
Personal hygiene of preschool childrenIt is well known that human health begins in childhood. The child’s body is very plastic, it is much more sensitive to environmental influences than the adult’s body; and on what these influences are - favorable or not - depends on how his health will turn out.
Great importance in protecting and strengthening the health of a child belongs to his hygienic training and education.
Hygiene education- this is part general education, and hygiene skills are an integral part of cultural behavior. Those who believe that imparting hygienic knowledge to children and instilling hygienic skills in them are deeply wrong medical workers. This is a vital matter of parents, especially since the line separating the skills of hygienic behavior from the basic rules of hostel life is so vague that it can be considered non-existent.
Is coming to kindergarten or school with clean hands a hygienic or general cultural rule? Cover your mouth with a handkerchief when you cough? Don't come to kindergarten or school when you're sick? All these rules and the knowledge that substantiates them must enter the consciousness of children through indoctrination and systematic education, and this must be done first of all by parents.
Great importance in prevention various diseases belongs to personal hygiene. Personal hygiene is taking care of your body and keeping it clean. The skin protects the human body from disease. When a child runs, jumps and gets hot, beads of sweat appear on his skin. In addition, the skin has a thin layer of fat, sebum. If the skin is not washed for a long time, then oil and sweat accumulate on it, on which dust particles are retained. This makes the skin dirty, rough and no longer protects the body.
Dirty skin can be harmful to health and, in addition, dirty, sloppy people are always unpleasant to everyone around them. Therefore, the skin needs to be washed and cared for.
Every morning all children must wash themselves: wash their face, hands, neck, ears. You also need to wash your face after walking and in the evening.
To wash, you need to prepare soap, a towel, and if there is no tap and washbasin, then a jug of water and a basin;
The towel should be hung on a hanger or nail, and not thrown over your neck or shoulders, because splashes will get on the towel when washing, and it will be wet and dirty;
It is best to wash while undressed to the waist or in panties and a T-shirt;
First, you need to wash your hands well with soap and water from a tap or jug, but not in a basin. Hands should be soaped once or twice on both sides and between the fingers, rinse off the soap suds well, check the cleanliness of the nails;
Then wash your face, neck, ears with clean hands;
After washing, pat dry with a clean, dry towel. Each child should have their own towel.
A child at 4 years old should learn to independently wash his face, ears, upper chest and arms up to the elbow, and from 5 to 7 years of age - wipe himself to the waist. After washing, you should help him rub thoroughly with a towel until he feels pleasantly warm.
Before going to bed, it is necessary to wash your feet because the skin on your feet sweats especially heavily and dirt accumulates. Rare washing of feet, wearing dirty socks and stockings contributes to the appearance of diaper rash and abrasions, and also predisposes to fungal diseases. For this reason, it is not recommended to wear or try on someone else's shoes. In the bathhouse, pool, and on the beach you need to wear special slippers.
After washing your feet, dry them thoroughly with a special towel. Change stockings and socks at least every other day. At home, change into house shoes or slippers.
Water procedures in the morning and evening before bed are not only hygienic, but also hardening, have a good effect on the nervous system, and help you fall asleep quickly.
The entire body must be washed at least once a week at home in the bath, shower or sauna. In order to remove fat and dirt from the skin, you must wash with warm water and rub your body with a washcloth and soap. After washing, you should put on clean underwear.
You need to wash your hair very carefully, because... A lot of sebum, dirt and dust accumulate on them and between them. Easier to care for short hair: They wash better. Therefore, it is advisable for boys to cut their hair short, especially in the summer. Girls who have long hair need to wash their hair at least once a week, and after washing, comb it thoroughly only with your own and always a clean comb.
Fingernails and toenails also require care. Once every 2 weeks they need to be trimmed carefully because under long nails Dirt usually accumulates and is difficult to remove. In addition, such nails can scratch the skin of yourself and others. Dirty nails are a sign of a sloppy, sloppy person who does not observe the rules of personal hygiene. Under no circumstances should you bite your nails!
It is especially important to keep your hands clean. The child needs to be explained that he takes various objects with his hands: pencils, pens, books, notebooks, balls, toys, strokes animals (cats, dogs), takes hold of door handles, touches various subjects(handles, chains, hooks, etc.) in toilet rooms. All these objects have dirt on them, often invisible to the eye and it remains on the skin of the fingers. If you take food (bread, apples, candy, etc.) with unwashed hands, then this dirt gets first into your mouth and then into your body. Dirt transmits various diseases from a sick person to a healthy one. Therefore, you need to wash your hands before eating, after visiting the toilet, after any contamination (cleaning the room, working in the garden, playing with animals, etc.) and before going to bed. It is completely unacceptable to put your fingers in your mouth.
