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Experience of EU countries in organizing support for family, motherhood and childhood. Foreign experience of family policy

Experience of EU countries in organizing support for family, motherhood and childhood. Foreign experience of family policy

19.07.2019

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Introduction

1. Experience of EU countries in organizing support for family, motherhood and childhood

1.1 Germany

1.2 Italy

1.3 France

1.4 Denmark

2. American experience in organizing support for family, motherhood and childhood

Conclusion

List of used literature

Introduction

The organization of social support for the family is an integral part of the social policy of a modern state. In most developed countries, social protection is based on the principles of solidarity and joint participation of citizens in its financing, mainly through the payment of taxes. It includes a system of social guarantees, including family benefits and other types of support for families in such life situations as the birth and raising of children, loss of work or disability of the head of the family, or the absence of one of the parents.

The field of social work, including its area of family support, is the object of close attention of many foreign countries. They have accumulated significant experience in this type of activity. Particularly much has been done in the area of family protection in developed countries of Europe, Asia, and America. Foreign experience in the field of family policy can and should be used in Russia. At the same time, taking into account the specifics of our country, it is advisable to put into practice those foreign achievements that are most suitable for Russian conditions. A differentiated approach will significantly increase the effectiveness of foreign experience in social support for families used in Russia.

The purpose of the test is to study international experience in organizing support for family, motherhood and childhood.

In connection with this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

Describe the experience of EU countries in organizing support for family, motherhood and childhood;

To analyze the American experience of organizing support for family, motherhood and childhood.

1. Experience of EU countries in organizing support for family, motherhood and childhood

1.1 Germany

In Germany, which is the leading country in the eurozone, the social assistance system is highly developed. Any person legally residing in the country can receive regular social support from the state. The service determines the amount of regular benefits (Hilfe zum Lebensunterhalt). social security, Sozialamt, in accordance with the provisions of the second volume of the Social Law Code (SGB 2). The regular payment structure includes expenses for:

food,

Payment of utilities and housekeeping,

Purchasing clothing, personal hygiene products and paying for personal needs,

Up-to-date assistance for children and adolescents, taking into account age characteristics.

The necessary social assistance is provided in the form of a monthly payment of so-called regular rates (Regelsatz). The highest regular rate when calculating benefits is assigned to the head of the family. As a rule, the head of the family is the one who bears the greatest expenses and, accordingly, should have the greatest income. The rest of the family, strictly depending on age, is assigned an allowance in the amount of a certain percentage of the head of the family's salary.

Currently, despite the difficult economic situation in the European Union, the German authorities are increasing the amount of social benefits. As the newspaper “Russian Germany”, the newspaper of the Berlin publishing house ReLine GmbH, reports, in 2011 they increased by 1.3%. In 2012, it is planned to further increase them by a more significant amount. In general, they will increase in the range of 2.6 to 4%.

German legislation takes a tough stance social protection families in case of divorce. The amount of alimony payments (Unterhalt) can in some cases amount to more than 75% of the father's income. The minimum guaranteed amount of income per child in the event of family breakdown is 280 euros per month. If the child is a non-working student, the father is obliged to support him until he reaches the age of 25. Payments to the former spouse amount to 3/7 of the total family income. The reasons for paying alimony here may be the age of the wife (more than 50 years) or the inability to work in connection with raising children.

But German social policy is quite bureaucratic. To receive any social benefits you must provide a large number of accompanying documents. At the same time, Socialamt strictly regulates almost every step of the recipient of assistance. The slightest non-compliance with the requirements will result in termination of payments.

1.2 Italy

Another measure of state social support for the population is the payment of pensions. In Italy, this type of social benefits is regulated by Law No. 133, adopted in 2008. One of the most common social payments to the population is called Assegno sociale. The right to it is granted to citizens of the country and foreigners equivalent to them. The category of foreign persons entitled to apply for social assistance includes people:

Not members of the European Union, but having a long-term residence permit (the so-called Permesso di soggiomo CE per soggiornanti di lungo periodo) of both the old and new type;

Having the status of a political refugee (Status di rifugiato politico);

EU citizens who are legally registered in any city in Italy.

Social payments are made on the following basis:

Age at least 65 years,

Continuous residence in the country on legal grounds is more than 10 years,

There is no income or its level is below the minimum established by the authorities.

Since the adoption of the law until now, the amounts of Assegno sociale have undergone some increase. In 2009, the applicant's total annual income must not exceed EUR 5,317.65 per year. If the person applying for Assegno sociale was married, then the total income of the spouses, accordingly, should not exceed 10,635.3 euros for the same period. In 2011, these figures increased to 5424.9 and 10849.8 thousand euros, respectively.

In case of complete lack of income, 100% of the amount is paid in equal installments 13 times during the year. If there is any other income, then the difference between the applicant’s income and the amount allowed under Assegno sociale is paid. The conditions for the provision of such social benefits are checked by municipal representatives every year. If the income level is exceeded, the Assegno sociale is canceled.

1.3 France

Two years ago, two organizations - the national employment agency ANPE and the Union for the Promotion of Employment in Industry and Trade ASSEDIC merged to create a single structure. Since January 1, 2009, it has received the name POLE-Employ. The responsibilities of this organization include assistance in choosing a job for job seekers, as well as payment of benefits.

State payments to the unemployed in France are divided into two types:

Benefits for unemployed people with insurance coverage

Allocation d'insertion (“solidarity benefit”). Paid in the absence of insurance coverage.

In the first case, the object of social support are people who, at the time of application, have a minimum insurance period (120 days) for the last 18 months and have not been fired due to at will. Registration at the labor exchange is also required. In this case, it is mandatory to draw up a “return to employment assistance plan”, which clearly states the rights and obligations of the benefit recipient and POLE-Employ.

The following circle of persons who do not have insurance experience can count on the second type of payments:

Foreign citizens with refugee status and having temporary social housing in France;

Released from prison for two or more months (except for those convicted of pimping and drug transactions);

Employees are victims of industrial accidents or occupational diseases.

Registration of the applicant at POLE-Employ offices must be carried out within 12 months from the date of arrival in the country, filing an application for refugee status or termination of the employment contract. Documentary evidence is required that no benefits for displaced persons were received during the previous year, and the monthly income did not exceed 846.9 euros per person. Allocation d'insertion is provided for a period of 6 months. The payment can be extended if the behavior of the benefit recipient complies with the requirements of the Department of Labor, Employment and Vocational Training.

Denmark has earned the title of “welfare state”. Throughout its time in the eurozone, it has always been the country with the lowest ratio of poor citizens to the total population. However, since 2002, the number of unemployed people in Denmark has increased by a total of 55%. According to the Danish weekly The Copenhagen Post, Denmark is currently in seventh place in this indicator, losing its position to Iceland, the Netherlands, Austria, France, Finland and Norway. Today the number of poor people in Denmark is 4% of the total population.

Various social guarantees are provided for them. There are four main groups of social benefits:

Family support,

Pension program

Unemployment benefit,

Sickness benefits.

Housing subsidies in Denmark are the highest. This country also has free medical care and education. But due to budgetary problems, the Danish government plans to reduce the timing of payment of unemployment benefits and subsidies to families with children.

According to Gunnar Mogensen, an employee of the Danish National Center for Social Research, such measures will significantly increase the work motivation of the population, which has been steadily declining since the 70s of the last century.

The government is also considering bills that would impose serious restrictions on entry and residence. foreign citizens. IN otherwise The “welfare state” may well repeat the sad path of Greece.

social protection family unemployed

2. American experience in organizing support for family, motherhood and childhood

Unlike other developed countries, in the United States of America social policy is based on the fact that the main responsibility for the personal well-being of a citizen lies with him. Only those who are unable to feed themselves and their families can count on the support of the state, community or ethnic group. The state takes upon itself to help only certain, most vulnerable categories of the population who find themselves in dire need. This approach to social policy is to a certain extent determined by the national characteristics of the country, including: its enormous size and federal structure; a diverse ethnic and racial composition; individualism as a national character trait.

The United States is characterized by the large role that charities, private businesses and the church play in helping families with children. They provide financial support and take care of small children, as well as psychological support for parents and children in difficult situations, assist in obtaining education, etc. Numerous volunteers provide services free of charge.

In the United States there is no unified system of social support for families with children. There are many large and small targeted social assistance programs operating throughout the country, states and communities. The purpose of these programs is to fully or partially fill the lack of funds to meet the minimum necessary needs of families. Conditions for providing assistance: 1) income below a certain level; 2) absence or unemployment of one of the parents. Assistance is provided in cash (benefits and tax breaks) and in kind (services and goods). Priority is given natural types assistance to avoid the use of benefits for purposes other than their intended purpose.

The criterion for determining need is the poverty line indicators for various categories of the population, which are published annually by the US Census Bureau. This takes into account the size and composition of the family, ethnicity, place of residence, occupation and sources of income, education, living conditions, etc.

Social assistance programs that include families with children are grouped in the following areas:

Income support programs:

Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF), which replaced Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFC) in 1996. Families with children covered by this program are automatically eligible to receive other types of social assistance without income testing.

Tax benefits.

Food assistance:

Food stamps.

Free and reduced-price school lunches and breakfasts.

Special additional food for women with children under 5 years of age.

Meals for children in day care centers.

Medical assistance and medical care:

Medicaid.

State health insurance for children (SMIC).

Health care centers.

Housing assistance:

Construction of social housing for the poor.

Subsidies for the purchase and construction of your own housing.

Subsidies for rent and home heating.

Educational programs:

Assistance in obtaining education and training.

Headstart.

Social services:

Providing childcare for students and working recipients (VPNS-PSD).

Promoting the adoption of children and assistance to foster families.

Help for runaways and street children.

Legal and psychological assistance to teenagers.

Help for child victims of crime and family violence.

Search for fathers evading payment of child support.

There are also a number of programs designed to support indigenous peoples in the United States.

Needy families with children, and especially families with one working parent, are the main recipients of social assistance, along with pensioners and the disabled. Many of them are simultaneously included in several social programs, which, however, does not always allow them to escape poverty. In addition, there is still a significant portion of needy families that are not covered by these programs - these are two-parent families with children, in which the parents have low incomes. Thus, despite the large number of programs, only a portion of American families are covered by various types of social support.

Currently, the main program is Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), which, according to the 1996 law, replaced three programs: Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFC), emergency assistance in emergency situations and a vocational training program for PSD recipients.

