The chorion is high on the back wall, which means. Chorionic presentation: is it worth worrying about?

During a routine ultrasound examination, which is carried out after the 12th week of pregnancy, among other factors, the doctor functional diagnostics pays attention to the position of the chorion. In most cases, this parameter does not cause any concern to the specialist. However, there are situations when expectant mother Chorionic presentation is diagnosed. Is this phenomenon dangerous? What types of chorionic presentation are there? Which of them require therapeutic measures? How is chorionic presentation diagnosed and treated?

What is chorion: its structure, functions and connection with the placenta

The chorion is the outer membrane that surrounds the embryo and is its connecting link with the mother’s body. Its formation begins after the second week of pregnancy. The chorion is attached to the inner wall of the uterus with the help of villi. Its structure is presented in the form of a white ring with wavy outlines, located on the outer edge of the fertilized egg.

Without chorion, the vital activity of the fetus is impossible. This is because through this shell:

• gas exchange occurs between the embryo and the pregnant woman;
• excretory and trophic functions are carried out;
• the child is protected from negative influence pathogenic agents.

If in his conclusion the functional diagnostics doctor indicates that the structure of this organ has not been changed, the process of bearing a child proceeds in a standard manner. IN otherwise there are disturbances in the course of pregnancy.

The chorion retains its ring-shaped form until 9 weeks of gestation. Then its structure changes, it becomes smooth and branched. After this, the placenta is formed from the chorion. This happens after 13 weeks of pregnancy.

Location in the uterus

The chorion can occupy different positions in the uterus. The most favorable localization is considered to be its attachment to the fundus of the uterus or its walls in the upper region. This arrangement prevents damage and detachment of the chorion and placenta during the stretching of the uterus during fetal growth, and also prevents damage to the integrity of the vessels that are responsible for the delivery of nutrients and oxygen to the embryo.

During pregnancy, the location of the organ may change. This phenomenon is called migration. In situations where the chorion is not properly attached to the walls of the uterus, we are talking about presentation.

A phenomenon in which this organ is located in the lower part of the uterus and partially or completely covers the pharynx passing into it cervical canal, is considered conditionally pathological.

Types of chorion presentation during pregnancy

Previa of the future placenta occurs:

1. Full (central). It completely covers the opening of the cervical canal. When diagnosing such an arrangement of the villous membrane of the fetus, in the vast majority of cases, immediate hospitalization is indicated.
2. Incomplete. This type is divided into partial and marginal presentation of the chorion. In the first case, the overlap of the pharynx is determined by 2/3. With marginal presentation of the chorion, the third part of the internal os is covered by the membranes of the embryo, and the edge of the future placenta is located on the periphery.
3. Low. The villous membrane of the fetus is located less than 3 cm from the pharynx, and the situation does not reach its complete overlap.

There are also such types of chorion localization as:

1. Rear. If the doctor’s report on functional diagnostics includes the phrase “predominant localization is posterior,” you should not be alarmed. Chorion on back wall does not relate to a pathological phenomenon. Here we are talking about one of the most common types of fastening of this organ.
2. Front. If the future placenta is not located on the back wall of the uterus, then it is attached to the front. This localization is considered normal, but requires observation. If precautions are not observed, the anterior type of attachment of the chorion is fraught with detachment of the membranes of the embryo.
3. Side. We are talking about a side position. It always comes down to the front or the back. In this case, the conclusion of the study will indicate that the chorion, for example, is located behind and to the right.

What are the dangers of presentation?

If the chorion is not in the correct position, the following complications may occur:

• uterine bleeding;
• abnormal embryo development;
• birth of a child ahead of schedule;
• fetal freezing;
• spontaneous termination of pregnancy.

Symptoms and diagnosis

There are no signs that would directly indicate an abnormal location of the future placenta (marginal, partial, complete, low). Pathological course gestation can be determined only by a number of indirect manifestations:

• bleeding;
• occasional spotting;
• weakness;
• attacks of dizziness;
• clouding of consciousness;
• pulling or cramping pain in the lower abdomen.

