Any person expecting a child dreams of him being born healthy. Unfortunately, these dreams do not always come true. There is nothing you can do - even babies are susceptible to serious illnesses, let alone all kinds of congenital diseases and disorders.
Many of them can be prevented by averting trouble from the long-awaited baby long before his appearance. And it is his parents who will have to take care of this first of all - as soon as they plan an heir.
Preparing for pregnancy begins even before conception, and it is a pity that many people neglect this. The modern lifestyle leads people to overload of the cardiovascular and nervous systems, chronic stress, poor nutrition and physical inactivity.
Few people closely monitor their health, not noticing alarming symptoms for the time being; having many diseases in a latent or chronic form, you can influence the health of the unborn child without in the best possible way. This is especially true for residents of megacities. Huge cities, from an environmental point of view, are not the most best place for accommodation.
Some rely on their own health, on their age, hoping that everything will work out and that nature will help. It helps, but not always. Often, human nature is simply not able to independently cope with the severe consequences of all kinds of shocks and stresses that befall the life of an ordinary average person in our time.
Pre-pregnancy examination
When planning an upcoming pregnancy, you should try to eliminate possible disturbances and deviations - not only in the external environment, but also in the health of both parents. There is no need to be embarrassed about pre-pregnancy examinations, the main thing is to take care of the future little person.
First of all, the expectant mother should contact a gynecologist; Most likely, your spouse will also have an interview. In some cases, consultation with other specialists is required - it is important to assess the heredity of potential parents and assess their physical condition.
The greatest attention, of course, is paid to the well-being and health of the expectant mother. She will be examined by a gynecologist, checked for cancer - examination of the mammary and thyroid glands, and a smear. A routine examination certainly complements an ultrasound, which is prescribed at the initial phase of the menstrual cycle.
Infections that threaten the fetus
A number of infections that can infect both the mother and the father often have a hidden course and serve as the main cause of damage to the fetus, its death, as well as the appearance of various deformities. Many diseases occur in a latent form, threatening to cause congenital diseases of the fetus.
All microorganisms and viruses are divided into unconditional pathogens, which cause infection of the fetus, and conditional pathogens, whose pathological effects have not yet been proven.
Most often the cause of the disease is viruses ( cytomegalovirus infection, herpes simplex, rubella, hepatitis C and B, enteroviruses, adenoviruses, HIV); bacteria (treponema, streptococcus, Klebsiella, chlamydia, listeria, staphylococcus); protozoa (toxoplasma, malaria, plasmodia); Candida mushrooms. The detection of microorganisms in the fetus does not necessarily cause the development of the disease, but it increases the risk of possible negative impact. Even a woman who has been ill during pregnancy can give birth to a completely healthy baby.
The infection is transmitted from mother to fetus either through the reproductive tract or through the placenta. To infect a child, the presence of an infection in the mother’s body is not enough; there must be microorganisms a large number of; This happens with an acute infection or with a sharp exacerbation of a chronic one. But even in this case, the child will not necessarily get sick.
Chickenpox
When in childhood we heard that it is better to get over certain diseases before growing up, it was not very clear what we were talking about. But when faced with pregnancy, many understand that this opinion is not without logic.
There are infectious diseases that are childhood are practically harmless, but for pregnant women they turn out to be very dangerous. The disease suffered in childhood is accompanied by the production of antibodies, making the body immune to the pathogen and eliminating the likelihood of infection in adulthood, especially during pregnancy.
Among other infections, chickenpox is potentially the least dangerous. It should be emphasized that it is less dangerous, but not completely safe. Firstly, this disease cannot go unnoticed, and a person almost always knows for sure whether he had chickenpox in childhood. Secondly, chickenpox is a childhood disease in 90% of cases.
Thirdly, its course is characterized by a low risk of damage to the embryo. Chicken pox becomes a disease dangerous for pregnancy if it occurs before twenty weeks of pregnancy, as well as before or immediately after childbirth.
But this does not mean that at other times chickenpox is not a reason to see a doctor. Risk may always exist, and only a qualified specialist can determine how best to minimize it.
Rubella
It is considered the most dangerous: most often it is transmitted to the fetus and causes irreversible damage. Often congenital rubella causes the development of heart disease, cataracts and deafness. Sometimes pneumonia, blood disorders develop, and physical underdevelopment is possible. The most dangerous infection is on early stages– there is a high probability of congenital deformities.
The pathogen is transmitted by airborne droplets, the source of infection is sick children; to the expectant mother Such contacts should be avoided. For infection, fairly close and prolonged contact with a sick person is required, such as staying together in a room or caring for a sick person.
But a strong immunity to the disease is developed, so if a mother had rubella in childhood or was vaccinated, she may not be afraid of infection. In other cases, it is better to take a blood test for the presence of antibodies to the pathogen.
If pregnancy is planned in advance, then months before conception a vaccination is given, followed by checking for the presence of antibodies confirming the formation of immunity. And another characteristic feature of the course of the disease in pregnant women is that infection in the second half of pregnancy, after 20 weeks, has virtually no negative impact on the baby.
Cytomegalovirus
It is considered the second most dangerous infection among airborne and sexually transmitted infections. The worst option is for a pregnant woman to become infected with an acute form from someone who is sick, because the absence of antibodies in her body allows viruses to easily cross the placenta and affect the fetus.
If a woman was infected with the virus before conception, and the disease worsened during pregnancy, the existing antibodies significantly weaken the virus, preventing it from penetrating the fetus. When infected in the early stages, the likelihood of developmental abnormalities or spontaneous miscarriage increases. For more later Polyhydramnios, “congenital cytomegaly” may develop, and premature birth is possible. The baby will have jaundice, an enlarged spleen and liver, anemia, damage to the hearing, eyes and central nervous system. The best preventative measure– avoid contact with infected and sick people.
Herpes
Herpes virus among others viral infections It is considered the least dangerous due to the fact that the likelihood of the baby becoming infected or the appearance of certain pathologies is low. A serious situation is considered to be an exacerbation of genital herpes in the expectant mother after 32 weeks. If the presence of the disease is confirmed by doctors, it is indicated C-section, eliminating the possibility of infection of the baby in the birth canal. To be calm in this regard, at the beginning of pregnancy it would not hurt to take a test for the presence of the herpes virus.
Flu
Everyone knows about the dangers of the flu, and infecting an expectant mother with it can cause quite serious consequences. It is no longer the pathogen itself that is dangerous, but the complications it causes immune system, kidneys and heart. In addition, the disease is fraught with premature birth or threatened miscarriage. After the flu, it is easier to become infected with staphylococcal or pneumococcal infections.
Influenza has the most severe impact on early stages embryo development - in the first trimester. It is during this period that the main formation and initial development of the most important systems and organs of the fetus occurs. The conclusion suggests itself - to increase the immunity of the expectant mother, hardening, good nutrition and vitamins are recommended.
Toxoplasmosis
The greatest danger from bacterial infections represents toxoplasmosis, which can be contracted through contaminated meat or contact with a sick cat. If a woman was ill before pregnancy, she received lifelong immunity. The danger of toxoplasmosis increases in parallel with increasing period. Infection in the first trimester is unlikely to cause pathology; in the second the possibility of occurrence congenital disease increases by 20% - numerous pathogens accumulate in the tissues of the brain and nervous system of the fetus.