Almost all VPNS recipients are automatically included in other social programs, including food assistance programs.

Food stamps are provided to needy seniors, the disabled, the homeless, migrants, and other vulnerable populations. More than half of the recipients of coupons are families with children covered by the VPNS. For those who have expired, states may, at their discretion, extend the issuance of vouchers for another 5 months. The program is administered by the USDA Food and Nutrition Service and is implemented through local community service centers and a system of food banks and markets. Recipients are given coupons in exchange for which they can receive a certain number of products. The federal government covers the full cost of food stamps and shares administrative costs with the states. In 2004, federal spending on the program amounted to $27.1 billion, including $24.6 billion for vouchers. 23.9 million people received food stamps. The average cost of a voucher was $86 per month per person or $506 for a family of 4 people.

Those with no income receive coupons for the entire amount providing an adequate diet. Families with income receive coupons, the cost of which covers part of this amount. The minimum cost of a monthly coupon is $10.

School breakfasts and lunches, which are provided free or at a discount, play a large role in food assistance. In 2004, 8.9 million children received school breakfasts and 29 million children received school lunches. Federal spending amounted to about $1.8 billion and $6.7 billion, respectively.

The special supplementary nutrition program for pregnant women and those with small children under 5 years of age covered 7.9 million people, and federal spending amounted to $3.6 billion.

The main social health care program for those in need is Medicaid, which provides and pays for medical services, including home care, as well as medications. It was introduced in 1965 at the same time as the Medicare program for the elderly and disabled and is under the Department of Health. Health services under both programs are provided through health care centers. Medicaid serves about 50 million people, and Medicare about 42 million people. More than 6 million people who are covered by Medicare but have low incomes receive assistance from Medicaid. Each state determines its own conditions and scope of provision of medical care within the framework of the law. Therefore, those who are enrolled in Medicaid in one state may find themselves excluded from it in another. The scope of health care services provided also varies greatly among states.

The cost of the Medicaid program is constantly increasing. The main drivers of this growth are: an increase in the number of Medicaid recipients as a result of population growth and economic recessions; expanding the list of medical services provided; an increase in the number of elderly and disabled people in need of extensive therapy and long-term care; developments in medicine that make it possible to save the lives of more premature babies and other seriously ill people who need long-term and very expensive treatment; rapid increase in the cost of medical services, drugs and equipment.

The medical industry in the United States, with its excellent technology and qualified personnel, offers a wide range of high-quality medical services. But it, as in the field of health insurance, is dominated by private capital, interested primarily in obtaining maximum profits. The main form of health insurance is private - group and individual. Many companies provide their employees with health insurance, but not all. A significant portion of employees do not have health insurance. Those who are insured at the enterprise lose their insurance if they are fired. In the mid-1990s, more than 40 million Americans did not have health insurance and were not covered by government programs (employed in the service sector and trade, small business, agriculture, etc.).

At the turn of the millennium, the issue of reforming the health care system became acute - expanding the availability of medical care, increasing its efficiency and introducing cost-effective mechanisms. The need for reform is completely obvious, but its direction and content are the subject of intense struggle, as they affect the interests of politicians, businessmen and the population. Representatives of the Democratic Party have repeatedly made proposals to expand public health insurance. But their initiatives are invariably met with opposition from the American Medical Association, insurance companies and private business. Republicans insist on the need to cut social assistance programs. They defeated Clinton's 1993 bill to expand health care by introducing a new government program. However, Democrats succeeded in passing the Kazenbaum-Kennedy Group Health Insurance Act in 1996 and, in 1997, legislation establishing a public health insurance program for children not covered by Medicare and not included in their parents' insurance. The Bush administration has emphasized curbing the growth of government spending, as evidenced by the aforementioned 2005 law to reduce government deficits. Also, when approving the budget, Bush repeatedly initiated cuts in allocations for Medicaid and GMPD. The budget proposal for fiscal year 2008, which begins Oct. 1, 2007, openly acknowledges the growing health crisis but does not propose serious measures to address it. The President again proposed reducing federal spending on health care and increasing state obligations to implement programs, shifting the burden of costs from the state and business to the shoulders of citizens - consumers of medical services, and encouraging privatization in the Medicare and Medicaid systems. In particular, it is proposed to reduce the amount of compensation for medicines, cancel compensation for certain services for the rehabilitation of people with disabilities, etc. Over the next 5 years, it is planned to reduce budget expenditures on Medicaid by almost 26 billion dollars. It should be noted that the 2008 budget still made some concessions to his critics were taken into account, and individual proposals were taken into account to increase federal spending - extending to 12 months the period of temporary medical assistance for those who have exhausted their period for receiving temporary medical assistance and are starting to work, expanding medical coverage for refugees and immigrants, etc.

In addition to the above-mentioned large social assistance programs, there are many more small ones, the role of which on a national scale is very insignificant. Among them is the Headstart program, subordinated to the Administration for Children and Families of the Ministry of Health. Its goal is to ensure the full development and preparation for school of children from poor families. It provides for the provision of a range of medical and educational services to children under 5 years of age and their families, as well as pregnant women. To provide services under the program, grants are provided to public and private commercial and non-profit organizations. In addition to budget funding, funds from charitable foundations and churches are also attracted. The number of children covered by this program is only 907 thousand, despite the fact that it employs 213 thousand paid employees and 1 million 360 thousand volunteers.

In the United States, the state guarantees public school education, but its quality is extremely low. Therefore, children from poor families are practically deprived of the opportunity to continue their education in higher educational institutions and become qualified certified specialists.

A significant portion of American families with children cannot provide themselves with housing. The country has several housing programs that provide those in need with social housing in houses specially built for this purpose, as well as subsidies for the purchase or construction of their own home, and for rental housing. But, unlike other social programs, they do not automatically apply to all recipients of VPNS, but cover only a small part of those in need of housing. Construction programs are ineffective, since they require huge costs, and the allocated funds are only enough for a small volume of construction. There is no official data on the number of families receiving social housing. It is known that the total number of recipients of assistance under housing programs in 2002 totaled about 4.6 million people. A total of $35.6 billion was spent on these programs, including $34.9 billion from the federal budget and $0.7 billion from the state budgets. The Ministry of Health also issues special block grants for subsidies to pay for heating or cooling of premises. Many experts believe that housing programs are not so much about helping those in need as they are about enriching homeowners.

To summarize, it should be noted that despite big number social assistance programs, their effectiveness is low. They do not apply to all those in need, leaving out complete families of low-paid workers. The programs are poorly coordinated and, moreover, are forced to compete with each other in conditions of limited funding. Not only do they not provide the necessary conditions for normal life parents and children, but also do not solve the problem of poverty in the country. The VPNS program covers only about 2 million families, but even these families cannot escape poverty, since the amount of benefits is significantly below the poverty line. In 2003, 12.5% of all US residents were officially considered poor, but the poverty rate among children under 18 was 17.1% (11.7 million), and among children living in single-family households it was 38. 8% (6.6 million). State medical assistance programs cover 25.5 million children. However, the level of funding and quality of medical services provided to children is much lower than that of other categories of social assistance recipients. Thus, families with children remain among the most vulnerable categories of the population.

Recently, in the United States, the state has increasingly limited its participation in supporting families with children, as well as in the social sphere in general, transferring it into the hands of the private sector and volunteers. At the same time, references are made to the low quality of government social services and the need to save government resources in the context of an economic recession. The government is seeking to reduce social allocations, reduce the number of recipients of social assistance and tighten the conditions for its provision, which leads to a weakening of the entire social protection system.

A comparison of the organization of social security in different countries shows that the desire to improve its efficiency through a market approach and the expansion of the private sector undermines social solidarity and ultimately fails. This is also evidenced by quality of life indicators by country published by the UN in human development reports. If we take the Human Development Index (HDI), we can see its increase in the United States from 0.887 in 1980 to 0.948 in 2004. However, when compared with other developed countries, the success of the United States is not so obvious. While the United States has a leading position in per capita income, it lags behind countries with broader social safety nets, such as Norway, Australia, Sweden, Japan and Canada, in the HDI.

Data from UN reports confirm that the effectiveness of social support is not always directly related to the level of per capita income in the country and even to the amount of funding for social programs. Here, the social orientation of state policy plays a decisive role, which allows individual countries to achieve significant success even with relatively limited resources. In this regard, a comparison between the United States and its neighboring Canada is instructive. Second only to Switzerland in terms of average per capita income in the world, according to the HDI the United States in 2003 occupied only 10th place in the world ranking and significantly lagged behind Canada, which was in 5th place. And although in 2004 the United States, with an average per capita income of $39,676, rose to 8th place, and Canada, with an average per capita income of $31,263 (PPP dollars), dropped to 6th, the United States still lags behind. Also, the effectiveness of the state social support system is evidenced by a comparison of healthcare costs and life expectancy, which is an indicator of social well-being in the country. In the United States, total health care spending is $5,711 per year per capita, the highest in the world, while in Canada it is almost half that at $2,989 (PPP dollars). At the same time, the level of government spending in these countries is approximately the same (6.8% and 6.9% of GDP, respectively), and the share of private spending in the United States is much higher and amounts to 8.4% of GDP versus 3.0% in Canada. The United States, where health care is dominated by the private sector, lags behind Canada in life expectancy: in 2004, it was 77.5 years in the United States and 80.2 years in Canada. The same applies to maternal and child health care. The dynamics of infant mortality indicate the great progress achieved by the United States in this area. By 2003, this figure had decreased in the United States to 7 per 1 thousand live births compared to 20 in 1970. However, it was lower than in Canada (5), as well as Italy, France, Norway (4), Japan, Sweden, Finland (3).

Conclusion

The specificity of the family as a social institution explains the variety of forms of its social protection. There are several areas in which assistance to families abroad can be provided. The first direction is material support, provision of vacations, measures to improve psychological climate in family. The first of these areas includes:

Cash benefits (family benefits, single mothers, disabled children, for raising young children, etc.);

Tax benefits depending on financial situation family or number of children in it;

Special benefits in cash or in kind for family members in case of any unforeseen circumstances and a number of other measures.

The second direction of family social protection is represented by various benefits that free parents for a certain time from all worries except raising children. This group includes paid (or unpaid) leave: prenatal, postpartum, leave to raise a child up to a certain age, to care for a sick child, etc. This also includes flexible work schedules, allowing parents to combine production activities and child care. Such forms of assistance enable parents to devote more time and attention to their children and have a positive effect on the harmonious development of relationships in the family.