This pathology can be detected only after 12 weeks of gestation. In modern medicine, chorionic presentation at 13 weeks can be diagnosed exclusively using ultrasound.

How are they treated?

The main task in case of chorionic presentation is to take measures to maintain pregnancy. In case of heavy bleeding, when conservative methods of therapy are powerless, emergency delivery is resorted to. The table contains information about what procedures are provided for placenta previa.

The first weeks of pregnancy for the expectant mother are probably one of the most difficult periods throughout the entire period of pregnancy. At this time there are several “critical periods” in the life of the future little man; his mother is mentally and physically rebuilt for a successful pregnancy. Unfortunately, this period does not always pass without complications and problems, so routine ultrasound examinations should be carried out. A woman’s first ultrasound is scheduled for the end of the first trimester, and it is at this time that this pathology is most often detected.

How dangerous is chorion presentation at 12 weeks, and how to prevent complications?

Chorionic presentation during pregnancy - what does it mean?:

Chorion is special body, which provides a connection between the mother’s body and her unborn child. Essentially this is early stage development of the placenta, therefore the term “chorion” is used only during the first three months of gestation, after which the word “placenta” is already used. One surface of the chorion faces the fetus, and the other is attached to the wall of the uterus. And it is precisely when the location of the chorion is atypical that various disorders can occur.

As you know, the uterus communicates with the vagina and external genitalia through the cervix, inside which there is a special cervical canal. The internal opening of this canal, which breaks off into the uterus, is called the os of the cervical canal. The chorion or placenta is normally attached to the bottom or lateral surfaces of the uterus and does not overlap the pharynx in any way. But in some cases they can partially or completely close the internal opening of the cervical canal - it is in this situation that a disorder called "Chorion presentation"

Types of presentation:

The closure of the cervical canal by the chorion does not have to be complete, therefore there are several types of presentation that characterize the complexity of this condition:

Partial chorion presentation. In such a situation, the developing placenta covers at least two-thirds of the lumen of the cervical canal.

Regional chorionic presentation . This is a variety and, one might say, more easy option partial presentation, since only one third of the lumen of the pharynx is covered.

Central chorion presentation. In this case, the lumen of the pharynx of the cervical canal is completely closed by the future placenta, which significantly complicates the course of pregnancy and poses a threat to both the unborn child and the life of the mother.

Low location of the chorion . The forming placenta can be located next to the opening of the cervix, but not block it. If it is attached near the edge of the pharynx closer than three centimeters, then it is said to be low. This is not a dangerous phenomenon, but creates potential threat for pregnancy.

Chorionic presentation at week 12 can be in any of these forms.

As pregnancy progresses, the growing uterus can pull back the placenta, so central presentation can turn into partial and marginal, and then disappear completely. According to obstetricians, more than 90% of cases of one or another chorionic presentation completely disappear over time, so if you were diagnosed with it in the first weeks of pregnancy, this is not a reason to panic. But you will have to monitor your condition and not neglect examinations by a specialist.

Causes of presentation:

Why exactly the developing placenta is attached in such dangerous proximity to the pharynx of the cervical canal is completely unknown. However, several main factors have been noted that contribute to more likely development of this complication during pregnancy. Especially often various options Chorionic presentation develops in women who have had in the past or currently have the following diseases and conditions:

Inflammatory lesions of the uterus, abortions, especially using the curettage method, surgical interventions for fibroids or cesarean section. All these factors are united by one consequence - after this, scars and adhesions can be left on the inner surface of the uterus, which make it difficult for the chorion to attach to the “right” place.

Diseases of the liver, kidneys or heart. It would seem, how can these conditions affect the position of the fetus and its placenta in the uterus? But with pathologies of these organs, blood stagnation may occur in the pelvic area, which contributes to lower attachment of the chorion.