Frequent consequences of such a lesion are increased intracranial pressure, epilepsy, mental retardation and blindness. In the last trimester, the probability of the disease is 50-60%. As a preventive measure, expectant mothers are advised to eat well-processed meat and avoid contact with cats.
Other infections
Diseases such as thrush, or candidiasis, mycoplasmosis, gardenellosis, trichomoniasis, listeriosis and chlamydia can pose a real threat to both the mother and the fetus. Severe disease can cause spontaneous miscarriage and lead to stillbirth. Timely diagnosis and proper treatment suppress the infection without leaving the slightest trace of it. The main thing is to take the prescribed tests in a timely manner and listen to the doctor in everything.
Prevention of abnormalities in the baby
If the couple has previously had unsuccessful pregnancies and various problems, leading to premature birth, miscarriages or the birth of sick babies - she needs a thorough examination. It should include detailed tests, ultrasound at certain stages of the menstrual cycle (to determine the condition of the endometrium), and consultation with a geneticist.
With the onset of pregnancy, studies and consultations are even completely necessary. healthy woman– they will help identify possible deviations and violations. Even with a week's delay in menstruation, the amount can be determined using ultrasound. ovum and its position in the uterus.
In about a couple of weeks, the expectant mother will undergo a comprehensive examination, including a visit to a therapist, otolaryngologist and dentist. The next mandatory ultrasound is prescribed at 10-12 weeks and serves to exclude obvious disturbances in the development of the embryo.
If you suspect the presence chromosomal abnormalities(especially if the age of potential parents is above 35 years), a genetic analysis can be performed - a chorionic villus biopsy. This method allows minimum terms reliably exclude certain severe disorders or diseases of the unborn child.
From 20 weeks of pregnancy, ultrasound can be used to monitor the condition of the fetus directly: during the procedure, its organs are clearly visible, the amount of amniotic fluid, the condition of the placenta, the quality of blood flow in the umbilical cord and the vessels of the uterus and other important indicators are determined.
Pregnancy and lifestyle
When planning a pregnancy, not only the health of the unborn child and parents is important. No later than 2 months before the expected conception, parents should begin to prevent possible deviations and disorders - it is during this time that men’s entire “reserve” of sperm is completely renewed.
You should try to avoid overwork and stress, beware of “accidental” illnesses and colds, avoid drinking alcohol and, if possible, stop smoking. Taking medications should be agreed with the doctor, excluding drugs that are contraindicated for pregnant women.
The expectant mother should lead a correct lifestyle and follow a diet: eat vegetables and fruits, meat and fish, cottage cheese and dairy products. They are irreplaceable sources necessary for the baby protein and calcium. They are necessary for the full formation of the fetus, skeletal bones and teeth, as well as to replenish the losses of the female body and to maintain the woman’s health.
It is better to limit flour dishes and sweets - excess weight has an adverse effect on the course of pregnancy. Various sodas, strong tea and coffee, which place increased stress on the cardiovascular system, will not be beneficial. It is better to replace them with healthy fruit drinks and juices, and mineral water remove unnecessary gases.
Physical activity should be moderate and planned; developed special complexes to preserve the health of both the child and the mother, as well as to prepare for childbirth. Swimming in an indoor pool is useful - it prepares the muscles of the pelvis, back and abdomen for the upcoming loads. In the pools there are groups of special health-improving gymnastics for pregnant women, and their own complexes have been developed for different periods.
It is better to limit swimming in natural bodies of water or even leave it for later - the possibility of catching an infection in one of them is too great. Reasonable caution is required motor activity should be alternated with rest. The expectant mother should eat healthy and varied foods, regularly consult and be examined by a doctor - then the pregnancy will proceed without complications, and the child will be born in due date and healthy.
Any woman expecting the birth of a son or daughter, sincerely wishes her baby to be healthy. Unfortunately, sometimes it happens that a child is born with severe disabilities, which dooms him to suffering and his parents to a lot of worries. As a result, many couples are wondering: how to give birth? healthy child?
Modern medicine and the responsibility of couples in matters of family planning will contribute to successful conception, successful pregnancy and the birth of a healthy baby.
Problems of reproduction in the modern world
Statistics show that today, when trying to reproduce healthy offspring, humanity faces many problems:
- 15% of married couples of reproductive age in Russia are infertile;
- 15 - 20% of pregnancies end in miscarriage;
- 3% is the number of children in the world out of the total number of newborns born with disabilities.
In some cases, this statistics is due to the inattention of future parents, and especially mothers, to their health. A number of other sad events are the result of an unfavorable combination of circumstances.
At the beginning of the 20th century, reproductive age was considered to be up to 30 years. The overall life expectancy and reproductive age of humanity has increased significantly since then. In this regard, many women postpone having children in order to build a career and live for themselves, hoping that modern medicine will help them give birth in a timely manner. mature age. However, reproductive technologies sometimes cannot solve all the problems that appear with age.
According to statistics, a healthy 30-year-old woman has about a 20% chance of becoming pregnant in one menstrual cycle. At age 40, this probability decreases to 5%. 35 years is a critical point, after which a sharp decline in fertility begins. The fact is that a woman is endowed with a certain supply of eggs from birth. Having reached puberty, a girl begins to lose one of them every month. Every year, the supply of eggs becomes smaller, and those eggs that remain are no longer as active. Decreased egg quality has an adverse effect on the viability of the embryo and also reduces the chance of conception.
Of course, you can find examples where women give birth at the age of 45, but it is worth remembering that for many of them pregnancy is very difficult, with edema, high blood pressure, etc. pathological conditions. Giving birth to a healthy baby also becomes more difficult: there is a high chance that the baby will have developmental defects or chromosomal abnormalities, such as Down syndrome.
Men's ability to bear children is less affected by time. This is explained by the fact that new sperm are produced in a man’s testicles regularly. Although the approach of old age also affects men Negative influence on reproductive function. There is less seminal fluid, and the sperm in it are no longer so mobile. Many men experience a decrease in testosterone levels in their blood as they age. This leads to a decrease in sexual activity.
However, young age is not a guarantee that everything will work out successfully on its own. Many young parents, without knowing it, are carriers genetic diseases, which can interfere with conception and the favorable course of pregnancy. And modern life, especially in big cities, undermines the health of young people.
How to give birth to a healthy child in conditions of poor ecology and chronic stress? What needs to be done to ensure that pregnancy in adulthood or in the presence of chronic diseases leads to desired result? First of all, you should not neglect the issues of planning a healthy family.
Preparing for pregnancy
It is important to start planning your pregnancy long before conception. Giving up bad habits and moving to proper nutrition not enough to be confident in your health and the health of your unborn baby. Both parents should be examined to detect problems that may negatively affect their reproductive function and the health of the child.