The third direction in the field of family support is represented by services aimed at ensuring a favorable psychological climate in it and improving the mental health of its individual members.

List of used literature

IX European Congress of the International Community on Labor and Social Security Law: (September 16-19, 2008) / material. preparation D. V. Chernyaeva // State and law. -- 2009 .-- N 9 .-- P. 116-123.

Kostyrev A. G. “Intelligent power,” public diplomacy and social networks as factors in international politics / A. G. Kostyrev // Polis (“Political Research”): scientific. and cult. - clearance. magazine - M., 2013.-- No. 2 (134).-- P. 123-149.

Monusova G. Social policy in European public opinion: a subjective contract between society and the state / G. Monusova // Economic Issues: monthly. magazine -- M., 2012 .-- No. 6 .-- P. 127-151

Promsky N. Social Europe / N. Promsky // International life. -- 2011 .-- No. 11 .-- P. 158-163.

The role of the social state in the conditions of the economic crisis: European experience and Russia: conference materials, March 20, 2009. M.: Ves mir, 2009.-- 148 p.

Russia in Europe: based on materials from the international project "European Social Research": based on materials from the international project "European Social Research" / ed. A.V. Andreenkova, L.A. Belyaeva.-- M.: Academy, 2009.-- 384 p.

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n1.doc

Lecture No. 17 Foreign experience of social protection of families

Goals and methods of family social protection systems abroad
Social support for families in Europe and North America
Social support for families in developed Asian countries and third world countries

Questions for self-control

Literature

1. Goals and methods of family social protection systems abroad

According to the famous saying, “the family is the unit of society.” This phrase indicates the role and place of the family in communities of people, the inextricable connection of the processions taking place both in society and in the many “cells” that make it up. The economic instability of society leads to an increase in problems in families, especially low-income ones. But this is only one side of the coin, there is another. The crisis of the family and family relationships in turn leads to a crisis of society. That is why family support is one of the most important areas in the field of social work in foreign countries. The nature of the relationship between family and society determines their goals in this area. It seems to us that the most important goal is to maintain social stability by strengthening the institution of the family. The objectives of family protection systems are determined by the specific conditions existing in each individual country: economic, social, demographic, etc. Thus, in many countries of Western Europe there are processes of declining birth rates, aging populations and a decline in their numbers. In this case, the most relevant measures are aimed at supporting young and large families, as well as single mothers (in some countries, single fathers). At the same time, in India, China and a number of other countries, the demographic situation is completely different: the population is growing rapidly. Therefore, the priority tasks here are strengthening the financial situation of families, increasing their standard of living, and most importantly, reducing the birth rate. In general, it seems possible to identify a number of tasks that social support systems for families in foreign countries are aimed at solving. This is for example:

birth control, its stimulation (or, conversely, prevention);
protection of children, especially in poor families; regulation of family roles of parents;
protection of motherhood (here, support for single mothers is especially important);
assistance to families with children suffering from various diseases; providing families with the right to choose the form of education, etc.

The specificity of the family as a social institution explains the variety of forms of its social protection. There are several areas in which assistance to families abroad can be provided. First direction- this is material support, provision of vacations, measures to improve the psychological climate in the family. The first of these areas includes:

cash benefits (family benefits, single mothers, disabled children, for raising young children, etc.);
tax benefits depending on the financial situation of the family or the number of children in it;
special benefits in cash or in kind for family members in case of any unforeseen circumstances and a number of other measures.

Second direction social protection of the family is represented by various benefits that free parents for a certain time from all worries except raising children. This group includes paid (or unpaid) leave: prenatal, postpartum, leave to raise a child up to a certain age, to care for a sick child, etc. This also includes flexible work schedules, allowing parents to combine production activities and child care. Such forms of assistance enable parents to devote more time and attention to their children and have a positive effect on the harmonious development of relationships in the family.

Third direction in the field of family support, it is represented by services aimed at ensuring a favorable psychological climate in it and improving the mental health of its individual members. Here you can note such forms of assistance as:

reconciliation of family disputes;
combating domestic violence, psychological rehabilitation of victims of domestic violence;
psychological assistance to families with disabled children, etc.

The degree of development of family support systems depends on the real conditions and characteristics of a particular country. Vietnamese researcher Chan Van Dung identifies four groups of Western European countries, differing in the forms of arrangement of these systems. First group characterized by the dominance of insurance principles. Here, the amounts of payments and benefits depend on individual insurance premiums. However, medical costs and family benefits

There are exceptions; they are mainly taken over by the state. This group of countries includes Germany and France. Belgium, Luxembourg, partly the Netherlands and Italy.

In the second group countries, financing of social needs is carried out mainly from tax funds. Here, social protection depends less on insurance savings; the state plays a significant role in its financing. Therefore, social payments and benefits are distributed more evenly. However, if every citizen can apply for payments, then benefits are not given to everyone, only after considering the situation of those in need. Thus, this system uses a targeted approach. This group of countries includes Great Britain, Denmark, and Ireland.

IN third group countries include the Netherlands and Italy, which have a social protection system that is a synthesis of the first two. At the same time, in Italy the state does not undertake obligations to pay a guaranteed social minimum income, i.e. for citizens of this country there is a high risk of falling into poverty. However, family benefits and maternity leave are quite common here. In the Netherlands, there is a highly developed social protection system that covers almost all residents.

Finally, to fourth group countries, the researcher includes Spain, Portugal and Greece, where social support systems are, as he notes, in their “infancy.” This does not mean that family policy has not been developed here, but in many respects it is inferior to the family protection systems of the states discussed above. Although the above classification covers only the countries of Western Europe, it is also true for the countries of Eastern Europe, Asia, America, etc.

The characteristics and capabilities of each country determine the amount of funds allocated to support the family. In the early 90s, states such as Greece, Italy, Portugal, and Spain spent less than 1% of their gross national product (GNP) on family assistance. At the same time, Germany and the Netherlands allocated from 1.5 to 2% of GNP for these needs, and other Western European countries allocated more than 2% of GNP.

Since the decline in the birth rate is a trend common to many countries in Western Europe, they are actively looking for ways out of the crisis. Thus, benefits for each person increase born child, new benefits appear for single-parent and large families. Thus, funding for family protection systems in the countries listed above is increasing. At the same time, a number of foreign countries do not have the opportunity to increase assistance to families, and some countries, especially those related to the “third world,” do not at all consider providing this type of assistance as their top priority.

Another trend in the field of social security is attempts to reform the social security system, reduce the number of payments and benefits. Similar measures apply to the area of family protection. German researcher H.-W. Sinn, in his article “Germany Needs Reform,” points out that social assistance suppresses the desire to work in Germans. A German family receives up to 30 thousand marks of benefits per year, and when one of its members gets a job, social assistance is often reduced in relation to income in a ratio of 1:1. Consequently, the author of the article concludes, it is necessary to limit social assistance to cases of actual disability. Of course, the result of such a reform will be a significant reduction in the amount of funds allocated to help the family.

Summarizing the above, we note that in many foreign countries the goals and objectives of family assistance systems are clearly defined, in accordance with which specific actions are taken. Family support measures include both financial assistance and psycho-rehabilitation services. At the same time, in a number of foreign countries there is a desire to relieve citizens from constant guardianship and stimulate their efforts in the field of work.

birth control, its stimulation (or, conversely, prevention);

protection of children, especially in poor families; regulation of family roles of parents;

protection of motherhood (here, support for single mothers is especially important);

assistance to families with children suffering from various diseases; providing families with the right to choose the form of education, etc.

The specificity of the family as a social institution explains the variety of forms of its social protection. There are several areas in which assistance to families abroad can be provided. The first direction is material support, provision of vacations, measures to improve the psychological climate in the family. The first of these areas includes:

cash benefits (family benefits, single mothers, disabled children, for raising young children, etc.);

tax benefits depending on the financial situation of the family or the number of children in it;

special benefits in cash or in kind for family members in case of any unforeseen circumstances and a number of other measures.

The third direction in the field of family support is represented by services aimed at ensuring a favorable psychological climate in it and improving the mental health of its individual members. Here you can note such forms of assistance as:

reconciliation of family disputes;

combating domestic violence, psychological rehabilitation of victims of domestic violence;

psychological assistance to families with disabled children, etc.

The degree of development of family support systems depends on the real conditions and characteristics of a particular country. Vietnamese researcher Chan Van Dung identifies four groups of Western European countries, differing in the forms of arrangement of these systems. The first group is characterized by the dominance of insurance principles. Here, the amounts of payments and benefits depend on individual insurance premiums. However, the costs of medical care and family benefits are an exception - they are mainly borne by the state. This group of countries includes Germany and France. Belgium, Luxembourg, partly the Netherlands and Italy.

In the second group of countries, financing of social needs is carried out mainly from tax funds. Here, social protection depends less on insurance savings; the state plays a significant role in its financing. Therefore, social payments and benefits are distributed more evenly. However, if every citizen can apply for payments, then benefits are not given to everyone, only after considering the situation of those in need. Thus, this system uses a targeted approach. This group of countries includes Great Britain, Denmark, and Ireland.

The third group of countries includes the Netherlands and Italy, which have a social protection system that is a synthesis of the first two. At the same time, in Italy the state does not undertake obligations to pay a guaranteed social minimum income, i.e. for citizens of this country there is a high risk of falling into poverty. However, family benefits and maternity leave are quite common here. In the Netherlands, there is a highly developed social protection system that covers almost all residents.

Finally, the researcher includes Spain, Portugal and Greece in the fourth group of countries, where social support systems are, as he notes, in their “infancy.” This does not mean that family policy has not been developed here, but in many respects it is inferior to the family protection systems of the states discussed above. Although the above classification covers only the countries of Western Europe, it is also true for the countries of Eastern Europe, Asia, America, etc.

Since the decline in the birth rate is a trend common to many countries in Western Europe, they are actively looking for ways out of the crisis. Thus, benefits for each child born are increasing, and new benefits are appearing for single-parent and large families. Thus, funding for family protection systems in the countries listed above is increasing. At the same time, a number of foreign countries do not have the opportunity to increase assistance to families, and some countries, especially those belonging to the “third world,” do not at all consider providing this type of assistance as their top priority.