Multiple births in the past. If you are pregnant not for the first time, then your chances of improper attachment of the chorion significantly increase. Most physiologists see the reasons for this phenomenon in the fact that after each pregnancy, in the area of ​​the uterus where the placenta was attached, the structure of the endometrium changes. Therefore, at the next conception, the chorion can no longer attach there. Over time, such places on the inner surface of the uterus become less and less, which leads to the attachment of the placenta in the danger zone.

Uterine deformities, acquired (for example, after surgical interventions) or congenital in nature, can also lead to chorion presentation.

Is chorionic presentation dangerous?:

Most pregnant women are frightened by such a conclusion from the very first ultrasound examination. Although in fact, chorionic presentation during pregnancy of 10-13 weeks is observed in approximately 5% of cases, that is, in every twentieth woman. In later stages, this condition becomes increasingly rare, observed before childbirth in no more than 0.5% of women in labor. The main reason for this is that the growing uterus is able to “pull” the chorion attachment point from the cervical canal to a safer area. Therefore, according to pediatricians, chorion presentation during the first trimester can be regarded as a feature of the course of pregnancy, but not a complication.

Difficulties begin if the presentation continues to persist after the third month of pregnancy. Being dangerously close to the pharynx of the cervical canal, the placenta can be easily injured, which leads to bleeding of varying degrees. With edge or partial presentation The first spotting occurs closer to the sixth month. They are practically painless, and blood may be released in thin streaks in the discharge, or give the impression of menstruation. Central presentation can manifest itself with such symptoms as early as the second or third month. In fact, this is the main consequence and danger of chorion presentation, which entails a number of disruptions to the course of pregnancy and the health of the mother and her unborn child:

The constant loss of small amounts of blood leads to anemia in a pregnant woman. You may experience weakness, dizziness, skin become pale. In case of severe bleeding, blood pressure may decrease, vision may become dark, and you may even lose consciousness.

Disruption of connections between the uterus and placenta also leads to malnutrition of the unborn baby. Its development slows down, and against the background of reduced oxygen delivery (due to a damaged placenta and anemia in the mother), intrauterine fetal hypoxia occurs.

If the mother's blood loss reaches significant levels, this can lead to miscarriage, intrauterine death fetus and a number of other terrible consequences.

In addition to the problems described, presentation is often complicated by improper positioning of the fetus, which leads to difficulties during the birth process. Therefore, if such a condition is diagnosed in you in the sixth month or later, then you need to mentally prepare yourself for what you may have to do C-section rather than giving birth on your own.

Treatment of chorionic presentation:

Unfortunately, at the moment, doctors do not yet know how to correct such a condition as chorionic presentation, so all treatment comes down to preventing complications and eliminating their consequences. As a rule, if there is a central presentation in the fourth month, they prefer to place the girl in the position in a hospital for preservation. The same is done with partial forms of presentation, if they are complicated by bleeding, hypertonicity of the uterus and other factors that may threaten termination of pregnancy. In a hospital setting you will be provided with the following treatment:

To begin with, strict bed rest and limitation of physical activity, which is one of the the most important factors prevention of bleeding with placenta previa. In addition, you will need to avoid emotional stress, as this can also lead to negative consequences.

Regular examination by a doctor and diagnostic ultrasound examinations. Being under 24-hour medical supervision, you greatly reduce the risk of sudden complications, since they will be identified and corrected as quickly as possible. short term. Most deplorable and even tragic situations with chorion presentation are caused by delayed medical intervention.

Maintenance treatment, which includes all the vitamins necessary for the pregnant body.

Proper and regular nutrition, which normalizes the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract. If you have diarrhea or constipation, you may strain your abdominal muscles, which increases pressure in the pelvis and can trigger bleeding.

If you develop anemia due to bleeding, it can be treated in a hospital setting by taking iron supplements, including those given by injection.