Most often, preparation for pregnancy begins with a woman visiting a gynecologist. To exclude abnormalities in the organs of the reproductive system, a routine examination and ultrasound examination (ultrasound) are performed. A check is carried out for the presence of oncology, and smears are taken for cytology. In some cases, the doctor may recommend consultation with other specialists - a neurologist, ophthalmologist, cardiologist, etc.
In addition to a thorough examination of the woman, an examination of the partner is also required. Married couples must be tested for sexually transmitted diseases. Many infections (mycoplasmosis, chlamydia, etc.) have an adverse effect on the development of the fetus and can lead to its death. With timely diagnosis and proper treatment, they can be quickly suppressed. Also, future parents should know their blood type compatibility in order to exclude the possibility of rejection of the fetus by the mother's body.
For spouses who want to give birth to a healthy child, it would be a good idea to consult a geneticist. The specialist will conduct a survey of future parents in order to get a complete picture of their health and assess their heredity. If the doctor has any doubts, he can prescribe a carrier test for gene mutations. Many of them may not affect the health of the parent, but can lead to serious defects in the baby, sometimes incompatible with life. Knowing about the presence of chromosomal rearrangements in the father or mother, it will be easier for the doctor to create a therapeutic course that will increase the chances of successfully conceiving, carrying and giving birth to a healthy child.
Prenatal diagnosis
Let’s say that the preparation for pregnancy was successful: the parents underwent the necessary examinations and received the long-awaited confirmation from the doctor that the woman can become pregnant and give birth to a healthy child.
After conception, a crucial period begins—pregnancy. Carrying a child requires special attention to health and regular visits to the doctor. The specialist will monitor the condition of the pregnant woman and fetus using scheduled inspections and analyses. Such control helps prevent possible complications during pregnancy.
Modern prenatal diagnostics provides a wide range of techniques that help to learn about fetal pathologies long before the birth of the child. Each trimester of pregnancy is accompanied by a series of examinations called screening. These examinations make it possible to determine whether fetal development corresponds to norms, as well as to identify the presence of incurable abnormalities of gene origin. All women are required to undergo it, but pregnant women over 35 years of age should be especially attentive to it.
In the first trimester, it is most optimal to screen between 11 and 13 weeks of pregnancy. First, an ultrasound is performed. The main goal of this method at this stage is to assess how successfully the development of the fetus is proceeding according to the stage of pregnancy, and also to determine the thickness of the nuchal space (TN) of the embryo. The collar space is the area in the child’s neck (between the skin and soft tissues), where liquid accumulates. A TVP value that exceeds the norm may be evidence of fetal developmental abnormalities, including the presence of Down syndrome.
However, a qualified specialist will not give unambiguous conclusions based on the ultrasound results. Conclusions are drawn based on comprehensive research. After an ultrasound, at 10–13 weeks, a blood test is performed to determine the concentration of certain biological markers in it, in the first trimester these are PAPP-A and hCG. Elevated or decreased levels of these markers in the blood can also be a sign of developmental problems. Further, based on a combination of ultrasound and biochemical analysis data, a special program calculates the risk of genetic abnormalities such as Down syndrome and Edwards syndrome.
Second trimester screening studies are carried out at 16-20 weeks. A blood test this time is taken to measure the levels of AFP, hCG and free estriol. Taking into account the results of ultrasound and the first screening, new data are calculated on the possible risk of having a child with pathologies.
The second ultrasound is performed at 20-24 weeks. The specialist examines the presence, correct location and the structure of all organs of the child. Much attention is paid to the condition of the mother’s provisional organs (umbilical cord, placenta, amniotic fluid), and the condition of the cervix.
Screenings do not make it possible to make specific diagnoses, but only reveal the likelihood that the baby will have any chromosomal abnormalities. In cases where the risk of pathology is high, the pregnant woman is given a referral to undergo invasive diagnostics. Each stage of pregnancy has its own method of invasive research: chorionic villus biopsy (9.5 - 12 weeks), amniocentesis (16 - 18 weeks), cordocentesis (22 - 25 weeks). Each of these examinations involves surgical intervention into the mother's body through a puncture. This is done in order to take material that contains fetal DNA. All these methods are highly accurate (about 99%), but are stressful for the mother and carry a small risk of complications (bleeding, leakage of amniotic fluid, etc.). In 1 - 2% of cases, the procedure can cause a miscarriage.
Third trimester screening includes ultrasound, which detects malformations of the child, which tend to manifest themselves in later stages. Also, between 30 and 34 weeks, Doppler ultrasound is performed, a type of ultrasound that helps assess blood flow in the baby’s vessels, in the uterus and placenta.
New developments in prenatal diagnostics offer expectant mothers easier ways to calculate the risk of chromosomal abnormalities in the fetus. For example, the non-invasive DNA test Panorama is effective already at 9 weeks, has an accuracy of more than 99%, and can detect a wide range of genetic pathologies in the fetus: Down syndrome, Edwards syndrome, Patau syndrome, sex chromosome pathologies and a number of other abnormalities. The test only involves taking blood from a vein from the pregnant woman. From the resulting material, fetal DNA will be isolated using molecular technologies, which will be studied for the presence of gene rearrangements and chromosomal abnormalities. This method is much more accurate than standard screening and is absolutely safe for the mother and fetus, unlike invasive diagnostics.
If a woman wants to give birth to a healthy child, then she should not neglect prenatal diagnosis. Thanks to these studies, the number of newborns with severe illnesses is significantly lower than it could be. After receiving the diagnostic results and knowing what her chances are of having a healthy baby, the woman, together with her family and her doctor, can decide whether to continue the pregnancy. A non-invasive prenatal test can provide this information very early on, which means that if the results are disappointing, it will be much safer to have an abortion. In some cases, if screening reveals any pathologies, the doctor may prescribe adequate therapy that will help increase the likelihood of a healthy baby being born.
Pregnancy after abortion or fetal death
Sad statistics show that about 21% of pregnancies around the world are terminated artificially. Potential mothers go for an abortion as if medical indications, and due to current life circumstances and reluctance to have children. It is no secret that abortion has extremely adverse effects on health. Every fifth woman becomes a victim of infertility due to an interrupted first pregnancy. Classic instrumental abortion is especially dangerous, when the uterus is scraped out under general anesthesia; it can cause irreparable injury to the reproductive organs. Vacuum and medical abortions, which are performed in the early stages, carry with them much fewer complications.
However, there are no absolutely safe abortions. Any artificial interruption pregnancy entails failure hormonal levels, this is especially due to a disruption in the production of progesterone, which is responsible for maintaining pregnancy in its early stages. Many women experience miscarriages precisely because they had an abortion in the past.
Is it possible to get pregnant and give birth to a healthy child after an abortion? The answer to this question in many cases will be positive, but it is worth knowing that the approach to pregnancy planning should be as competent and responsible as possible. Of course, much will depend on the individual characteristics of the woman and how severe the consequences of the previous abortion were. Experts recommend planning your next pregnancy no earlier than six months later.
Sometimes it happens that a pregnancy is terminated against the will of the woman. Most often this becomes a consequence of fetal death. To prevent repeated spontaneous abortion, it is worth finding out what are the reasons for this situation?