Every child should keep their teeth clean and take care of them, because teeth affect a person’s health, mood, facial expressions and behavior. It's nice to see how beautiful teeth transform a person and, on the contrary, a person with rotten teeth leaves an unpleasant impression.
The most common dental disease is caries - tooth decay with the formation of a cavity in it. In this case, severe pain occurs from eating cold or hot, sour or salty foods. If such a tooth is not filled at the beginning of the disease, then a complex inflammatory process develops inside the tooth with damage to the dental nerve, root and periosteum. Carious teeth, like other foci of chronic inflammation, can cause sinusitis, tonsillitis, otitis, meningitis, as well as rheumatism, bronchial asthma, kidney diseases.
If you have carious teeth, food enters the stomach poorly chewed and poorly saturated with saliva. Such food mechanically irritates the walls of the intestines and stomach and is digested more slowly. Chronic gastritis, spastic colitis, abdominal pain, constipation, etc. occur. As a rule, caries is observed in children older than 2 - 3 years. The immediate cause of dental caries is the rotting of food debris stuck between the teeth. As a result of putrefactive fermentation of leftover food, children develop bad smell from the mouth and tooth decay begins. The development of dental caries is favored by malocclusion and dentition disorders.
Malocclusion often develops due to the habit of thumb sucking or is a consequence of a congenital predisposition. How to keep your child's teeth healthy?
Children should be given solid foods that require significant teeth and jaw work on both sides to chew them. Do not try to feed pureed foods to children with baby teeth. Let them gnaw on apples, turnips, carrots and bread crusts. Vigorous chewing increases not only the secretion of saliva, but also the flow of blood to the jaws, improving their nutrition. In this case, the jaws develop normally, and the permanent teeth are arranged in even rows.
It is important to start caring for your child’s oral cavity and teeth in a timely manner. Parents should remember that caring for baby teeth and keeping them healthy until permanent teeth appear is just as important as caring for permanent teeth, because caries of primary teeth causes destruction of permanent teeth.
Therefore, as soon as the child has milk teeth, boiled water should be given after each feeding, and older children should be taught to rinse their mouths after each meal.
Get into the habit of brushing your teeth in the morning and always in the evening before going to bed.
Brushing your teeth is done like this: first you need to wash your hands with soap and rinse your toothbrush well under running water; thoroughly rinse your mouth with water at room temperature, then take a little children’s toothpaste or powder onto a toothbrush moistened with water and brush the front and side surfaces of the teeth with your teeth closed, while the brush should move from bottom to top and back.
After this, the child should open his mouth and brush the chewing and inner surfaces of the teeth.
Finish brushing your teeth by thoroughly rinsing with water several times until no particles of powder or paste remain.
When brushing your teeth, you should not spare your gums, even if they bleed a little. Next, rinse the toothbrush thoroughly, shake it off and place it in a glass, handle down, so that the brush dries well.
You should store your toothbrush, paste or powder clean, in a certain place (on a shelf, on a stand, etc.).
Children of senior preschool age and schoolchildren need to be taught techniques for massaging the gums: using a finger washed with soap, massage from top to bottom for the upper jaw, and for the lower jaw, from bottom to top. Finger movements should be combined with slight pressure on the jaw. Gum massage is very beneficial for teeth.
However, brushing your teeth and massaging your gums does not eliminate misaligned teeth and jaw deformities. They can only be corrected by a specialist - an orthodontist, who must be contacted in a timely manner.
It is very important to eliminate diseases that cause difficulty breathing through the nose, and to avoid bad habits, such as thumb sucking and chewing hard objects (pencils, pens, nuts, candies, etc.). To remove food particles stuck in the interdental spaces, you need to use a toothpick. Under no circumstances should you use needles or pins for this. Don't eat a lot of sweets. Eat more fruits, vegetables, black bread, cottage cheese and drink milk. Avoid abrupt transitions from hot to cold foods and vice versa. Visit the dentist twice a year.
From early childhood, it is necessary to teach a child to use a handkerchief. He should know that when coughing and sneezing, a large number of microbes are released from the nasopharynx, and if you do not use a handkerchief, the spray will infect others. In addition, if the child does not have a handkerchief, he draws in the discharge from the nose and swallows it, which is extremely harmful.
The child should have a separate handkerchief for the nose and a separate one for the eyes (especially during a cold), to avoid infection from getting from the nose to the eyes and vice versa.
Scarves must be clean. They must be changed daily, even if they are not used. You should only wipe your mouth, face or bandage a scratch with a clean handkerchief.