Treatment is also prescribed to eliminate other factors that threaten the course of pregnancy - for example, antispasmodics for uterine hypertonicity.

In case of partial chorionic presentation, which does not manifest itself with severe symptoms, you do not have to go to the hospital for preservation, but you need to follow certain precautions for prevention possible complications. These primarily include:

Exercise stress. Leisurely walks and walking around the house is the maximum for a girl in such a situation. Lifting heavy objects, walking up stairs, and running are strictly contraindicated.

It is necessary to completely avoid sexual contact. During pregnancy, in principle, sexual intercourse is not prohibited at almost any stage, but during presentation it can cause severe bleeding.

Mental stress or stress affects the pregnant body no better than lifting weights. Therefore, they also need to be excluded, and even with sedentary and predominantly mental work, it will be time for you to go on maternity leave.

Also, as with preservation, it is necessary to eat properly so as not to cause changes in stool and at the same time provide the body with all the necessary nutrients. You also need to agree with your doctor on the choice of a vitamin complex, which will be very useful in such a situation.

And most importantly, if you have been diagnosed with chorionic presentation and at some point you find a discharge even small amount blood in the absence of pain, weakness and other symptoms, you should immediately consult a doctor. And if the bleeding is accompanied by pain in the lower back and lower abdomen, palpitations, weakness or fainting, then you need to call “ Ambulance"as soon as possible, as you risk losing your child.

During the mandatory ultrasound after 12 weeks, the location of the chorion is assessed, among other things. Sometimes an ultrasound specialist diagnoses chorionic presentation. What does this mean and how dangerous is it?

What is chorionic presentation and why does it occur?

Until the placenta is formed, the embryo is surrounded by a villous membrane, which grows into the lining of the uterus. Until the 16th week of gestation, this is the chorion (from the 17th week - the placenta), which performs the following main functions:

• Nutrition of the embryo;
• Respiration - delivery of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide;
• Isolation of metabolic products;
• Embryo protection.

During the normal course of pregnancy, the chorion attaches to the fundus of the uterus and grows along the anterior, posterior and lateral walls, but this does not always happen.

Chorionic presentation is not it correct location, in which there is complete or partial overlap of the internal pharynx of the cervical canal.

Why this condition occurs is not completely clear. But a connection has been established with some factors:

• chronic inflammation of the uterus;
• previous operations;
• abnormal development of the uterus;
• a large number of pregnancies and births;
• low attachment of the placenta in the previous pregnancy.

Types of chorion location

Based on the attachment of the chorion relative to the internal os, presentation occurs:

• Complete - a condition in which the chorion completely covers the internal os. This will subsequently develop into placenta previa.
• Incomplete - characterized by overlap of part of the uterine os. If the villous membrane comes out up to a third, then this is called marginal presentation.
• Low - the chorion is located at a distance of 3 cm or less from the pharynx, but does not overlap it.

Chorionic presentation at 12 weeks is not the final verdict. As the uterus and fetus grow, migration may occur, and the condition will return to normal. A more favorable prognosis is noted for rear location chorion and presentation along the anterior wall.

Complete blocking of the uterine pharynx by the chorion is a dangerous type of pathology that threatens massive bleeding.

How is chorionic presentation manifested?

Most often, pathology is detected during ultrasound.

Bloody discharge can also be caused by presentation, especially if a hot bath, sauna, or sexual intercourse took place shortly before. In this case, you need to urgently consult a doctor.

Complications

The pathology is dangerous:

• premature miscarriage;
• uterine bleeding;
• intrauterine death of a child.

Chronic blood loss leads to the development of anemia and fetal hypoxia. While maintaining complete closure of the pharynx, childbirth naturally impossible.

Treatment of chorionic presentation

Partial chorionic presentation without bleeding does not require hospitalization. Isolation of any amount of blood is an indication for treatment in the hospital.