To draw up a treatment plan and prepare for the next pregnancy, the abortive material obtained by curettage is sent for histological examination. It is best that the material be examined from a genetic point of view. This will allow you to make a more accurate prognosis for future pregnancy.
Karyotyping is used as a genetic study, which involves studying the chromosome set of the fetus. The most accurate study of abortive material will be chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA), which can give the clearest picture of what genetic failures led to dire consequences.
After a frozen pregnancy, both the man and the woman must undergo a full examination, ranging from tests for sexually transmitted diseases to consultation with a geneticist. Usually, doctors recommend postponing planning for a second pregnancy for six months so that the mother’s body can recover and both spouses can undergo the prescribed treatment.
The prognosis for women who have had one frozen pregnancy is quite optimistic: in 80-90% of cases they are able to become pregnant, carry and give birth to a healthy child in the next pregnancy.
If a woman has experienced several missed pregnancies in a row, she may be diagnosed with “ recurrent miscarriage" Repeatedly frozen pregnancy, as it were, “programs” the body for subsequent failures. This case requires an extremely careful approach and long-term treatment. This will increase the couple's chances of having an heir.
Lifestyle of future parents
How to give birth to a healthy baby? Of course, in addition to undergoing the necessary examinations, you need to maintain a healthy lifestyle before and during pregnancy. About two months before conception, expectant parents need to avoid stress, overwork, ARVI and flu. It is worth completely eliminating alcohol and smoking.
A balanced diet is extremely important for a pregnant woman. You need to eat plenty of fruits and vegetables. Fish and meat should be present in the diet daily, because they are irreplaceable suppliers of protein. Cottage cheese, kefir, and natural yoghurts will provide the mother’s body with calcium, which is necessary for the formation of bones and teeth of the fetus. The consumption of sweets, flour, salty, fatty, carbonated drinks should be seriously limited. Kit excess weight has a very adverse effect on the course of pregnancy. Strong tea and coffee can increase blood pressure and put unnecessary strain on the heart. It would be wiser to replace them with natural juices.
Don’t forget about moderate physical activity, it will help not only stay in shape, but also prepare for childbirth. A sedentary lifestyle will not be beneficial for either the woman or the baby. Today, there are many sets of exercises for pregnant women; there are many special groups where you can do yoga or water aerobics.
To summarize, we can say that the expectant mother needs to approach pregnancy planning wisely, visit a doctor and undergo all the necessary tests, eat right, and combine activity and rest in a balanced manner. Following these recommendations will help maximize your chances of having a healthy baby.
Free consultation on the results of prenatal diagnostics
geneticist
Kyiv Yulia Kirillovna
If you have:
- questions arose regarding the results of prenatal diagnostics;
- poor screening results
*consultation is carried out for residents of any region of Russia via the Internet. For residents of Moscow and the Moscow region, personal consultation is possible (bring with you a passport and a valid compulsory medical insurance policy)
Many parents are concerned about what needs to be done to ensure that the child is born healthy and strong. But for this you need very little; first of all, the result depends on the parents, their patience and health.
First of all, you need to pay attention to your health, because the health of the unborn baby depends on it. Pregnancy is a time in life that needs to be planned. It is advisable for both spouses to undergo a medical examination before a planned pregnancy. It is easier for a healthy mother to conceive and give birth to a healthy baby.
Health of the expectant mother
If parents do not know how to give birth to a healthy child, then you can address this question to professional doctor which will give useful recommendations and advice.
It must be remembered that during pregnancy the symptoms often become aggravated. chronic diseases, so you need to treat everything chronic in advance. This is required for the unborn child. It is better to treat in advance everything that can be treated, without passing on unnecessary problems to the future baby. In case of chronic diseases, you need to at least achieve stable health and condition.
Also, you need to know that there are diseases that may pose a risk during pregnancy. That is why, with some diseases, pregnancy may be contraindicated for women, and it is simply impossible to give birth to a healthy child.
Such diseases include:
Oncological diseases;
Severe hereditary diseases;
Severe hypertension;
Lung diseases with respiratory failure;
Severe diseases of the endocrine system: diseases of the thyroid gland, diabetes;
Chronic renal failure due to kidney disease;
Some infections during pregnancy: toxoplasmosis, measles, rubella. Severe myopia, complicated by retinal detachment.
If you want to give birth to a healthy baby, then you should not neglect the recommendations of doctors, because the risk may increase many times over, both for the expectant mother and for the baby.
Prevention of deviations and violations
When planning a pregnancy, it is necessary not only to monitor the health of the parents and baby. Also, it is necessary to carry out prevention of various possible deviations and disorders, and prevention should be started by both parents two months before conception (in men, during this time the sperm “reserve” is completely renewed).
In order for a child to be born healthy, you need to avoid physical fatigue and nervous stress, protect yourself from colds and other “accidental” diseases, completely eliminate alcoholic drinks, and, if possible, give up smoking (or reduce the number of cigarettes you smoke as much as possible). At this time, it is allowed to take dietary supplements and medications only with the approval of a doctor. It is imperative to exclude drugs that are contraindicated for pregnant women.
Nutrition and healthy lifestyle
Pregnant women need to lead a healthy lifestyle and follow a diet. You should try to eat more vegetables and fruits; every day your diet should include meat or fish, which are an irreplaceable source of protein, cottage cheese and other fermented milk products, which contain vital calcium, which is required for the proper formation of the fetus, especially teeth and skeleton, as well as , to maintain the health of the expectant mother.
It is necessary to limit the consumption of flour and sweet foods ( excess weight adversely affects the course of pregnancy), carbonated drinks, salty. Coffee and strong tea can create unnecessary stress on the cardiovascular system - it is healthier to replace them with berry and fruit drinks and juices. You cannot eat spicy foods or dishes with a lot of seasonings.
If possible, expectant mothers should consume only natural, pure products. You can discuss the menu with your doctor; you will also need to develop a special nutrition plan that will be useful not only for expectant mothers, but also for babies. good healthy eating Helps increase the chance of having a healthy baby.
Physical exercise
Carefully planned and moderate physical activity is very useful: it is not recommended to “stay too long.” To maintain the health of mother and baby, special sets of procedures and exercises are developed to prepare for childbirth, about which it is necessary to consult with a leading doctor.
Various water sports and procedures help give birth to a healthy baby. If the city has an indoor pool, then you can practice swimming, which allows you to be well prepared for the upcoming loads on the muscles of the pelvis, abdomen and back. Currently, at many swimming pools, special groups of health-improving gymnastics - aqua aerobics - have been organized, and various complexes have been developed, especially for women with different stages of pregnancy.
But swimming in open water will have to be limited, because there is a high risk of contracting various infections. Also, various light gymnastics courses are currently offered for pregnant women, taught by experienced professional instructors. At such courses, mothers are offered a set of classes for pregnant women; these classes have a beneficial effect on the health and condition of mother and baby. They help women endure this easier difficult period their lives, and also prepare well for childbirth.
Thanks to such activities, childbirth is much easier. In addition, during the classes, pregnant women are taught how to behave correctly during childbirth. You can also perform sets of exercises at home if for some reason it is not possible to visit swimming pools and sports facilities.
