Dry skin: causes, treatment. Increased dryness of the skin of the face and body, causes

Dry skin is primarily expressed in disturbances in water and lipid metabolism and changes in the functioning of the sebaceous and sweat glands. In order to understand the causes of dry skin, we will take a closer look at what the skin actually is and what its role is for humans.

The skin is the outer layer that protects the human body from external influences and is involved in thermoregulation, respiration and metabolic processes. The area of ​​the skin of an adult reaches two square meters, and the weight is approximately one-sixth of the total body weight. The skin acts as a barrier between the human body and the external environment, performs multiple important functions, participates in regulating body temperature, and protects internal organs from various types of mechanical influences (pressure, shocks, friction).

The presence of an antiseptic environment on the skin protects the body from the effects of pathogenic microbes. As long as the skin remains healthy, it maintains the necessary level of moisture and protects a person from the effects of sunlight. Negative Impact environment, chemicals, cosmetics, ultraviolet irradiation, overdose of medications, as well as nervous overload greatly upset the balance. As a result, peeling, redness, irritation, early formation of wrinkles and dry skin appear.

The skin consists of three layers. The first is the epidermis, the second is the dermis and the third is the subcutaneous layer of fatty tissue. The epidermis is the outer layer, reaching a thickness of 0.03-1 mm. The eyelids have the thinnest epidermis, and in those places where the strongest effect is manifested, the epidermis thickens up to 30 times. Peeling of the upper layer of the epidermis is a normal physiological process, since the skin surface sheds up to two billion keratinized skin flakes every day. And epidermal cells are renewed every four weeks. Restoration of the skin is carried out by cell division of the basal and deepest layers of the epidermis. In the basal layer, creatine is involved in the synthesis of young cells. This is carried out at night. People do not notice the renewal of their skin. The exfoliation process is noticeable when the separation of dead cells occurs in large groups. The basal layer of the epidermis also plays an important role in determining our tan. It contains melanophores (pigment cells) involved in the formation of the melanin pigment in the sun. Pigment cells on the skin surface are distributed unevenly. For example, the face area has twice as many melanophores per square centimeter as the inside of the arm. Therefore, the face is able to tan much faster and stronger. If the skin is not able to produce melanin after exposure to the sun, then this phenomenon is called, and people are classified as.

Under the top layer of the epidermis is the dermis, which is much thicker (up to 2.4 mm). The dermis itself is a dense, connective, fibrous tissue and ground substance containing elastic and collagen fibers. These fibers are responsible for the condition of the skin and whether the skin is dry, flabby or tight and elastic. Under certain conditions, collagen fibers absorb and accumulate moisture. When filled to capacity with moisture, the skin visually looks elastic and smooth. The second important task of the dermis is to provide the epidermis with nutrients: microelements, vitamins, oxygen, proteins, minerals and amino acids. The dermis is able to maintain a constant body temperature within 37 degrees. Temperature regulation is carried out automatically. The blood vessels, tiny capillaries, narrow when feeling cold, and expand when feeling hot. When vasoconstriction is noticeable on the surface of the skin, it is given the name “goose bump”. If the body overheats or works physically hard, the sweat glands actively secrete sweat. Protruding onto the surface of the skin, sweat evaporates. Thus, the skin is cooled and the whole body is protected from overheating.

The last is the subcutaneous fatty tissue, which is the deep layer of the skin. It can reach a thickness from a millimeter to several centimeters. The composition of fiber includes loose connective tissue, deposited primarily on the abdomen, buttocks, and thighs. Subcutaneous fatty tissue acts as protection against shock, an energy “depot”, and also a thermal layer. The thickness of the fat layer depends directly on nutrition, age, sports activity, the functioning of the hormonal system, and heredity. Fiber tissue contains nerve endings, as well as hair roots.

So, we figured out that the skin is one of the large human organs of the body, performing numerous and varied functions. The appearance of the outer cover immediately indicates the condition of the organism as a whole.

But we will now try to figure out what dry skin signals and why it is dangerous. Dry skin or dry skin (xeroderma) is one of the signs of lack of moisture in the top layer- epidermis. A small amount of water accumulates in the epidermis (up to 20%). At the first signs of lack of moisture, the following occurs: the lower layers of the skin intensively evaporate water, and there is a slowdown in metabolic processes, leading to their dullness.

Dry skin is a very common phenomenon, characteristic of middle-aged and elderly people.

Dry skin causes

In medicine, there are two types of dry skin. The first type is acquired dry skin. The second type is caused by constitutional conditioning. Acquired dryness becomes so under the influence of external factors. These factors are ultra-violet rays, frost, high temperature, wind, low air humidity. Often, excessive dryness of the skin is the result of therapeutic measures or exfoliation procedures (peeling), or a rejuvenation method (dermabrasion). Dry skin is also likely when using azelaic acid, retinoids and other medications.

Constitutionally dry skin occurs physiologically or due to genetic characteristics. It often appears in children aged two to six years. This happens due to a physiological decrease in the synthesis of sebum by the sebaceous glands. Constitutionally determined dryness can also manifest itself in a number of skin pathologies such as ichthyosis.

Dry skin on the hands, back, legs, and face is often found in women with thin and snow-white skin.

Modern medicine identifies such a concept as senile xerosis, which is understood as a clinical symptom with excessive dryness skin during aging. Often the skin becomes dry in the period before menopause, as well as during menopause itself.

There is another classification of dry skin: good tone and decreased tone.

Good tone of dry skin is characterized by an elastic, smooth and matte surface. This occurs when there are no wrinkles on the skin, but there is high sensitivity in responding to external stimuli. Therefore, the skin needs regular, cosmetic care, since the absence of one will lead to loss of tone. This feature is often characteristic of young people.