It is impossible to artificially change the location of the villous membrane, so the main task facing doctors is maintaining pregnancy. A protective treatment regime is created in the hospital:

• The woman is in a calm environment, on bed rest;
• Physical activity is limited;
• Provided balanced diet with the exception of products that strengthen or relax the stool.

Drug treatment is as follows:

• Suppositories with Papaverine, Drotaverine tablets to relieve uterine tone;
• Iron preparations, for example, Totema, Maltofer - for the prevention or treatment of anemia.

In the presence of bleeding, the hemostatic drug sodium etamsylate is additionally used. At the beginning of therapy, it is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. Then you can switch to tablets.

Massive bleeding that cannot be treated with conservative methods is an indication for termination of pregnancy.

After discharge from the hospital, at home it is necessary to adhere to a measured lifestyle, eliminate stress and increased workload. It is forbidden to have sex, because... this may cause new bleeding and miscarriage.

What is the prognosis for the pathology?

Chorionic presentation at 8-14 weeks can transform into a normal location of the placenta or persist in the form of low placentation.

If the presentation does not disappear, but turns into anomalies in the location of the placenta, then by the time of birth the baby may be transverse in the uterus or with the buttocks down. In such cases, to reduce the risk, it is recommended to deliver the baby through.

Prevention

Women should take care of their reproductive health as early as possible:

• Hypothermia should be avoided and treated promptly inflammatory diseases genital area.
• Do not resort to abortion, this is not a method of family planning.
• It is important to eat properly and nutritiously and lead a measured lifestyle.

If you follow these simple rules, you won’t have to become familiar with pathologies from personal experience.

Yulia Shevchenko, obstetrician-gynecologist, especially for the site

Useful video

Chorion, or villous membrane- This is the outer shell of the embryo, covered with numerous villi that grow into the inner shell of the uterus.

The chorion begins to function early stages pregnancy and performs a number of functions:

1. Trophic(delivery of nutrients to the embryo);
2. Respiratory(ensures the supply of oxygen and the removal of carbon dioxide);
3. excretory(removal of metabolic products from the embryo);
4. Protective(protects the embryo from the effects of external adverse factors).

At the initial stages of development, villi do not contain vessels; only by the end of the first month the process of their formation (vascularization) begins, and blood circulation develops, which ensures an intensive exchange of nutrients and oxygen between the mother’s body and the embryo.

Initially, the villi evenly cover the entire surface of the chorion; from the second month, their gradual atrophy begins on the side facing the uterus and intensive growth on the fetal part.

The final transformation of the chorion into the placenta occurs towards the end of the third month - the beginning of the fourth month of pregnancy.
During the normal course of pregnancy, the chorion develops in the fundus of the uterus, moving to the anterior, posterior and lateral walls.

Information Chorionic presentation- This pathological condition, in which the chorion is located in the lower part of the uterus and partially or completely covers the internal os of the cervix.

Causes of presentation

The reasons for the incorrect location of the chorion have not been fully elucidated, but several factors that may contribute to the development of this pathological condition:

1. Postoperative scars on the uterus;
2. Chronic inflammation of the uterus;
3. Uterine fibroids;
4. Abnormalities of the uterus;
5. A large number of births in the anamnesis;
6. Chorionic presentation and placenta in a previous pregnancy.

Classification of presentation

The following types of chorion presentation are distinguished::

1. Full presentation(the chorion completely covers the internal os of the cervix);
2. Partial presentation(only part of the internal pharynx is covered by the chorion);
3. Low position(the chorion is located at a distance of 3 cm or less from the internal os, but does not overlap it).

Regional presentation

Regional presentation- this is the most favorable form: the risk of complications is minimal; in most cases, as the uterus grows, the chorion migrates upward and takes the correct position.