To do this, a pregnant woman should consult a doctor or an experienced instructor who specializes in classes with pregnant women. This will allow you to create the right set of exercises. When performing exercises at home, you should regularly consult with your doctor to calculate the optimal load on the body in different period pregnancy.
Serious thoughts about the health of the unborn baby often come along with pregnancy, when it is too late to change anything.
According to medical statistics, in completely healthy young people the risk of giving birth to a defective child is 5%. If a family does not fall into these percentages, then this is, of course, not much. And if it hits?..
All over the world it has long been customary to talk about planned pregnancy. A married couple preparing for pregnancy should undergo a full medical examination before conceiving a child in order to prevent possible problems in the future. You need to start planning for a healthy child with a visit to a geneticist. This is a specialist who will draw up a pedigree and determine whether the family is at risk. And then he will recommend that you undergo all the necessary research.
An important step in planning a healthy child– clarification of the chromosome set of future parents. This blood test in some countries is as common as determining blood group and Rh factor. The study of the chromosome set is an analysis for two, because the child receives half of the chromosomes from the mother and half from the father. Perfectly healthy people can be carriers of balanced chromosomal rearrangements without knowing it. But if a child “gets” an unwanted restructuring from one of the parents, an imbalance is possible. In such a family, the risk of having a child with a chromosomal pathology is 10-30%. But if rearrangements in the chromosome set of spouses are detected in time, a special examination during pregnancy is possible, which will prevent the appearance of defective offspring.
When planning a pregnancy, spouses should give up smoking, drugs, and alcohol several months before conception. The most important period of pregnancy is the first 12 weeks, when the baby’s organs are formed. At this time, a woman should receive adequate nutrition, vitamins, and have a minimum of stress and stress. It is necessary to exclude, if possible, the use of medications and unfavorable factors (chemical, radiation exposure).
During pregnancy every woman should undergo a series of studies, including examination up to 10 weeks for viral infections (herpes, cytomegalovirus, toxoplasmosis, rubella), ultrasound examination at 11-12 and 20-22 weeks, as well as determination of the level of special proteins (alphafetoprotein, human chorionic gonadotropin) at 16-20 weeks.
Viral infections during pregnancy can lead to miscarriage or cause fetal malformations. One of the dangerous infections is rubella. This disease during pregnancy can cause fetal deformities: heart defects, decreased hearing, vision, delayed mental and physical development. When contracting rubella before 12 weeks of pregnancy, the risk level is 70–80%. Therefore, a decision has to be made to terminate the pregnancy. Protection against rubella is necessary for the expectant mother. If it is discovered that a woman does not have immunity to rubella, she must be vaccinated three months before pregnancy. There are other infections that are no less dangerous for the body of the unborn child. For example, herpes, cytomegalovirus, toxoplasmosis. Screening for these infections should be carried out before conception and in the first weeks of pregnancy, when it is still possible to prevent their effect on the fetus.
At ultrasound scanning, beginning from 11 – 13 weeks pregnancy, it is possible to diagnose some malformations and identify changes that may indicate the presence of a chromosomal pathology of the fetus. Thus, the presence of thickening of the nuchal zone in the fetus at 11–13 weeks of pregnancy makes it possible to identify Down syndrome in 70% of cases. To exclude chromosome pathology, a special intrauterine examination is performed (chorionic villus biopsy in the first trimester of pregnancy).
Second ultrasonography held in 20-22 weeks. At this stage of pregnancy, it is possible to determine most abnormalities in the development of the face and limbs, as well as to identify malformations of the internal organs of the fetus.
Study of the level of biochemical markers(alphafetoprotein and human chorionic gonadotropin) in the blood of a pregnant woman is carried out at 16-20 weeks of pregnancy. By changing the concentration of these proteins in the mother's blood, one can suspect chromosomal pathology and a number of malformations of the fetus, primarily of the anterior abdominal wall and nervous system. The level of biochemical markers may change with the threat of miscarriage, toxicosis of pregnancy and other conditions. Therefore, only a doctor can correctly evaluate the results of biochemical tests.
Some pregnant women need carrying out special invasive methods of prenatal diagnosis, such as chorionic villus biopsy, amniocentesis, cordocentesis. Indications for invasive diagnostics are the age of the pregnant woman over 35 years, the presence in the family of a child with developmental defects or chromosomal pathology, an increased risk of a hereditary disease for the fetus, carriage of chromosomal rearrangements by one of the spouses, as well as ultrasound abnormalities and changes in the level of alpha-fetoprotein identified during examination and during pregnancy.
All invasive procedures are performed under ultrasound guidance in a one-day hospital by an experienced doctor. After the procedure, the pregnant woman will be under the supervision of specialists for four to five hours. To avoid possible complications The patient is prescribed prophylactic medications before and after the procedure.
Chorionic villus biopsy– this is the collection of cells from the future placenta, carried out at 8-12 weeks of pregnancy. The risk of complications (spontaneous abortion) after chorionic villus biopsy is 2-3%. The advantages of this method are the duration - up to 12 weeks and the speed of receiving a response - 2-3 days. Thus, if a pathology is detected in the fetus, pregnancy can be terminated at an early stage.
Amniocentesis– aspiration of amniotic fluid at 16-24 weeks of pregnancy. To obtain a cytogenetic analysis, amniotic fluid cells must undergo long-term cultivation (2-3 weeks). Amniocentesis is the safest method of prenatal diagnosis, since the percentage of complications after its use does not exceed 1%.
A highly informative invasive method is cordocentesis– fetal umbilical cord puncture. The optimal period for performing cordocentesis is 22-25 weeks of pregnancy.
Using invasive prenatal diagnostics, chromosomal pathologies such as Down's disease (presence of an extra 21 chromosome), Klinefelter syndrome ( extra X chromosome), Turner syndrome (X chromosome deficiency), as well as monogenic diseases available for prenatal diagnosis (hemophilia, phenylketonuria, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, cystic fibrosis and others).
The geneticists are shining:
- Most favorable time For conceiving a child, the end of summer - the beginning of autumn. Stay on fresh air, foods rich in vitamins, sun, absence of viral infections - all this has a beneficial effect on the birth of a strong, healthy child.
- When making a career, we must not forget that a woman is in in the best possible shape for the birth of healthy children from 18 to 35 years old. If pregnancy occurs after 35 years of age, it is necessary to undergo a genetic examination.
- Consanguineous marriages are not recommended. The closer the degree of relationship, the higher the level of risk for future offspring of serious illnesses.
- Taking folic acid 2 mg 2 times a day 3 months before conception and 3 months after pregnancy can significantly reduce the likelihood of having a child with malformations of the brain and anterior abdominal wall.
How to get pregnant and give birth to a healthy baby (key points)
1. Introduction
2. Preparation for conception.
b) How do chronic diseases affect the possibility of conception and pregnancy?
c) Main directions of preparation for conceptiond) Gender of the unborn child
3.Conception
a) Vagina and uterus.
b) Ovulation
c) Fertilization
d) Favorable days for conception
4. Gestation - pregnancy
a) Signs of pregnancy
b) Pregnancy test
c) Complications of pregnancy.
d) Experience of using NSP dietary supplements during pregnancy
d) What changes occur in the body during pregnancy?
e) Pregnancy calendar by week
g) Advice for pregnant women
h) Pregnancy after 35 years
5.Childbirth
a) Pain relief.