When starting to use a handkerchief, you need to completely unfold it and blow your nose into the middle, freeing first one nostril and then the other. Then the scarf needs to be folded with the used part inward, not crumpled, but not folded either. The fact is that if you fold a handkerchief used, for example, for your nose, you can forget that it was used, and after a while you can use it as if it were clean. This is dangerous because... infection from a scarf can get to the eyes, skin, lips, etc., causing diseases such as conjunctivitis, herpes, stomatitis, etc.
Do not allow children to wipe their nose with their fingers, rub their eyes with their hands, or put their fingers in their mouth.
It is outrageous and completely unacceptable when adults spit and blow their nose “with two fingers” on the street, and then wipe their dirty hands on clothes or surrounding objects, thereby spreading the infection and causing disgust!
Try to ensure that your children do not drink from glasses or mugs that have been used by many people, but rather use disposable cups. But if this is not possible, then you should always remember that a shared glass or mug must be washed well before drinking from it. It is especially important to wash the edges well, since they are touched with lips and, together with saliva, pathogens can pass from a sick person to a healthy one. It is also unacceptable to drink water from the tap by touching it with your lips.
Do not allow your child to visit friends who have infectious diseases.
It is very important to monitor timely bowel movements and Bladder at your child. Constipation and urinary retention are very harmful and can cause poisoning in the body. Children need to know about this because... some of them endure it, especially first-graders, because they are embarrassed to ask to go to the toilet. The toilet must be used carefully.
Children should also know that if itching or other discomfort in the genital area, you should not touch them, but you must immediately, without hesitation, contact close adults.
Personal hygiene includes household hygiene issues, primarily maintaining clean air in the home, caring for clothing and bedding, and creating normal conditions for sleep and rest.
The air in a living space is easily polluted, which increases the content of microbes. Ventilation can reduce air pollution by 3 to 5 times. It should be done in winter at least 3 times a day (in the morning, during cleaning and before bed) for at least 30 minutes.
Through ventilation is most effective. If you have stove heating, it is advisable to combine the heating of the stoves with simultaneous ventilation. The most favorable temperature in residential premises is 18 - 20 and relative humidity 30 - 60%. To avoid dampness, you should avoid drying laundry in living areas. Cleaning should be done wet (with a damp cloth, brush) or using a vacuum cleaner.
Dry sweeping results in lift into the air large quantity dust and germs. WITH early age Children must be taught to always wipe their feet when entering a room, and to change into replacement shoes at home; ventilate your room during the day and before going to bed, and at school during breaks, ventilate the classroom; systematically dust and clean your room; keep yours in order workplace, books, notebooks, toys; Make the bed carefully and quickly and air it daily.
We draw your attention to the fact that the child must have a separate bed, clean and not too soft. The length of the bed should be 15 - 25 cm longer than the child’s body length. He must sleep in nightgown or pajamas made of soft cotton fabric and do not need to be wrapped up too much. Clothes and bedding are exposed to dust and microorganisms during wear. The accumulation of dirt in underwear during 6 days of wear reaches 4 - 5% of its weight; after 120 days of wear - 11%, dirt accumulates in outerwear up to 15%. Cleaning clothes from dirt is achieved by brushing, beating and washing.
Every child should be neat in their clothes and shoes, be able to use clothes and shoe brushes, and clean their clothes and shoes daily. So, when you come from the street, you need to take off your clothes, clean them of dust with a clothes brush and ventilate them. Next, change into special clean clothes for home. Outerwear must be stored separately in a special place (hanger, closet, etc.).
Bedding (sheets, duvet covers and pillowcase tops) should be changed at least once a week, and blankets should be shaken out outdoors. Take pillows and blankets out into the open air more often and expose them to sunlight.
It is completely unacceptable to sit down, let alone lie down on the bed in outerwear, without taking off your shoes, and to place pets on the bed. For animals kept in the house, it is necessary to allocate a special place, provide dishes, a comb, and bedding.
In cities, walk dogs in places specially designated for this purpose. In rural areas, do not bring newborn animals (calf, lamb, foal, etc.) into the house.
Do not pet or touch stray or strange cats and dogs. If you are bitten by an animal, immediately consult a doctor or an adult.
In many cities and towns, people use tap water, which is purified from impurities using special purification facilities and devices. In addition, tap water is chlorinated, and pathogenic microbes die in it. But before drinking this water unboiled, it needs to sit for several hours in a decanter, tank, or bucket. In the spring, when the snow melts, the water becomes polluted, and the tap water also becomes polluted, its color and taste change. At this time, water can pose a danger to human health. That is why we must not forget that every spring you cannot drink raw water, but only boiled water.
Boiling neutralizes water and makes it safe for health.