Another trend in the field of social security is attempts to reform the social security system, reduce the number of payments and benefits. Similar measures apply to the area of family protection. German researcher H.-W. Zinn, in his article “Germany Needs Reform,” points out that social assistance suppresses the desire to work in Germans. A German family receives up to 30 thousand marks of benefits per year, and when one of its members gets a job, social assistance is often reduced in relation to income in a ratio of 1:1. Consequently, the author of the article concludes, it is necessary to limit social assistance to cases of actual disability. Of course, the result of such a reform will be a significant reduction in the amount of funds allocated to help the family.

Differences between developed countries in fertility rates - the average number of births per woman - sometimes reach a double value. It is assumed that these differences largely depend on whether family policies are implemented or not and how comprehensive they are.

Family policy is not the same in different countries. In addition to purely social goals, some countries (France) are pursuing demographic goals, which, however, have not been prioritized in recent years. Other countries give priority to protecting children from poor families. This approach (only for poor families) is typical for the USA, as well as Holland. The third group of countries takes a more modern approach - they support all types of families (Denmark and some others). In historical retrospect, the emphasis of family policy has undergone changes. Family policy in general is characterized by changes in goals, priorities, orientation, and methods of its implementation. Family policy responds to many factors: economic conditions, social changes, demographic situation. Reductions in government spending may, although not always, be reflected in spending on family policies.

The national mentality, developed in the process of historical development of each country, influenced family policy due to a specific national understanding of problems, priorities, and social changes. Thus, Denmark and other Scandinavian countries were the first to recognize both parents as equally responsible for raising children and were the first to introduce maternity leave for both father and mother. They were also the first to equalize the rights to receive benefits for illegitimate children.

The concept of providing leave for both parents is now spreading to other countries, including those where the social status of women is lower (Portugal, Greece) than in the Nordic countries.

Common to all European countries is the fact that the family is the most important social institution in which New generations are born and raised, where their socialization takes place, where these generations receive economic and psychological support.

In the 70s, systems of maternity protection, benefits and benefits for families with children were already in effect in most Western countries. Nowadays, at least within the framework of social assistance, the following activities are carried out in them: medical care for women during pregnancy and childbirth, provision and payment of maternity leave, monitoring the health of infants and young children, granting the right to leave to raise children (the so-called parental leave ), family benefits for children, tax breaks, low-interest loans (or subsidies) for the purchase or rental of housing and some others.

All Western countries have family planning services, and women have the right to access contraceptives. Attitudes towards abortion range from complete liberalization to strict restrictions.

However, these general provisions sometimes have complex differentiation by country and are stipulated by a number of conditions, deadlines, age restrictions, etc. Thus, leave in connection with pregnancy and childbirth is fully paid for workers only in four countries (Germany, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands); from 50 to 90% of earnings are received by women in five countries (Belgium, Denmark, Spain, Ireland, Italy), compensation is even less maternity leave in Greece and Portugal. In the UK and the USA, payment systems are special - they depend on a number of reasons, in particular the duration of work in one place.

In six countries, maternity leave is, in one way or another, paid not only for working people, but also for self-employed people, and in some places for unemployed women (Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and partly the UK), mainly in the form of a one-time benefit. Leave to raise children or so-called “parental leave” is paid for all categories of women only in Germany, and for some categories of workers - in Italy. In other countries, these additional holidays are not paid. The duration of maternity leave also varies widely. It is minimal in Portugal - 13 weeks and maximum in Denmark - 28 weeks. In other countries from 14 to 20 weeks.

In some countries, the total duration of maternity leave is established, and its division into “before” and “after” childbirth is flexible. In Spain, for example (as an extreme case), you can not take prenatal leave at all and use all 16 weeks after the birth of the child.

In all countries without exception, the dismissal of a pregnant woman is prohibited, and her place of work is preserved during maternity leave.

In many countries, the right to return to your previous place of work extends for a longer period. Germany stands out in this regard, where this period is 36 months. In other countries - from two to 12 months.

In almost all countries except Ireland, a pregnant woman has the right to change to easier work. Compulsory medical examination is required for women in eight out of 12 countries (except Belgium, Greece, Ireland, France).

A less common type of family support is a benefit in connection with the birth of a child (maternity benefit). It is issued to all women in only four countries (Belgium, France, Luxembourg and Portugal). In Ireland and the UK, only needy families can receive this benefit.

In terms of leave to care for sick children, the countries of the European Union lag significantly behind the former socialist countries of Europe and Russia. Such holidays are not available in all countries, and where they exist, their duration ranges from one to ten days.

Some countries pay a newlywed allowance as promising parents. These include, oddly enough, poorer countries such as Portugal and Greece, as well as Luxembourg.

In half of the countries of the European Union there is a benefit for fathers of families when they are called up for military service; They may be exempted from military service or have it delayed. However, it should be noted that in three EU countries compulsory military service does not exist at all (Ireland, Luxembourg, Great Britain).

For families with children, it is quite common (in eight out of 12 countries) to receive discounts on travel on public transport, and in some places on railway transport. Only the British, Portuguese, Dutch and Danes do not have such benefits.

All EU countries pay family benefits for children. Only in some it is of a universal nature, i.e. is not conditional on anything, while in others, family income is taken into account when paying it. Benefits are universal in eight countries (Belgium, Denmark, France, Ireland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Great Britain). A "semi-universal" nature of payments exists in Germany. Almost everyone here receives benefits, but starting from the second child, the amount of benefits depends on the family income. A general income ceiling has also been established, after which, since 1994, benefits have not been issued at all. However, this ceiling is so high that it is unlikely to be of practical significance.

Only in four countries the amount of benefits is automatically indexed (Belgium, Luxembourg, Greece, Portugal). In most of the rest, indexation is carried out annually or (as in Germany) they are periodically revised.

With the exception of Greece, family benefits are not taxed.

In some countries, the amount of family benefits increases progressively as the child grows older (Belgium, France, Luxembourg, UK). In half of the countries, the amount of the benefit depends on the birth order of the child. In most cases, the maximum amount is paid for the third or fourth child.

The age limit for providing family benefits for children in more than half of the countries is set at 18 years. In four countries, children from 16-17 years of age do not receive benefits, and in one (Ireland) - from 14 years of age. In all countries except Denmark and Spain, the age limit for payment of benefits can be increased if the child continues his studies, in particular receives higher education. This age limit in most countries is from 24 to 27 years (maximum in Germany and Luxembourg).

In recent years, in Western European countries and especially in Germany, France and some others, a more comprehensive concept of family policy has begun to take shape. The question is raised about creating a social environment that would more fully reflect the needs of parents and children. This concept means improving working conditions for parents with small children, in particular, increasing the duration of “parental leave” with the preservation of the right to return to their previous place, wider distribution of flexible work schedules, part-time work, creating more convenient recreational opportunities in the suburbs, improvement of work public transport, wider involvement of parents in the work of children's preschool institutions, expansion of the child tax credit system.

Summarizing the above, we can draw the following conclusions. Most developed countries are strengthening measures to help families or introducing them if they were not there. One of the goals of family policy is to increase the birth rate while simultaneously creating favorable conditions for women's employment. The overall increase in investment varies from country to country, as does its direction. Countries differ primarily in the assistance they provide in the form of leave and childcare for children under three whose parents work. Northern European countries are more generous, spending heavily both on such aid and on general investment. Investments are focused more on children up to school age(3-6 years) and for low-income families in Anglo-Saxon countries. France has relatively more and varied assistance, but creates opposite incentives when it comes to reconciling work and family life. It promotes the maintenance of full employment after the birth of the first child, and rather the cessation or reduction of activity at the birth of subsequent children.

Demchenko Valentina Ivanovna 2006

V. I. Demchenko

SOCIAL ASSISTANCE AND SUPPORT FOR FAMILY AND CHILDREN IN A CRISIS SITUATION (Foreign Experience)

The article discusses a comparative analysis and experience of foreign models of social support for families and children in a crisis situation; the possibilities of the Western and European communities to join forces in the implementation of international programs to prevent negative phenomena in the family, to work with “street children” and social orphans.

An analysis of foreign studies of crisis problems in childhood indicates similar features of the manifestation of negative trends in the field of humanization of the social development of the child’s personality. Among such features, foreign authors include social alienation, negative phenomena in the family, the process of marginalization of youth, etc. Under certain conditions, a self-destructive model of behavior of minors develops, causing an increase in vagrancy, homelessness, leading to crime, drug and alcohol abuse. The deterioration of the socio-economic situation of children in all regions of the globe and the ecologically unhealthy environment lead specialists to the idea of improving forms of child adaptation with the help of

various educational institutions, integration of the most valuable and constructive theoretical positions developed by world science in the field of socialization of the younger generation.

The new model of social education, according to foreign scientists, should be built primarily on the search effective ways activation of the family in the process of primary socialization as a leading factor; interaction with it of various public state institutions and voluntary organizations. It is noted that the phenomenon of “street children” is not new, only its qualitative characteristics have changed. A street child in 1890 in London differs from the same child living 100 years later only in that cars have appeared, the

The social environment, laws and, consequently, the possibilities of survival have changed. At the same time, there are obvious and less obvious reasons for the catastrophic increase in the number of abandoned children: family breakdown and poverty. “The reasons why children are left out of their families and into the streets can vary greatly, but the immediate cause is almost always dysfunctional family functioning... Sometimes there are underlying causes, such as poverty.”1

The problem of “street children” overlaps with other problems such as physical abuse, child labor, sexual exploitation, etc.

The International Program of Non-Governmental Organizations Monitoring Street Children and Adolescents gives the following definition: “A street child is any minor for whom the street in the broad sense of the word includes uninhabited houses and vacant lots, etc., which has become his usual residence. This is a child who is not sufficiently protected by family and society.”

However, many foreign countries (USA, Switzerland, Finland, Holland, Austria, Germany, etc.) have already accumulated some experience in re-educating street children. It comes down to the following main areas of social work: family therapy, various types of social assistance, integration of school and microsociety, training of practitioners (social educators and social workers to work in special children's institutions).

For example, social work in the United States has a long tradition of child care programs. For children with behavioral or emotional problems, there are several types of institutions (orphanages and shelters):

training centers with round-the-clock stays, family orphanages, crisis and children's psychiatric centers, dispensaries, home patronage, etc.

Although approaches to the treatment and organization of children and adolescents are different, almost all of them use round-the-clock accommodation of minors as a means of changing inappropriate behavior through “treatment by environment”, that is, for them an environment is organized in a special way in which events of everyday life are used as images for instilling the basic necessary in life skills. The environment becomes both the vehicle and the medium for growth and behavioral change. Health-improving and auxiliary therapy acts as additional auxiliary forms of influence.