Methods of childbirth:
b) Vertical
c) According to Leboyer's method
d) Underwater.
d) Birth at home.
e) breastfeeding.
Be sure to watch the VIDEO:
1. Introduction.
The birth rate in Russia has halved - from 2.2 children per woman in 1986 to 1.2-1.3 by the end of the 90s. Most demographers and politicians attribute this to the deteriorating economic situation in the country. But this reason is not the main one.
The failure of economic measures to stimulate childbearing is also proven by the experience of rich European countries, where there are 1.4-1.8 children for every woman. Among the richest Russian families, the number of children is 3-4 times less than among the poorest.
Studies have shown that men experienced a marked decrease in libido (desire for opposite sex) and potency (sexual capabilities).
For example, according to sociological surveys in Poland, during the post-Soviet years there has been a decrease in the frequency of sexual contacts by 10%, and among married men, about 80% go to their wives’ bedrooms with insufficient enthusiasm.
There was a deterioration in spermatogenesis both among Europeans and Russians. If by the end of the 19th century a man’s body normally produced 80-100 million sperm per milliliter of seminal fluid, then by the 60s of the last century their concentration had decreased significantly and now 20 ml is considered the norm for happiness.
It’s as if at first 32 teeth in the oral cavity were considered the norm, but now it’s 8 teeth.
The main reason is that men do not have enough zinc in their diet. This is a male element. 1 tablet must be dissolved daily for the rest of your life. In the USA, the accepted norm is 15 mg daily.
Female-copper.
Biologists have long found out that in order for one of the sperm to travel the distance to the egg, dissolve its membrane and complete fertilization, biological energy is needed that is millions of times greater than its own.
The help of millions like him is required to build a “bridge” to the birth of a new life. Therefore, their advancement does not proceed chaotically, but in phalanxes (“detachments”), when not the front one reaches the finish line, he dies, but the one who is kept in reserve.
In women in last years there is a pronounced violation of reproductive health. The activity of the endocrine and nervous systems deteriorates.
The incidence of ovulatory cycle disorders has increased, gynecological dysfunctions have increased by 240% in 1990-1998, and the prevalence of infertility has risen by 200%.
The tubal factor influences adhesions of other disorders - it gives 20-30% of infertility, unclear reasons - 10-15%.
A woman has already managed to get pregnant, but cannot bear -5-25% for various reasons.
Only from wealthy families There are 5-8 million women in line for in vitro fertilization. IVF costs 30-50 thousand UAH and the efficiency is 30-50%.
The proportion of infertile couples in the CIS is 17.5%, and in a number of regions of the country reaches 20-25% (with a danger threshold of 15%).
The pronounced increase in mortality among young people has a strong impact on gender relations and the reproductive process. A close inverse relationship was found between the mortality rate of men 15-49 years old and the birth rate.
Worsened mating behavior. The number of divorces per 100 marriages has increased by 1.5-2 times compared to 1990.
It has been proven that feelings of aggression, fear, anxiety, lack of freedom, etc. inhibits fertility.
In this regard, the moral and emotional atmosphere of Europe, the USA and the USSR at the beginning of the twentieth century has changed significantly compared to the previous century. Characteristic features were an increase in anger, cruelty, fear, depression, and loss of control over the situation.
Role relationships that have developed over centuries in the family are being disrupted. On the one hand, the feminist movement seeks to make people asexual, freeing women from all types of inequality, including gender.
On the other hand, men lose the opportunity to perform the male functions of breadwinners and breadwinners. Economic conditions also contribute to this.
It has become unprofitable to start a family, even without children. Compared to those living alone, food consumption among members of a newly formed family is immediately reduced by 15-25%. If you have one to three children, nutrition deteriorates by 40-70%.
As a result, not only childbearing is disrupted, but also sexual health.
In the USA in the early 1990s among women 18-59 years old
- had low libido 32%,
- 26% did not experience orgasm,
- 23% felt aversion to sex.
Among men of this age
-premature ejaculation was observed in 31%,
- weak potency in 10%,
-low libido in 15%,
- dislike of sex in 11%.
According to American doctors, the main causes of these disorders were depression and stress.
According to the UN, the average life expectancy for men in Russia is 59 years, which puts Russia 166th in the world - just above The Gambia.
Women live an average of 73 years, significantly worse in 126 other countries. And the difference between the average life expectancy of men and women in Russia - 14 years - is the largest in everything developed world.
At the same time, having children prolongs people's lives.
Demographers from the universities of London and Oslo analyzed the biographies of 1.5 million Norwegians aged 45 to 68 years.
A mother of two has a 50% lower risk of death than a childless woman of the same age. age group(from 45 to 68 years old).
The risk of death for fathers is 35% lower than for childless men.
The fact that mothers live longer than childless women has, on the one hand, physiological reasons; on the other hand, men and women are influenced social factors. Parents are less likely to take risks than people without children; in addition, in old age they receive support from their children, experts explained.
With all this, there may also be an inverse relationship: perhaps people who are initially less healthy are less likely to have children.
2. Preparation for conception.
(periconceptional prophylaxis)
Conceiving a healthy child requires preparation of the organisms of both parents. Now they have even become special courses spend with parents.
A woman carries all the eggs within her from birth, and damaging factors act on them continuously from the woman’s birth.
In men, a new generation of sperm matures on average in 72 days, but they can also be subject to negative influences - no need to take an x-ray, large doses of alcohol up to 3 months before conception will affect the quality of sperm.
Therefore, we see that the main responsibility for the health of future children falls on the fragile shoulders of a woman. She should take care of her health from childhood.
It is necessary to take into account: age, any diseases, nutrition, bad habits.
Nowadays, an increasing number of married couples are having problems due to their poor physical health - smoking, alcohol, chronic diseases, infections (ureaplasmosis, chlamydia - it can destroy the fallopian tubes in a woman, inflame and scar the seminal duct system in a man).
Therefore, they have to put in a lot of work and money to restore their health and get pregnant.
NSP health products
will help restore the health of both spouses, get pregnant and give birth to a healthy child.
Then she will give this child the opportunity to realize his genetic potential to the maximum, grow up healthy, smart and normal, study better than anyone in school, not get sick during any epidemics and grow up to be a full-fledged man or woman.
a) Telegony. Information memory about extramarital affairs.
Currently, many families are raising children that are not entirely their own. There is strong evidence for this.
The word telegony comes from the name of the mythical son of Odysseus - Telegon. The word comes from the Greek “born away from the father.” They try to say as little as possible about the phenomenon of telegony.
For 200 years, biologists and practicing breeders of purebred domestic animals have been aware of a phenomenon called telegony. It began with the experiments of Charles Darwin's friend Lord Morton.
He was trying to sire offspring from his purebred English mare and a zebra stallion. There were no offspring due to the incompatibility of their eggs and sperm.