The most dangerous species is full presentation chorion

Symptoms of chorionic presentation

In most cases, chorion previa is diagnosed by performing an ultrasound examination in the complete absence of complaints from the woman. Less commonly, an incorrectly located chorion manifests itself by the appearance of varying degrees of intensity (from spotting bloody discharge until heavy bleeding) against the background full health. As a rule, the occurrence of uterine bleeding contributes to external factors(physical activity, sexual intercourse, etc.).

Complications

Chorion and placenta previa is one of the most serious pathologies in obstetrics, because may cause to a number of complications, both from the fetus and from the mother:

1. Premature termination of pregnancy;
2. Development of chronic fetal hypoxia;
3. Intrauterine fetal death;
4. Severe anemia with heavy or frequently recurring bleeding.

Treatment

It should be noted that There is no specific treatment for this pathology: artificially it is impossible to change the location of the chorion, therefore all therapeutic measures are aimed only at maintaining pregnancy and treating possible complications.

However, diagnosing chorion previa does not mean that in the future the formed placenta will also occupy incorrect position. Due to the growth of the uterus, upward migration of the chorion and placenta is possible.

Tactics for further management of pregnancy when chorion previa is detected, it depends on the presence of bleeding and its volume.

If chorionic presentation is diagnosed by ultrasound and there is no bleeding, it is advisable to hospitalize the woman in a hospital, where a set of therapeutic measures is carried out:

1. Complete bed rest;
2. Strict limitation of physical activity;
3. Constant monitoring of medical personnel;
4. for the prevention of constipation and diarrhea;
5. At the first sign of bloody discharge from the genital tract emergency visit to the gynecological department.

When bleeding occurs carry out similar treatment ( mandatory in a hospital setting!), but in addition, hemostatic drugs (sodium ethamsylate) are prescribed. In most cases, therapeutic measures are effective, and pregnancy can be maintained further.

Important For massive bleeding the development of conditions that threaten the woman’s life is possible; in this case, regardless of the gestational age, the pregnancy is urgently terminated.

The pregnancy process is a very delicate chemistry that affects the entire female body. In order for a child to grow up, you need to take good care of yourself, eat well and not miss doctor’s examinations.

Not all women know what's going on in the world, but that's enough important point. Every month, a follicle matures in the female body, which ruptures and releases the egg. This period is considered the most favorable for conception. During fertilization, the egg moves through the tubes and enters the uterus, where it is firmly attached to her body. There it develops for quite a long time. Localization of the chorion, chorionic detachment and its presentation can cause a number of problems during the preservation of the fetus and its birth.

What is chorion and what is its role

Throughout the entire pregnancy, the embryo develops in a membrane that protects it from external damage and contains nutrients, necessary for the child. Composition of the membrane: amnion and chorion. Where the outer part is the main one, as it is attached to the reproductive organ. Localization of the chorion, chorion detachment is one of the many problems encountered during pregnancy.

This matter is vital for the normal development of the fetus. The chorion appears at the very beginning of the period and exists until that moment. The correct location of the chorion and its uniform distribution are important. It should be located on the back wall of the uterus. Chorionic presentation is when it is located in the lower part of the reproductive organ.

To diagnose problems in this area, it is necessary to carry out a simple gynecological examination will not give results.

Types of chorion depending on the duration of pregnancy

On different dates During pregnancy, chorionic presentation may occur. Its location is shown by ultrasound. Usually at 6 weeks ovum attached in a ring shape over the entire area. At the 8th week it becomes circular.

Most often, chorion presentation is detected at 12 weeks, since at this time the first planned ultrasound examination is performed. This pathology requires bed rest and inpatient treatment. If the placenta rises up, the threat will be eliminated. Chorionic presentation at 12 weeks can only be eliminated by drug treatment. Also, pregnant women are prescribed complete rest and...

Expectant mothers are wondering about chorionic villi: what is it and are they normal. The outer membrane of the fetus has small villi that help attach it to the wall of the uterus, so this structure of matter is considered completely normal.