Adoption and placement of a child in a special children's institution is carried out only after all possible efforts have been made to prevent family breakdown (Act on Assistance in Adoption and Welfare of Children, 1980). Under the above law, for children who need to be separated from family influences, “reasonable efforts” are made to prevent the child from being placed in an institution. Before a child is placed there is judicial supervision if the parents want to correct the situation. There would be a census of all children in the foster care system and special subsidies for people adopting children with “special needs.” To achieve these goals, an information network, monitoring methods for each case, and legal control over the premises are being created on a national scale

child to the institution, family-oriented programs, preventive services and national child welfare services are developed.

U.S. child welfare services target specific populations. The Children's Welfare League of America is a collection of children's social services. The most common type of service is family patronage.

All services of these services can be grouped according to a number of different characteristics. Thus, support services for children and families include patronage services, family therapy and education in the field of family life. Volunteer family assistance services regional centers mental correction services provide assistance to families who have difficulties in the relationship between parents and children, provide consultations and engage in educational activities.

Auxiliary services take responsibility for some parental responsibilities. This includes looking after children during the day and providing help around the house. Family education services are designed to temporarily or permanently replace parents. We are talking about the adoption of children, the functioning of child care institutions and home groups.

Recently, social security services have been focusing on issues of normal life for a child in the family and providing him with proper care. The importance of adoption, as well as home children's groups, is increasingly appreciated, which makes it possible to reduce the number of children raised in institutional children's institutions (orphanages, shelters).

Some specific problems within the competence of social services (for example, child neglect, abuse, etc.) are the focus of public attention. To solve these problems, funds are allocated for research, development and testing of programs and recommendations, and for personnel recruitment.

There is American Family Services, which includes local volunteer non-profit services. A child care law center has been created in San Francisco to address controversial issues in this area.

Placement of children with relatives is less common. Family-type children's institutions are organized by unemployed women who have their own children in their care. Most often the group consists of three to four children. This allows us to provide a flexible approach to the child, taking into account his individual characteristics. These family groups have proven to be very effective in working with school-aged children, and most Americans resort to their help.

Information and referral services (the largest is in the state of California) for child care maintain a system of accounting and collect information on child care institutions: they study needs, form and coordinate a statewide referral system, determine the required amount of training and help expand the network of care institutions for children locally.

American researcher D. Snow believes that the increase in the number of children leaving the family is a consequence of “superiority and unceremonious interference in the child’s inner world on the part of parents; ignoring

necessary conditions for the development of a child, lack of mutual understanding between spouses..,”2.

To eliminate these negative phenomena, there is a psychotherapeutic method - family therapy. It suggests the possibility therapeutic effects on the child through his family. In recent years, this method has been widely developed in English-speaking countries. The therapeutic process in the family begins with the diagnosis and analysis of family structures, the purpose of which is to determine and study the individual mental properties of family members and the conflicts that arise between them. The goal of this technique is to level out negative phenomena in the family, to correct the situation in which, by overcoming resistance, it is possible to change the behavior of both individual family members and the child. In this case, psychotherapeutic influence is used through various types of conversations, through the teaching theory of correcting the behavior of family members, through a visual depiction of this behavior by means of “sculpture” (physical poses, etc., clearly showing what the family looks like from the outside). Special family pictures and gene patterns are used, which makes it possible to trace the development of relationships between generations, identify problems, and assess the ability of parents to raise children.

American scientists on family pedagogy attach great importance to play activities to overcome alienation in the family between parents and children.

Today, many family programs have been developed. These are individual and group family classes organized by the community, which

which are necessary to maintain positive relationships in the family and proper upbringing child. A series of books “Learning Together”, “Playing Together” is being published with the aim of more effective social training of children in the family.

In the second half of the 80s, US specialists developed an extensive anti-drug education program, “Your Health 2000,” which is distributed through the Health Education Foundation and is successfully used in communities in most states. What is especially valuable about the program is that it includes special tests to measure the degree of knowledge acquisition and mastery of certain skills. The program has specific goals: it provides information about drugs, teaches communication and strengthens students' connections with school, family and prosocial peers.

When working with difficult teenagers, American scientists rely on the concept of “personal self-realization” by A. Maslow and the theory of “Behavior Modification” by B. Skinner. Teachers focus their attention not on the mistakes and mistakes in the behavior of difficult children, but on their positive achievements, systematically reinforcing them with a system of rewards. “Pedagogy without punishment” helps to establish trusting relationships, creates a positive emotional background in communication. Thus, psychotherapeutic assistance is provided to a difficult child. Teachers also rely on A. Adler’s concept, popular in the United States, according to which it is necessary from early childhood to neutralize spontaneously arising feelings of inferiority in children, strengthen “social feelings” in them, directing, with the assistance of family and school, all mental reactions of the individual in the “right direction.”

Particular attention is paid to social protection and preparing them for entering society. In particular, M. Allerkhand and others note “that none of the characteristics of a child’s behavior within an institution is in itself significant for predicting his adaptive capabilities after leaving the institution. In an unfavorable environment, everyone positive traits", acquired by the pupils, were quickly lost, while the favorable environment strengthened them"3. The main goal in raising orphans and children who find themselves in difficult life situations should be a program model in which special attention is paid to feedback, that is, between the program implemented in the institution and the family, neighbors, peer group, potential sources of support in society where the child will live. It is necessary to pay more attention to the immediate environment where the child ends up when leaving the institution. This process is called “deinstitutionalization” - preparing the environment to receive a child.

In a number of European countries, regulations were adopted within the framework of school and social legislation, in which the family was elevated to the rank of a social institution that performs important biological, economic and socio-political functions.

As noted, for example, by Austrian teachers, the publications of famous experts in the field of family education G. Strauch and M. Perretz “Psychological School for Parents, Teachers and Educators” caused a great resonance in the country. These psychological and pedagogical works had a great influence on the forms of work with families. In order to ensure the optimal overall development of the child, mandatory

active activities together with parents - parent days, receiving competent advice, intensified their work and parent councils. More stringent requirements have been introduced for parents to fulfill their responsibilities towards their children.

Due to economic difficulties that have arisen in a number of Western and European countries, the number of families in need of financial support has increased. In Austria in the 80-90s, sociologists noted the phenomenon of “new poverty,” which scientists explained as the result of unfavorable circumstances associated with mental and physical damage and an increase in the number of children in difficult life situations. The need to provide assistance to large and single-parent families has become real, and this problem itself has acquired political implications.

Realizing the importance of the problems that had arisen, the Vienna magistrate directed his efforts to coordinating the activities of various services to help children. The country has developed a new model of social service, and created night shelters where social service workers, “meeting fugitives,” often positively resolve conflict situations. The project “Help in critical situations to mothers with infants and small children” deserves special attention. According to this project, a shelter or apartment is provided for a small fee, young mothers are accommodated in a hostel in case of a crisis situation (partnership breaks up, conflicts in the family).

Vienna youth services pay special attention to single-parent families. Funds are being sought to strengthen the material base of such families - primarily in the interests of children. Turns out

assistance in resolving legal issues arising from the relationship between children and parents, for example: when registering adoption. Parents can receive counseling and advice regarding children's rights and possible support in the event of a divorce. Psychologists working in these services mediate in disputes between parents about custody, education or visitation rights.

An important role in educational work belongs to the Julius Tandler Family Center, which houses various services and consultations. Among them: an orphanage, a department of family care, a department of orphanages; children's psychological station; socio-pedagogical examination; psychological care service in orphanages and families, the Institute of Social Therapy and the Vienna Children's Telephone; a special orphanage and a special pedagogical outpatient clinic.

Much is being done in the country to improve the activities of guardianship institutions. For these purposes, employee training is organized and promising organizational measures are developed. Groups are being created consisting of psychologists, sociologists and psychiatrists who are capable of fairly objectively resolving issues regarding the transfer of children into guardianship. At the same time, paramount importance is attached to preparing young children for life in a guardianship family in order to prevent serious mistakes.

The country has a well-thought-out adoption system. The Center for Psychological Activities provides for the possibility of transferring adopted children to guardian parents immediately after birth without intermediate placement under guardianship in orphanages.

The multifaceted activities of the Vienna Youth and Security Service

childhood allowed to reduce the number of children placed in orphanages.

The extensive network of social services in Great Britain has ancient traditions. The social and pedagogical functions of these services are aimed at social protection and assistance to various categories of citizens: children, adolescents, families in need of social, psychological protection or financial assistance.

Various categories of social workers deal with childhood problems. They also differ in the nature of their professional training, that is, workers deal with the problems of a specific “object” - educational, medical, orphan, etc.

There are multidisciplinary centers serving children, adolescents and their families. Such centers are like “linear” structures of social services. For example, a center specializing in helping teenagers who have difficulty communicating with adults; centers focused only on helping the family; to help alcoholic teenagers and drug addicts. “Linear” structures are engaged in psychotherapeutic practice and supervise a small amount of families before resolving conflict situations in them, provide social protection for visitors to the center, maintain contact with legal services, with health care organizations, with social security services, and with leisure institutions. A close connection has been established between the structures, as a result of which various specialists “guide” the child from birth to entry into independent life, providing social protection and compliance with legal norms; the organization of psychological and pedagogical assistance coordinates its actions with services

educational department responsible for organizing leisure activities for young people.

In Hungary, measures have been taken to protect children and raise children since early age. Work to protect the rights of minors is regulated by the “Law on Child Protection and Parent-Child Relations” (1986). Among the measures aimed at improving the upbringing of children living in single-parent families, noteworthy is the creation in cities of a network of small “family” orphanages for those who are practically abandoned by their father or mother, that is, for social orphans.

According to the law, in order to timely prevent family breakdown, as a result of which the child is in difficult situation, and raising him at home becomes impossible, a family patronage service is created in each district, which becomes one of the important forms of coordinating the work of state and public child protection agencies. The main attention is paid to real material assistance to families, taking into account, first of all, the interests of the child. The country believes that even a family that, by all accounts, does not correspond to the usual ideas about it, is preferable for a child than an orphanage.

For young people who grew up in dysfunctional family or in an orphanage, the most serious and difficult is the process of adaptation to a normal lifestyle. In this regard, boards of trustees are created under the district authorities to deal with this category of children.