In many villages in our country, lake and river water is used in summer, and in winter, water is obtained from ice and snow. It is stored for a long time in barrels, buckets and other containers. There are many different impurities in such water; it may also contain pathogenic microbes. This water must be boiled and stored for no more than a day in a sealed container.
It is completely unacceptable to swim in polluted water bodies, overgrown ponds, sewage drains, or livestock watering areas.
A child of preschool age is easily amenable to educational influence due to a developed sense of imitation, observation, curiosity and the need for independent action. Therefore, it is necessary to use these child properties when instilling hygiene skills in children (timely hand washing, brushing teeth, careful storage of their clothes, etc.). For this purpose, visual display is widely practiced. correct execution hygiene procedures. Consolidation of these skills occurs faster if they coincide in time with the next regime moments(brushing your teeth before bed, rinsing your mouth after eating, etc.).
The personal example of adults, whom children usually imitate, and respectful attitude towards them are of great importance.
Children should have the opportunity to seek clarification from close adults if they have any questions. This requires friendship and frankness with parents.
Children listen well to stories, poems, watch pictures, slides, posters, and with great interest perceive children's films and puppet theater productions at hygiene topics. A variety of games, especially with dolls, help develop hygiene skills. This is facilitated by all possible help from adults with housework.
Only with everyday hygienic education and control can one achieve the formation and consolidation of useful skills in a child, i.e. turning them into lasting habits.
Many skills are difficult to instill, and it takes a lot of effort and patience from parents and teachers for them to become habits.
One of the significant factors influencing the health of young citizens is personal hygiene for children. Parents often face difficulties in developing self-care skills in their children. What seems natural to moms and dads, for example, washing their face in the morning and brushing their teeth twice a day, causes violent protest and rejection in children.
To prevent this from happening and for the children to become accustomed to the special rituals that we call personal hygiene, we must begin to accustom them to the correct actions from a very early age.
For example, after waking up a newborn son or daughter, you need to help them do “stretches” with a smile, and then say: “Now we have stretched and it’s time to wash their face!” Accompanying your movements with words, nursery rhymes, jokes, you will gradually form a useful habit. When the baby grows up, he will feel discomfort if he does not wash his face, brush his teeth or do exercises.
Necessary hygiene skills for a preschooler
By age six, skills personal hygiene for children must be fully formed. These include
- Oral care
The child should brush their teeth independently with their own brush and age-appropriate toothpaste in the morning after breakfast and in the evening before bed.
It is necessary to make regular preventive visits to the dentist, because it is easier to prevent than to deal with them later
- Body care
Most children have a positive attitude towards bathing. The trick is to ensure that this enjoyable activity does not turn, through the efforts of adults, into a chore that children simply have to do at the end of the day. An evening shower with gel and shampoo that does not sting your eyes helps you relax and prepare your body for rest.
In addition, body care includes washing your feet, cleaning your ears and nose (if necessary). Of course, adults should be nearby and help if necessary (for example, when cutting nails), but the initiative should ideally belong to the child.
By the way, in hot weather you can take a shower not once, but several times a day. This is also useful in terms of hardening, and there is no need to talk about the refreshing effect!
Make sure your child always washes their hands before eating, and after using the toilet and visiting public places. This essential hygiene skill will allow him to avoid many infectious diseases.
- Facial care
To adolescence the child does not have problems with his facial skin, you need to teach him how to properly care for it. Today there is special means for washing, intended for babies. They are gentle on the skin without irritating it. You need to wipe your face with blotting movements. If a pimple appears on it, which is not surprising in the summer, it is better to use paper towels after washing, not ordinary ones, which most housewives have in their kitchens. This simple advice from cosmetologists has already helped many teenagers with problem skin get rid of acne
- Hair care
Children must understand that beautiful hair– only for some people it is a gift, but for most it is a merit. Caring for them should be given a special place in the personal hygiene of children.
Parents need to ensure that their son or daughter visits the hairdresser on time. Washing your hair is mandatory 2-3 times a week, especially during the hot season.
Regular hair examinations should become a habit to monitor head lice and, after going out into the forest, ticks.
- Caring for personal items
The child must understand what neat means appearance. He should always have clean socks and a handkerchief ready. Undershirts and panties must be changed daily. Children should feel discomfort from being in dirty or wrinkled clothes.
Teach your kids to take care of their shoes: wipe their boots or shoes with a damp cloth and then put them back in their place.
At the same time, it is important to remember that personal hygiene for children depends on how active the child himself is in mastering it. If from an early age he is pushed, forced to do something, or, even worse, done for him, then self-care skills may not be instilled at all. This is why psychologists advise adults to show children a model correct behavior and at the same time take the role of an interested observer who is always ready to help, but makes it clear that there are things that the baby must definitely do on his own.