After some time, the mare gave birth to a foal from a stallion of the English breed, which had stripes like a zebra on the rump.
This foal actually has two fathers: the first is a zebra stallion, who transmitted the information phantom of his genes at the level of the biofield of an English breed mare, and the second father is a purebred English stallion.
According to the telegony effect, the offspring of a female are influenced by all previous males in copulation, regardless of whether there were children from these marriages or not.
As a result of numerous studies conducted around the world, it was found that the telegony effect extends to people.
RITA laws, wave genetics, the phenomenon of the first male, telegony - these are the names of this phenomenon.
Inherited external signs the first man, his positive and negative properties, including diseases, venereal, mental, blood diseases on long years, and perhaps forever. A woman on a subconscious level stores in her memory information about her first man.
At the Institute of Physical and Technical Problems, academician Pyotr Garyaev discovered that the DNA chromosome, the carrier of which is sperm, is a laser that works like a holographic film camera. DNA is responsible for genetics. This is a quantum biocomputer.
Wave genetics has established that genetic information from each sexual partner is recorded in the woman’s genome.
Therefore all children born women lung behavior, have hereditary pathologies. In ancient times, they knew this very well and took care of the honor of their daughters from a young age.
Our Slavic ancestors knew that the first man leaves a woman images of spirit and blood - a mental and physical portrait of the children she will give birth to. They knew that virginity does not guarantee the image of spirit and blood, that if a woman during intimacy with one man she thinks about another, then a child will be born similar to the one she was thinking about. After all, thought is material.
When the matchmakers arrived, the first question was:
"Is your girl clean?" What was meant was whether she kept her purity and virginity genetic basis, whether there is someone else’s spirit and blood in her. Chastity is conscious concern for future offspring.
We need to follow the example of the United States and begin to restore respect for virginity.
And today, premarital affairs are the order of the day. And you can’t blame a woman if she doesn’t marry a virgin. Our society, the promotion of safe sex, the ideological war, and the sex industry have made her this way.
No condom can save you from the “phenomenon of the first male”, telegony - after all, electromagnetic radiation, the wave field, also spreads through the condom.
The exchange of energy and information takes place during sex in the process of interaction of biofields.
Pyotr Garyaev, academician, seems to have to be trusted.
There are many opponents of telegony, who very convincingly prove its inconsistency, and call it not only untenable, but also a harmful false teaching.
However, one should not conclude from this that there are no consequences for fornication. The most terrible of them is falling away from God, from the grace-filled life in Him: fornicators will not inherit the Kingdom of God (Cf. 1 Cor. 6:9).
In the Sermon on the Mount, Christ deepened the Old Testament understanding of adultery, expressing the essence of the New Testament law: “You have heard that it was said to the ancients: “You shall not commit adultery,” but I say to you that anyone who looks at a woman with lustful desire has already committed adultery with her in his heart.” (Matt. 5.27-28). That is, the sin of adultery is even a lustful look at a woman. That is why we are commanded to have chastity, moral purity, and purity of relationships.
Perceiving the relationship between a man and a woman in the narrow context of satisfying the desires of the flesh, the fornicator, without noticing it, sinks to the animal level, his entire system of perception of the world and himself is distorted. In addition, there is a risk of losing physical health.
The concept of “chastity” is much deeper than just abstinence: it implies a holistic perception of reality, an adequate assessment of everything that happens - as opposed to the existence of one’s own sinful desires in virtual reality. Choosing one way of life or another is in the free will of each of us, but we must not forget about responsibility for our choice.
In this regard, I myself think that both men and women need to maintain morality. And, of course, it’s better to marry a woman who retained her virginity before marriage, somehow calmer, so that bad thoughts don’t enter your head later.
At the same time, there are a lot of cases when we were going to live, but then everything went wrong. Divorced.
Shouldn’t a woman now remain alone for the rest of her life?
We need to go to church, repent of our sins and continue to live, get married again.
Regarding condoms:
1.Using condoms can pose a serious health risk.
This conclusion was reached by specialists from an Israeli clinic who studied the causes of bacterial sepsis in patients undergoing transrectal prostate biopsy.
Microorganisms enter the surface of “rubber products No. 2” at the production stage, which makes it impossible to identify a dangerous product before it goes on sale. Microbes were found on the surface of 86 out of 106 condoms used to isolate the ultrasonic transducer for rectal examinations, opened under absolutely sterile conditions.
2.Condoms are made of latex. It has small micropores, only 50 microns in diameter.
And the virus is 1/10 micron in size. The sperm has a diameter of 3 microns and a length of 15 microns. It will fit freely.
In the USA they already write directly that a condom does not protect you.
No method of contraception protects 100% from sexually transmitted diseases and pregnancy.
And people think that safe sex is possible. Filmed
psychological barriers. The age of onset of sex is already 13 years old, shameful
therefore she was a virgin.
Americans have determined that women's infertility depends on their mothers having abortions before they were born.
67% of women whose mothers got rid of children before they were born cannot have offspring. Usually the diagnosis is “baby uterus” and treatment is useless.
It has been suggested that at the genetic level there is an order not to have children. Abortion increases the risk of developing diseases in the offspring that interfere with conception and normal fetal development.
For the first time in the world, abortions were officially allowed at the CCCP. In Europe only 40 years ago. And once upon a time there was a death penalty for abortion, because... This is the murder of a child.
20 thousand abortions are performed daily in Russia. 60 million in the world.
b) How do chronic diseases affect the possibility of conception and pregnancy.
Diabetes will make it more difficult to get pregnant. In addition, diabetes can seriously affect pregnancy. It can cause miscarriage or birth dead child. Children may be born with birth defects.
Most complications appear during the first trimester, the first 13 weeks of pregnancy. Blood sugar levels must be constantly monitored.
Asthma - 50% of women during pregnancy do not notice any changes, about 25% even feel some improvement, and 25% experience a deterioration in their condition. Contact with allergens must be avoided.
Hypertension - the kidneys may not be able to cope with the work, a hypertensive crisis is possible, headache. Increased pressure reduces blood flow to the placenta. Fetal development is affected and the baby will weigh less than normal at birth.
Heart diseases. The load on the heart during pregnancy increases by 1.5 times, which is a serious test for of cardio-vascular system, and a medical opinion about the possibility of pregnancy is required before conception.
Kidney diseases and Bladder. Infections of the urinary tract and bladder can spread to the kidneys, causing pyelonephritis, which can lead to premature birth.
Kidney stones can cause severe pain or cause urinary tract infections and pyelonephritis.
Thyroid diseases can occur due to either excess or deficiency of thyroid hormone.
A deficiency of thyroid hormone - hypothyroidism - causes infertility or miscarriage.
Excess hormone is called thyrotoxicosis. This is a risk of premature birth and having a low birth weight baby.
Anemia - there is not enough hemoglobin to carry oxygen to the cells. It is necessary to take vitamins and medications containing a full range of microelements necessary for the body.
Migraine usually improves during pregnancy.
3. How does conception occur?
The fertile period is those days of the monthly cycle during which the conception of a child is possible as a result of sexual relations.