The system of official guardianship, family patronage, child protection and social policy are a single set of problems that require constant interaction in solving them and broad public support. This is sacred

This is primarily due to the fact that more and more children are left without parental care in government support, and the age threshold for drug addiction is decreasing. It is extremely difficult to fight against the harmful influence on a child of family members who have been in prison.

Particular problems arise in orphanages; their pupils study poorly, do not attend school, and do not have sufficient professional training.

Hungarian experts see a way out of this situation in intensifying pedagogical measures that promote the comprehensive development of the individual and in creating a system of consultation centers on educational issues. Their goal is to coordinate the actions of government agencies, public organizations, educational bodies and parents to ensure the comprehensive development of the child’s personality. This includes measures for vocational guidance, education, provision of qualified medical and pedagogical assistance, protection of motherhood and children, prevention of neuropsychiatric diseases, alcoholism, and drug addiction. At the same time, demands are being made to develop effective measures of social and official influence on irresponsible parents who neglect their responsibilities.

Alternative orphanage Hungarian experts see the creation of an institute of “parent-educators”, the selection of guardians, the opening of “family orphanages” for 15-20 people with the selection of married couples of teachers who could work in such an institution.

In Switzerland, the public is responsible for providing social government assistance to the poor and needy.

shina. All social services are guided by the principle of “as little

4 touching out state intervention." To them

include private social services, church, community, directly belonging to the canton (the country is divided into 26 cantons, and each of them lives according to its own legislation).

The provision of social assistance is based on the principle: first, all opportunities in the family are used. If they are not enough, then private or church services are involved. There are multidisciplinary social service centers: for problems of education, guardianship, family relationships, and for resolving age-related problems. Church communities work differently with teenagers, with single mothers, with street children, widows and with other categories of families and children. In all major cities, women's homes have been opened for women who have been victims of violence.

Youth assistance services have created educational boarding schools for children and youth, youth meeting points, etc. Joint events, conversations, and individual consultations are held. Switzerland has a large National Center for Children's Assistance, which provides financial support to children's boarding schools. Work with street children - “street work” - is carried out by both private and public social assistance services. Teachers work on the street with teenagers who gather in certain places (in parks, on embankments, in bars, etc.) and provide them with the necessary assistance on all social issues.

There are centers for social assistance in the field of legal proceedings, where they explain the current legal acts relating to both punishment and punishment.

juvenile shields. In various parts of Switzerland, socio-cultural animation centers have been widespread and active since the 50s, designed to humanize the free time of children and adolescents.

Interesting experience has been accumulated by the Mannerheim Child Protection League5. It has existed in Finland for more than 70 years. Its main function is to protect the rights of children and the interests of the family, special attention is paid to the prevention of various types of deviations. Its activities began in the 40s with a service to help wartime orphans. In the 90s, the main emphasis was on improving the position of the child in society, creating a healthy environment, and helping families with children. Support and advice to parents is one of the important aspects of the assistance provided. The focus is on the whole family. In this regard important is given to family centers as a place where families can meet, communicate outside the home, take part in a variety of activities, and help each other if a difficult or crisis situation unexpectedly arises. Many communes have special telephone numbers for children, adolescents, and parents, where they can receive help in an emergency. Consultation centers help solve problems with difficult families and find an alternative solution.

The League draws the attention of people responsible for making decisions in the field of social policy to the needs of the family; prepares adult volunteers to work in communities. One of the educational goals of the Children's Defense League is to encourage children to help themselves and those around them. The League holds press conferences, seminars, produces videos, computer training programs

grams. The Institute for Professional Training of Social Workers (Tampere) trains specialists in the field of family assistance. There is a children's ombudsman - a lawyer for children and adolescents whose rights are violated at school, during divorce, in the family, etc.

Certain assistance is provided to families and children during crisis periods of development: when starting a family, in the first years of marriage, in raising a child. The League has professionals in the Family Help service who can provide care for the child and stay with him if the parents need to leave the child for some time.

Dutch social policy is based on the principles of equality and respect for the uniqueness of groups of people and individuals6. The dominant role is given to the principle of social support, which is characterized by the inclusion of the state only after all public organizations. IN last decades, due to the changed socio-economic and political situation, a new system of social protection is being created. This is how the concept of social innovation was developed, the activities of which are based on joint actions of the government, local authorities and the public. A special role in it is given to the work of communities. For this purpose, an extensive program has been developed for the development of methods and consultations for socially disadvantaged groups, where the main focus is on protecting the rights of children and women, and unemployed parents.

The social system in Germany is based on the principle: every citizen is obliged to act in the spirit of social solidarity, to exercise collective and individual self-help. A special form of collective

solidarity is the commune. In cases where a person cannot help himself, help should first be sought from his family, neighbors, self-help groups and voluntary charitable organizations. And only as a last resort will the state be involved in solving such problems. The social protection system is based on three points: social insurance, social assistance and social equality and charity. The task of a youth charity organization is to provide stimulation, assistance, and the provision of a range of services for young people and individual assistance. This organization provides consultations on educational issues, assistance to adopted children, and is included in the work of guardianship services at their place of residence. The social sector provides consultations and sociotherapy: children's educators, home assistants, children's nannies, a psychiatrist-teacher, etc. are involved for this purpose.

Thus, the problems of social support for families and children in a crisis situation have different approaches in the West and in Europe. Nevertheless, it is possible to trace general trends and common principles in the field of protection and protection of the rights of a child who finds himself in a difficult life situation. These include:

Humanization of the crime prevention and prevention system, the predominance of security and protective measures over punitive and coercive measures;

Professionalization of educational-preventive and security-protective activities, the introduction of special positions of social teachers, social workers, “practical” psychologists to improve the conditions of family education;

Creation of a network of special structures designed to help family, school,

children, teenagers, youth; psychological services, consultations, hotlines, social shelters for children in critical situations;

Implementation of socio-legal, psychological and pedagogical assistance and support to the family as the main institution of socialization, organization of special work to improve the conditions

viii of family education in families at social risk.

Familiarity with the experience of different countries allows us to explore current trends in protecting children's rights and use this experience to join efforts in the implementation of international programs to prevent negative phenomena in the family.

NOTES

1 Vanistendael S. Street Children. Problems or Persons? International Catholic Child Bureau. Geneva, 1992.

2 SnowD.-D. Family therapy as a method of social work / Encyclopedia of social work: In 3 volumes. T. 1 / Transl. from English M., 1993.

3 Allerhand M. E., Weber R., Haug M. Adaptation and Adaptability: The Bellefaire Follow-up Study. N.Y.: Child Welfare League of America, 1996.

4 Fischer-Geser A.-M. Social services in Switzerland / Theory and practice of social work: domestic and foreign experience. 1993. T. I.

Mannerheim League for the Protection of Children and Youth / Current problems of social education. M.; Zaporozhye, 1990.

6 John N. de, Idenburg F. The work of community centers in Holland / Theory and practice of social work: domestic and foreign experience. T.I.M.; Tula, 1993.

SOCIAL ASSISTANCE AND SUPPORT OF FAMILIES AND CHILDREN IN CRISIS (FOREIGN EXPERIENCE)

The article deals with the comparative analysis and experience of foreign models in social assistance and support of families and children in critical situations. The opportunities of western and European communities for uniting efforts to carry out international programs for preventing negative phenomena in families, in treating “children of the street” and social orphans.

480 rub. | 150 UAH | $7.5 ", MOUSEOFF, FGCOLOR, "#FFFFCC",BGCOLOR, "#393939");" onMouseOut="return nd();"> Dissertation - 480 RUR, delivery 10 minutes, around the clock, seven days a week and holidays

Goncharuk Olga Alexandrovna. Financial support for maternity support in the Russian Federation. : dissertation... candidate of economic sciences: 08.00.10 / Goncharuk Olga Aleksandrovna; [Place of defense: St. Petersburg State University of Economics]. - St. Petersburg, 2014.- 211 p.

Introduction

CHAPTER 1. 12

1.1. Theoretical and methodological approaches to the study of problems of financial support for motherhood 12

1.2. Principles, factors and risks of financial support for maternity.

1.3. Forms, methods and tools of financial support for families with children CLASS Foreign experience of financial support for maternity...CLASS

State financial obligations in the system of stimulation of childbirth and social protection of motherhood

2.2. Legal and financial regulation of social support measures for families with children

2.3. Maternal (family) capital as a financial instrument for stimulating Russian families to increase the birth rate of children

CHAPTER 3. Development of a multi-level system of financial support for maternity 117

3.1. Program-targeted budget expenditures for the implementation of state social policy 117

3.2. Methodological provisions for assessing the effectiveness of state and business expenditures on financial support for maternity support 128

Conclusion 154

List of sources used.

Introduction to the work

Relevance of the research topic. Financial stimulation of the birth rate of children and social support for motherhood is an independent direction of state social policy, which is implemented through a set of legal, financial, economic, organizational and other measures. This is due to the fact that the number of Russian children under the age of 17 has decreased over the past 10 years from 31.6 million to 25 million; in 2012, the population with cash incomes below the subsistence level (living below the poverty line) was 15.6 million people or 11% of the country's population, while about 60% of low-income families had children under the age of sixteen. In many ways, such indicators are due to the economic problems of the state as a whole, however, the system of social protection of families is still far from perfect: not in all cases, state support measures are based on the principles of targeting; the size of the subsistence minimum does not determine the state of need of families; the amount of cash benefits does not correspond to the real costs of caring for children.

The provisions of the state's social strategy provide for further improvement of the system of financial incentives for the birth rate and the provision of financial support measures to families with children. The role of the state in ensuring a minimum guaranteed income for families with children and increasing the availability and quality of social services for families with children is declared in a whole series of regulatory legal acts: Budget and Family Code RF, Concept of demographic policy of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2025., Decrees of the President of the Russian Federation “On the National Strategy of Action in the Interests of Children for 2012 - 2017” and “On measures to implement the demographic policy of the Russian Federation”, etc. A more specific set of government measures policies, target indicators of demographic development, and the volume of financial resources to ensure their achievement are reflected in the State Program of the Russian Federation “Social Support for Citizens” for 2013-2020. (“Improving social support for families and children”).

At the same time, many problems regarding the effectiveness of spending budget funds allocated by the state to implement measures to support families with children remain unresolved. These issues are of particular relevance at the subfederal level, which is due to the growing “load” not only on the federal budget, but also on the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

The choice of the topic of dissertation research was determined by the need to identify emerging trends in the development of the system of financial support for motherhood and to develop recommendations for assessing and improving measures of government influence on the processes of expanded reproduction of the population.