Localization of the chorion

Experts determine several main positions of placenta concentration:

1. Localization of the chorion along the posterior wall. This location of the tissue suggests less deviation from the norm than others.
2. The predominant anterior localization of the chorion is a deviation from the norm that requires medical intervention.
3. When the chorion blocks the internal os, not only the development of the fetus is hampered, but also its birth.

All problems associated with malpresentation, can only be resolved medically. Women should not resort to traditional methods treatment.

There are several places where amniotic tissue attaches to the uterus and they all require separate consideration. Localization of the chorion along the posterior wall is most common. This condition is typical in early pregnancy. The primary localization of the chorion is considered to be in the posterior part of the reproductive organ. It is clearly visible during ultrasound examination. IN in this case there is no need to panic. The posterior localization of the chorion will not and will not cause spontaneous abortion. The state of matter may change, so specialists prescribe an examination in the early stages. Expectant mothers must clearly understand that the posterior localization of the chorion is normal development pregnancy. Usually, in this case, there are no problems with the health of the woman and the unborn child.

The chorion can be located along the anterior wall of the uterus. Experts consider this arrangement of matter to be normal, but warn that expectant mothers should be extremely careful. Chorion along the anterior wall of the uterus can threaten placental abruption, so you must follow all doctor’s instructions. However, this is not a reason to panic, since matter has a specific ability to migrate. Chorion along the anterior wall is not a death sentence, but minor complications that can be eliminated.

Some women experience attachment of the amniotic sac to the side of the reproductive organ. In this case, doctors say: chorion on the front wall or on the back, and on the right or left. This is also determined by ultrasound. Anterior localization of the chorion with lateral deviation is also not a pathology and can change.

The examination results sometimes contain information about the different location of the site of attachment of matter to the wall of the uterus. The low location of the chorion means that the attachment site is in close proximity to the cervix. The distance separating them is no more than 3 centimeters. Low location of the chorion is not a pathology. It is completely acceptable for medical reasons. Low chorionic attachment may change. The uterus enlarges with the growth of the fetus, so the insertion site rises upward. Low chorion attachment can be considered normal if it does not close the pharynx.

There are several types of presentation that are detected by ultrasound.

• Regional presentation of the chorion;
• Partial;
• Complete.

Complete presentation means that the matter is localized near the cervix and closes the exit for the fetus. The chorion blocks the internal os and interferes not only with spontaneous childbirth, but also threatens arbitrary termination of pregnancy. This may lead to surgery during childbirth. Medicine has not yet developed a way to solve the problem when the chorion blocks the internal pharynx. But experts advise complete rest and proper nutrition for this diagnosis.

With partial closure, one part of the cervix remains open.

The marginal presentation of the chorion involves minimal closure of the exit from the canal and only along one edge. This problem does not contribute to miscarriage, unlike the other two.

Chorionic villus biopsy and indications for it

Many women wonder why a chorionic villus biopsy is performed. You should know that this matter has the same genetic structure as the fetus. In this regard, the procedure can be carried out in order to detect diseases on early pregnancy.

Chorionic villus biopsy is performed for the following indications:

• Late pregnancy;
• Previously born children have diseases associated with chromosomes;
• The genes contain these diseases;
• Echography indication.

Chorionic villus sampling can have complications. This is bleeding, pain or miscarriage. In this regard, the duration of the procedure should not exceed 12 weeks.

Chorionic villus biopsy has its contraindications. If a woman has chronic diseases in the acute stage, the material is not available, there are visible deviations from the norm in the cervix, the presence of fibroids, bloody discharge and other equally serious indications, the procedure is not performed.

Chorionic villus biopsy reviews are quite contradictory. First of all, you need to know that this is a small but painful operation. The procedure is performed through the cervix or abdominal cavity depending on the location of the matter. In addition, certain complications may arise as the pregnancy continues. No matter what reviews a chorionic villus biopsy has, it should only be carried out due to an urgent need and medical indications. The operation is performed under constant ultrasound monitoring.