The probability of pregnancy in a healthy couple with regular sexual activity and without protection in the first month is only 25%.
During the first 6 months the chances are already 66%,
within 9 months - 80%,
about 85% within 12 months,
96% after 18 months.
The fertilization process can be divided into several stages.
To fertilize an egg, a woman’s body must undergo complex changes.
a) Vagina and uterus.
The vagina, also called the vagina, is an elastic, hollow, muscular organ in the form of a tube about 10 cm long, which connects the internal genital organs - the uterus, ovaries and oviducts - with the external ones.
The uterus is a pear-shaped organ about the size of egg, which is located in the pelvic cavity. Above is the larger body of the uterus, to which the oviducts are attached ( the fallopian tubes), and the cervix comes out into the vagina below.
The cervical mucus secreted by the glands of the cervix should be favorable for maintaining the viability of sperm.
The reproductive tract must ensure the unhindered movement of sperm through the tubes to the egg and the fertilized egg into the uterus.
The uterine cavity must be anatomically normal and its mucous membrane must be ready for implantation and development of the embryo.
A very important point when examining women suffering from infertility and miscarriages is a biochemical analysis of the contents of the uterine cavity.
This is important because two very important things depend on the quality of this content:
1.Attachment of a fertilized egg to the uterine cavity.
2. Changes in sperm (capacitation phenomenon) when passing through the uterine cavity.
If at least one of these processes is disrupted, then you can be treated all your life without results. One of the main reasons for failures in in vitro fertilization lies precisely in this.
The cervix closes the uterine cavity from below, preventing pathogenic microbes from penetrating into it using a kind of “plug”
from mucous secretion. It opens only during menstruation, when blood from the uterine cavity through the cervix is released into the vagina, and during possible conception.
During pregnancy, the cervix is firmly “clogged.”
If this function is impaired, miscarriages or premature births occur. During labor, the cervix should be open as wide as possible to allow the baby to come out.
Every month, the uterus prepares to receive a mature egg. The mucous membrane that lines the walls of the uterus becomes loose. This is done by the corpus luteum hormones produced in the ovaries.
If the egg is not fertilized, then the now unnecessary mucous membrane is rejected, and bleeding begins - menstruation. Then a new mucous membrane is formed.
b) Ovulation
When a woman reaches puberty, eggs begin to mature in her ovaries and up to 500 of them are formed during her life. The ovaries, the size of a pigeon egg, are located on the right and left, a few centimeters from the uterus. The eggs mature in them and the female sex hormone is formed, which regulates the process of reproduction.
The egg (another name for follicle) is located in a shell filled with liquid. It grows to the size of a cherry.
The period of time from the first day of menstruation to the last day before the next menstruation is called the menstrual cycle. During each monthly cycle, an egg begins to mature in the ovaries, ready for fertilization. Menstruation indicates that the egg has matured.
Once ripe, it separates from the ovary and remains viable for 8 to 24 hours.
This process is called ovulation. Without ovulation there will be no pregnancy. With hormonal imbalances, ovulation may not occur.
A normal cycle is approximately four weeks, ovulation occurs on the 14th - 15th day. The egg is ready for fertilization and moves towards the uterus. If fertilization does not occur, then it is carried out of the uterus to the outside during monthly bleeding.
There are already devices, for example ClearPlan Easy Fertility Monitor, which can more accurately determine the moment of ovulation based on the hormone content in a urine test.
c) Fertilization.
Spermatozoa are formed from germ cells or spermatogonia. Sperm that mature and are ready for fertilization are stored in the male gonads - two testicles in the scrotum. Sperm development requires more than low temperature than for the whole organism. The more sexual intercourse and ejaculations, the better the main factor for conception is sperm motility, fastness, as Nikolai Fomenko says.
The path of the sperm.
During sexual intercourse, sperm first enter the vagina, and then into the uterus and fallopian tubes, where they meet the egg. Seminal fluid reduces the acidity of the vaginal environment, as a result of which sperm can survive for up to two days, waiting for the egg to mature. The sperm retains its fertilizing ability for two days.
For fertilization, they must travel a huge distance - after all, the fallopian tubes or oviducts are formations in the form of tubes 8 - 10 cm long and half a centimeter thick, which connect the uterus and ovaries, where fertilization occurs. The reproductive tract must ensure the unhindered movement of sperm through the tubes to egg and fertilized egg into the uterus.
Shortly before and during ovulation, for three to four days, the mucous secretion of the cervix becomes permeable to sperm.
Cervical mucus is a very favorable environment for maintaining the life of sperm, in contrast to the acidic environment of the vagina. It acts as a filter - it allows only normal and motile sperm to pass through and forms something similar to a path made of woven mesh. Motile sperm use this path as an escalator to penetrate the uterus and then into the tubes.
The path of the egg.
The egg moves through special cilia in the cavity of the tubes into the uterus. The unfertilized egg dies and is destroyed, while the fertilized egg attaches to the uterus and when it divides, an embryo is formed.
The site of fertilization, the fallopian tubes, reaches only a few hundred sperm. Here they must meet a female cage.
Having crossed the two zones surrounding the egg, the sperm with its head penetrates into it, thus fertilization occurs. As soon as this has arrived, the egg, with the help chemical reaction changes the structure of the last zone so that no other sperm can pass through it.
When fertilization occurs, an egg is formed in which the membranes of the sperm and egg merge, and the two groups of chromosomes are joined in pairs. As a result, a complete single cell is formed. This cell is called a zygote and represents the beginning of a new life. It contains all the genetic information necessary for the further development of a human being. The first cell division occurs - 2 cells, then after about 10 hours the second - 4 cells and the process is underway division. This is already called an Embryo.
An embryo develops from the egg and moves through the tube to the uterus. The cilia of the tube roll the embryo like a ball.
On the 4th day, the embryo reaches the uterine cavity and already consists of 64 cell divisions.
On days 5-6, the embryo is freed from the surrounding membrane.
On days 7-9, implantation begins in the endometrial mucosa of the uterus. The implantation period continues until the 12th day. Sometimes there may be slight bleeding.
Researchers from the University of California at San Francisco, led by Dr. Susan Fisher, have found that before implantation, the developing embryo interacts with the inner surface of the uterus several times and only after that can attach to it, which will ensure the formation of a full-fledged placenta and the normal course of pregnancy.
As Dr. Fisher explained, precise timing is important in this process. On the surface of the embryo there are proteins called selectins, which can interact with carbohydrates that appear on the inner surface of the uterus after ovulation. The L-selectin protein on the surface of the embryo combines with carbohydrates and is released again, gradually slowing down its movement.
It eventually stops and can implant itself in the wall of the uterus to receive nourishment from the mother's blood vessels. This process can be figuratively compared to the landing of an airplane, which before stopping can touch and again lift off from the runway.
Experts believe that violations of this process will soon be able to be diagnosed and then corrected.
Now the uterus fulfills its main task - it provides the embryo with nutrition and serves as a protective shell. During pregnancy, menstruation stops until the baby is born.
When ovulation occurred, and the concentration of progester