The degree of development of the problem. Financial support for motherhood, in the context of household finances, as well as in the context of financial regulation of reproductive processes in the economy, is a relatively new area of scientific research, which causes insufficient development of this area of scientific knowledge.

The main characteristics and problems of state financing of the social sphere are covered in the works of domestic scientists and specialists, including: Vrublevskaya O.V., Babich A.M., Nosova S.S., Nor-Arevyan O.A., Popova M.I. , Roik V.D., Romanovsky M.V., etc. Issues of state support for families in the Russian Federation were studied in the works of S.Yu. Sivoplyasova, N.M. Skomorova, N.N. Shakirova. Certain aspects of the development of the Russian financial system are covered in the works of such scientists as: Beloglazova G.N., Vilkova E.S., Ivanova N.G., Kolesnikov A.M., Leontyev V.E., Nikiforova V.D., Selishchev A.S., Skobeleva I.P., Sokolov B.N., Tarasevich L.S., Chernenko V.A. and etc.

At the same time, in our opinion, the existing financial mechanism for supporting motherhood in our country does not fully meet the requirements of a systematic approach, which determined the purpose of the dissertation research.

The purpose of the dissertation research. The purpose of the dissertation research is to develop scientifically based theoretical and methodological provisions and recommendations for improving the system of financial support for maternity support in the Russian Federation.

To achieve this goal, the following were set: tasks:

analyzed theoretical and methodological approaches to the study of problems of financial support for maternity support in the Russian Federation;

foreign experience of state financial support for maternity is summarized;

problems and trends in the development of financial support for maternity support in Russia have been identified modern stage;

analyzed maternal capital as a financial instrument for stimulating Russian families to increase the birth rate of children;

theoretical and methodological provisions have been developed to improve the system of financial support for maternity support in the Russian Federation, as well as to assess the effectiveness of this system;

Subject of research are financial, economic, organizational and legal relations that mediate support for motherhood as one of the priority social institutions of society.

Object of study are forms, methods, tools that stimulate the processes of effective use of financial resources to achieve the targets of state social and demographic policy.

Theoretical and methodological basis compiled the works of scientists and specialists devoted to the problems of state social policy in general and financial support for motherhood in particular in a market economy. To solve the problems posed in the work, methods of system analysis and statistical research were used as tools.

Research information base compiled regulatory legal and instructional materials on issues of state social policy, financial support for motherhood in the Russian Federation, as well as statistical data from the Federal State Statistics Service characterizing the financial and economic state of the country as a whole.

Validity and reliability of the results research is determined by the development of a set of theoretical and methodological provisions to improve financial support for maternity support. In the process of working on the dissertation, foreign and domestic sources of scientific literature were studied and analyzed.

Compliance of the dissertation with the passport of the scientific specialty.

The dissertation corresponds to the passport of the scientific specialty in the field of research of state finances, the structure of the mechanism of financial interaction of state, public and corporate finance, cash flows in the economy on the following points:

1.9.Financial support for the needs of the expanded

reproduction.

2.2.Financial regulation of economic and social processes.

Scientific novelty of the dissertation research results

is to develop theoretical and methodological provisions to improve financial, legal and organizational instruments aimed at stimulating childbearing and social protection of families with children.

The most significant research results with scientific novelty, are as follows:

modern financial instruments and forms have been identified
stimulation of childbirth and social protection of motherhood and childhood;
State program “Social support of citizens” for 2013-2020
years and its p “Improving social support for families and
children" is positioned as the main tool of strategic
management and budget planning of expenses for long-term
perspective;

basic definitions of such concepts as:
government spending obligations in the field of family support,
motherhood and childhood; maternal (family) capital; financial system
providing support for motherhood and childhood from institutional and
functional positions;

identified and in accordance with the phases of motherhood and parenting cycles

child, additional types of expenditure obligations of public authorities and bodies are grouped local government related to the implementation of indirect methods of state support and the development of social infrastructure, which should be reflected in regional programs;

it was proposed to supplement the subject composition of the system of financial support for maternity support by including in it (in addition to traditional institutions represented by state authorities and local governments; state extra-budgetary funds; philanthropists and volunteers; enterprises and organizations involved in improving the level of material well-being of families with children) civil society institutions that carry out interdepartmental coordination of actions and public control over the effectiveness of government decisions; subjects of financial infrastructure that ensure the delivery of social transfers to the population;

Methodological provisions have been developed for assessing the effectiveness of the functioning of the system of financial support for maternity, within the framework of which a set of quantitative and qualitative assessment indicators has been proposed that make it possible to determine the effectiveness of the functioning of each intra-system level, sector, element and consolidated system as a whole; an algorithm has been proposed for the active influence of system subjects on the effectiveness of management decisions on financial incentives for childbirth and social protection of families with children;

In order to unify normative legal acts regulating the legal support of measures implemented by the state to stimulate the birth rate of children and social support for motherhood, the need to extend to the federal level the progressive experience of individual subjects of the Russian Federation in developing the Social Code is substantiated, and its principle diagram is proposed.

Practical significance results dissertation

The research is that the methodological provisions and conclusions can be used by authorities and management in developing concepts, programs, and mechanisms to improve the efficiency of the system of financial support for maternity support in the Russian Federation.

The theoretical provisions of the dissertation work are used when conducting classes in the disciplines “Finance”, “State and Municipal Finance”, “Taxes and Taxation” at the St. Petersburg State University of Economics.

Approbation of work. The main provisions, conclusions and recommendations of the dissertation research were reported, discussed and approved at the I, II, III, IV Scientific Congresses of students and graduate students "INZHEKON" (2008-2011) of the St. Petersburg State University of Engineering and Economics, at the XI, XII, XIII, XIV Interuniversity conferences of graduate students and doctoral students “Theory and practice of finance and banking at the present stage” (2009-2012), at the I, III International youth forums

financiers (2011, 2013) of the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation (Moscow), at the International youth scientific forums "Lomonosov - 2012" (2012) and "Lomonosov - 2013" (2013) of the Moscow State University, as well as in the report on the results of the project “Forms and methods of financial support for motherhood in the Russian Federation”, a grant competition in 2012 for students and graduate students of universities and academic institutions in St. Petersburg.

Publications. The main provisions of the dissertation were published in 13 scientific papers with a total volume of 2.9 pp, including 3 articles published in leading peer-reviewed scientific journals included by the Higher Attestation Commission of the Russian Federation in the List of leading scientific journals and publications.

Structure of the dissertation. The dissertation consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion, and a list of references.

In Administered the relevance of the dissertation research topic is substantiated, the purpose and objectives of the research, its subject and object, methodological and information base, scientific novelty and practical significance are determined.

In the first chapter of the dissertation - “ Scientific and methodological basis for financial support of measures for social protection of maternity»– an analysis of theoretical and methodological approaches to the study of problems of financial support for maternity support was carried out; the purpose, objectives and functions of each element of the institutional system of financial support for maternity support are specified; principles, factors, forms, methods and instruments of financial support for families with children are identified, summarized, disclosed and classified; Foreign experience in financial provision of maternity support is reviewed.

In the second chapter - “ State expenditure obligations in the system of stimulating childbirth and social protection of maternity» - trends in the implementation of state expenditure obligations to support motherhood have been identified; the federal legislation underlying public regulatory obligations to provide social support measures to families in cash was examined; The features of the use of maternal (family) capital as the main tool for stimulating Russian families to increase the birth rate have been studied.

Chapter Three – “R development of a multi-level system of financial support for maternity» – dedicated to improving the tools for financial support for state and business expenses to support motherhood. Based on the consideration of state program-targeted strategic management instruments, it proposes a set of indicators for conducting a comprehensive assessment of the costs incurred by subjects of socio-demographic policy to support motherhood; Practical recommendations have been developed for the development of mechanisms for financial support for maternity support.

IN Conclusion the main results of the dissertation research are presented.

Principles, factors and risks of financial support for maternity

At the same time, the listed works do not cover issues related to the financial architecture serving the system of financial support for maternity support; assessing the influence of external and internal factors on the functioning of the system of financial support for maternity support; algorithm for assessing the effectiveness of the system of financial support for maternity support; assessing the effectiveness of financial support for maternity support as a multi-level and interdependent system.

Articles published in periodical literature can be divided into the following groups according to the issues posed in them: the role of the state in the system of social support for the population; theoretical aspects of the state's social policy; analysis of statistical data on the demographic situation in the Russian Federation; historical aspects of the functioning of state financial support for maternity; development of a system of state financial support for motherhood in modern Russia; analysis of the problems facing women due to underdeveloped social infrastructure; analysis of possible problems, the solution of which could cause a significant increase in the birth rate; issues of social responsibility of the private sector of the economy; consideration of the existing system of state financial support for maternity, identifying the pros and cons of this system; analysis of state financial policy in the Russian Federation, identification of problems and trends; comparison of activities aimed at increasing the birth rate, carried out in various regions of the Russian Federation; foreign experience of financial support for maternity; comparison of the demographic situation in Russia and the world; analysis of the regulatory framework regulating financial support for maternity in the Russian Federation. Internet resources that analyze issues of financial support for maternity are divided into the following groups: current statistical data that allows one to analyze demographic indicators, the amount of funds allocated by the state for the implementation of maternity support programs; foreign websites containing information on government maternity support programs; reports on the implementation of government activities. Thus, the analysis of theoretical and methodological approaches to the study of problems of financial support for motherhood led to the following conclusion: despite the fact that this area receives considerable attention in the scientific and practical literature, a number of issues are generally insufficiently studied and developed. This concerns: the implementation of a systematic approach to the formation and development of financial support for maternity support, identification of factors and risks affecting the development of the system of financial support for maternity, the development of methods for assessing the effectiveness of the system of financial support for maternity support, justification of directions for the development of financial support for maternity support.

The need for systematic measures taken by the state and other institutions is due to the fact that the actions they take are aimed at resolving the contradiction, which, in our opinion, is as follows: on the one hand, the reproduction of a person of a certain quality is a socially necessary process, and on the other hand, there are no guaranteed sources of financing this reproduction for a significant part of the population.

Historically, responsibility for offspring lies primarily with the family. Moreover, the closer a society is to a subsistence economy, the more autonomous each family is in the reproductive process. The higher the level of development of society, the higher the responsibility of society for the realization of the human potential of each citizen; the higher the costs of human reproduction, the more significant external sources financing of these processes; The more complex the socio-economic processes occurring in society, the more significant the role of the state in regulating these processes should be, and the more complex and subtle the methods of financial regulation used.

Forms, methods and tools of financial support for families with children

The enterprise, as an active participant in the system of financial support for maternity support in the future, should be focused on the implementation of the following principles: the social responsibility of the enterprise to the state and society for the implementation of corporate programs of financial support for maternity, as well as as a philanthropist and sponsor in the event that the enterprise provides occasional financial assistance not on a regular basis, and in connection with exceptional cases; the feasibility of an enterprise’s participation in programs for financial support for maternity, which can be expressed, for example, in tax and non-tax benefits provided by the state and local authorities, state and municipal orders, joint public-private projects for the development of social infrastructure, etc.; targeting of financial assistance means that it is provided to a parent whose family falls under the criteria for providing such assistance defined by the enterprise; the ease of financial support programs for maternity support means that these programs should not affect the financial stability of the enterprise, and the financial resources allocated to these programs should not limit expanded reproduction for the enterprise; transparency of information means that the enterprise provides both employees and interested authorities and management, as well as other subjects of the financial support system for maternity support, reliable and full information about the wages of parents who receive assistance, and about the amount of financing of social corporate programs implemented in this area; the effectiveness of financial support programs for maternity implemented by an enterprise means the rational use of the enterprise's financial resources in the interests of society and the state.

Subjects of market infrastructure - banks, insurance organizations, investment funds and companies, non-state pension funds - act in two forms: as enterprises that can (and to a certain extent are obliged) to finance social programs, and as specific entities that accumulate and redistribute financial resources . This feature of their activities determines the important role of these organizations for the entire system of financial support for maternity support and the need to activate their potential in the interests of supporting motherhood.

For subjects of market infrastructure (bank, insurance organization, etc.), the principles that should be fundamental when included in financial support programs for maternity are: social responsibility to the state and society for the implementation of financial support programs for maternity within their competence; the feasibility of participating in financial support programs for maternity support in accordance with the profile of the organization, which is expressed in receiving financial and non-financial benefits from the state or society; targeting means that financial assistance should be provided to specific families in accordance with accepted criteria, the profile of the organization, the content of the program and the needs and capabilities of families falling under the terms of these programs (mortgage lending, consumer lending, accident insurance, personal injury insurance, property insurance , pension programs, savings programs, co-investments, etc.); the ease of financial support programs for maternity support is expressed in the fact that these programs are implemented on the principles of public-private partnership, when private financial organizations use their proven technologies, personnel, and resources to implement government programs; transparency (transparency) of information that is provided to interested bodies and individuals and ensures both the inclusion of mothers in funded programs and monitoring the progress and results of program implementation; the effectiveness of participation in financial support programs for maternity is expressed in the provision of financial assistance to all mothers who are eligible to receive this assistance.

For philanthropists, we highlight the following principles: social responsibility, which determines the provision of financial assistance individuals based on personal ideas; feasibility implies the provision of financial assistance for specific purposes; targeting implies the choice of the recipient (mother, family) of financial assistance based on personal perception; ease is expressed in the fact that the financial assistance provided does not lead the benefactor to bankruptcy.

Trends in financial support for state expenditure obligations for the implementation of family policy

An important characteristic of this capital is its purchasing power. In table 2.3.4 provides data reflecting the purchasing power of maternity capital in the housing market in the Russian Federation without taking into account the cost of attracting credit resources.

Settlements are selected in the table according to the following criteria: Moscow and St. Petersburg are cities federal significance and the most populated cities in Russia, the Bryansk region is the cheapest according to the housing cost standard established by the Ministry of Economic Development in the Central Federal District, the Kaliningrad region is the cheapest in the Northwestern Federal District, the Republic of Kalmykia is the cheapest in the Southern Federal District, the Karachay-Cherkess Republic is the most cheap in the North Caucasus Federal District, Saratov Region is the cheapest in the Volga Federal District, Chelyabinsk Region is the cheapest in the Ural Federal District, the Republic of Khakassia is the cheapest in the Siberian Federal District, Amur Region is the cheapest in the Far Eastern Federal District.

So, the established cost per square meter used in calculating housing subsidies is significantly lower than the real market value, which does not allow the family to significantly improve their living conditions using maternity capital, especially taking into account the fact that maternity capital is issued only for the second and subsequent children and only once.

The data presented show that the real purchasing power of maternity capital without attracting credit funds is insufficient.

Thus, the advantages of maternal capital include: the reality of financial support for the mother in resolving issues of purchasing a home, repaying a mortgage loan, and financing the education of any child in the family; 116 annual indexation of maternity capital; flexibility of state policy regarding its use (changing the conditions for its use during a crisis, developing new directions for its use); simplified procedure for its registration in the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation. The disadvantages of maternity capital include: low real purchasing power relative to housing conditions; indexation of maternity capital inadequate to real inflation processes in the Russian economy; issuance of maternity capital only for one child, regardless of the total number of children; lack of consideration of family income level when issuing maternity capital; restrictions on the use of maternity capital for current needs (for treatment of the mother and/or child, food, clothing, apartment renovation, etc.); long procedure for requesting funds from the Pension Fund.

An important area of social policy is the introduction of additional regional maternal (family) capital (RMCC) from the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and the expansion of areas for its expenditure - for the purchase of a car, land or treatment of a child. The range of RMSC sizes in a territorial context is significant - from 30 thousand rubles in the Primorsky Territory and Tyumen Region to 300 thousand rubles in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug and 350 thousand rubles in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. In a number of regions, the size of the RMSC increases for each subsequent child: in the Kaliningrad region it is 100 thousand rubles for 3-4 children, 250 thousand rubles for the fifth child, 1 million rubles for the birth of triplets. In the Kamchatka Territory, the amount of RMSC is 100 thousand rubles for the third child, 150 thousand rubles for the fourth child; 200 thousand rubles for the fifth child, 250 thousand rubles for the sixth child.

The study of legal provisions, factual materials, systematization of available publications on these issues showed that, despite the generally positive assessment of the legislation on the provision of maternal (family) capital and the directions of its use, heated discussions on a number of important provisions have not stopped to this day. In our opinion, we cannot agree with the termination of maternity capital programs after 2016. We believe that the importance of maternity capital is great both from a financial and social point of view, since it allows stimulating the growth of childbearing.

Experts express different points of view on the directions of its use in the event of an extension after 2016. Some express the idea of legalizing cashing out M(S)K, others to use these funds to open their own business, others - to give it out specifically and only to those in need, and fourth - to give it out at the birth of the third child and subsequent ones. The Ministry of Finance insists on curtailing the program after 2016 in order to save budget funds in the amount of 580 billion rubles.

Thus, the systematization of scientific and methodological foundations state family policy, as well as financial instruments that ensure their implementation, makes it possible to increase the efficiency of fulfillment of state spending obligations at all levels of the financial support system for maternity support. When considering methods of state support for maternity in the Russian Federation, it is necessary to pay attention to the predominance of direct methods of financial support over indirect ones, which in the current economic situation could have no less positive impact on the demographic situation in the country. At the same time, the use of indirect methods of supporting motherhood (for example, opening preschool institutions, creating jobs for women who are unable to work full time, changing the child insurance system) could ensure an increase in the financial potential of families.

Methodological provisions for assessing the effectiveness of state and business expenditures on financial support for maternity support

Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of August 2, 2010 No. 588. It stipulates that the State Program (SP) may include federal target programs and subprograms. The latter may contain departmental target programs and individual activities of the main managers of budget funds. The GP must be developed and implemented by a federal executive body appointed by the Government of the Russian Federation as its responsible executor. He must coordinate the activities of other interested co-executors of the GP. The state program must contain a passport, priorities and goals of state policy in the relevant area, implementation deadlines, funding volumes by year, list of activities, forecast of final results, etc.

Art. 179 of the Budget Code of the Russian Federation stipulates that the volume of budget allocations for financial support for the implementation of state programs in a particular year is approved by the budget law. For each state program, an annual assessment of the effectiveness of its implementation must be carried out, based on the results of which a decision may be made on the need to terminate funding or to change the volume of budget allocations for financial support for its implementation. This creates opportunities for using government programs as full-fledged strategic and budget planning tools, which, in turn, is the main tool for increasing the efficiency of government policy and budget expenditures. 122 By the time the federal budget was formed for 2014 and the planning period 2015-2016. The Government of the Russian Federation has approved 40 state programs, one of which directly relates to the topic of our dissertation research. We are talking about the state program of the Russian Federation “Social support for citizens” for 2013-2020, which was approved by order of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 27, 2012 No. 2553-r. It provides for the development of social support measures for certain categories of citizens, including families and children. The responsible executor of the state program is the Ministry of Labor and Social Development of Russia, the co-executor among them is the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia, the number of participants exceeds 30, the main ones are the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, the Ministry of Health of Russia, the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia, etc.

The state program determines the directions of activity of public authorities and its other co-executors to implement accepted public regulatory obligations and modernize the existing system of measures of social support for citizens and social services for the population.

The goals of the state program are to create conditions for increasing the well-being of citizens who are recipients of social support measures, and to increase the availability of social services for the population.

As part of the implementation of the state program, it is planned to achieve the following main results: - reduction of poverty among recipients of social support measures based on expanding the scope of application of the targeted principle of its provision; - satisfaction by 2020 of the needs of elderly citizens and disabled people, including disabled children, for constant outside care in 123 areas of social services for the population; - providing support and assistance social adaptation citizens who find themselves in difficult life situations or are in a socially dangerous situation; - increase in average by 2018 wages social workers up to 100% of the average salary in the relevant region; - the predominance by 2020 of family forms of placement for children left without parental care; - increasing the volume of social services provided by socially oriented non-profit organizations.

The total amount of funding for the program from the country's budget system until 2020 is 42.2 trillion rubles. Thanks to the program, the number of people living below the poverty line should decrease by 2020 to 10.2 percent of the total population (currently, about 13 percent of the population has incomes below the subsistence level). In particular, increasing salaries for public sector employees and introducing benefits for a third child should help to get out of poverty.

The program states that now only 20 percent of low-income citizens receive social support measures, and by 2020, the state’s care should cover all one hundred percent of citizens whose incomes are below the subsistence level. The program also provides for the renovation of boarding houses and the development of a network of non-governmental social institutions.