Reduced tone of dry skin is characterized by thinning. This becomes very noticeable around the mouth, as well as the eyes, since the first wrinkles and folds appear in these places. Those with reduced skin tone should use modern techniques for her care to improve her condition.

Dry skin of the feet and its causes are as follows: mechanical impact as a result of wearing narrow, uncomfortable shoes, which leads to compression and thickening of the stratum corneum with subsequent dryness.

Dry skin signs

How to determine dry skin yourself? When pressing on skin covering fingers leave traces of dry skin.

Signs of dry skin include flaking, flakes, itching, red spots, discomfort, roughness and inelasticity, lack of pores, tightness after water procedures, roughness, presence of deep cracks, rare bleeding of cracks.

Water is essential for the skin. Without sufficient moisture, the skin cannot function normally. Humidity level affects appearance epidermis. Moisture can impart elasticity and firmness. Moisture also supplies the skin with all important nutrients.

Lack of proper hydration thins and leads to dry skin. In addition, it quickly becomes covered with wrinkles, turning into hypersensitive to external influences. The degree of hydration of the skin can be determined by two regulatory mechanisms. The first is the general condition of the stratum corneum; the second is the total amount of sebum. Horny cells, like sebum, form a lipid layer that protects the skin layer from moisture loss. The function of the lipid layer is also to prevent the penetration of pathogenic microbes, allergens and toxins. Dry skin threatens inflammatory processes and also leads to premature aging.

There are many other possible causes of dry skin: bathing in hot water, physiological aging, frequent washing, seasonal changes, taking medications, climate change, dehydration, inflammatory processes, allergic reactions, wounds, irritations, scratches, cuts, dry air at home , a craze for alkaline soap, as well as cosmetics, disturbances in the gastrointestinal tract.

Dry skin treatment

Often, dry skin appears a couple of days after vacation. The reason for this is the stay long time exposure to the sun and climate change. To restore the skin, you need to humidify the air in the house. For this purpose, fresh flowers or vessels with water help well. Set the air conditioner to 85% humidity.

Moisturizing procedures under polyethylene are effective for the skin. These procedures help increase sweating, as well as the absorption of water by the skin. 3 procedures are enough and dry skin will disappear.

Dry skin of the hands, face, head and all skin is treated with baths with starch, soda, salt, and special ointments based on urea or salicylic acid. After frequent visits to swimming pools, your knees, elbows, and forearms suffer from dryness, so it is necessary to rinse your body with cool water after visiting them.

During the period of hormonal changes, the skin quickly becomes dry. This applies to women over 45 years of age. The skin of the feet and palms become especially problematic. In such cases, complex treatment is prescribed.

During the period of weight loss, the skin is subject to the greatest dryness, since micro and macroelements leave the body with water, and their replenishment does not occur (a person consciously limits himself in both food and water), and this cannot be done. Dehydration of the skin leads to increased peeling.

How to treat this dry skin? It is important to drink up to two liters of water every day. Low-fat fermented milk drinks and juices replenish moisture well, but tea and coffee dehydrate the body even more.

This risk group includes people over 65 years of age, lovers of hot baths, living in cold climates or with low humidity.

Dry skin can be accompanied by complications: cellulitis, eczema, folliculitis. If you find strange signs (redness in certain areas, itching, sleep disturbances, ulcers, peeling), you should consult a dermatologist.

Treatment for dry skin includes a special diet rich in vitamins and minerals. These are mainly B vitamins. To do this, you should include eggs, fish, brown rice, green vegetables, dairy products, liver, nuts, brown bread and fruits in your diet. Vegetables and fruits activate collagen production, supply the body with vitamin C and A, the liver will be a source of protein, and dairy products will provide the body with amino acids.

Dry skin in a child

Most young mothers are concerned about dry skin of their babies. This phenomenon is considered normal, since after birth the sweat glands do not function well and over time everything improves spontaneously.

If dry skin in a child persists for a long time, then in this case there may be a number of reasons: frequent bathing, early artificial feeding, hard water, violation of the mother’s diet, intestinal pathologies, early introduction of complementary foods, contact with household chemicals.

Dry skin in a child occurs rapidly due to the rapid response to external reasons. A harmless talc-based powder can dry out the baby's skin.

Dry skin in a child can lead to pain, redness, itching, peeling, and cracking of the skin.

Dry skin during pregnancy

This is the main problem of all expectant mothers. During this period, there is an acute lack of fluid in the body. This dehydration often affects the feet, upper limbs, and facial skin.

How to remove dry skin? With help special means that will not harm the fetus. Hydrocortisone or cortisone should not be used as they will further cause dehydration. Take advantage simple tips: wash with foam to moisturize, use a moisturizing mask and vegetable oils when bathing, drink non-carbonated water, mineral water, use a humidifier and scrubs with small particles, do not get carried away with baths.

Dry scalp

This phenomenon is quite common, especially in winter time. When there is an imbalance of the sebaceous glands, flakes with a yellowish tint fall off the scalp.

Dry scalp can be treated with diet. Include fatty acids in your daily diet. Eat avocados, fatty fish, and avoid perfumed conditioners and shampoos. Finish every hair wash with a rinse. apple cider vinegar. Buy a humidifier. Use a head mask: honey combined with olive oil.

Dry scalp in the presence of diseases such as psoriasis requires complex treatment by specialists.

Dry hand skin

This condition is caused by a number of factors. This includes hand care, general condition of the body, living conditions, nutrition. It is the hands that give away a person’s age. To keep your hands attractive, use these tips: after washing, dry your hands thoroughly, complete the washing procedure in cool water, never go outside with wet hands, and in cold weather without gloves, use softening hand creams, apply to your hands in summer sunscreen, do your homework with gloves, use a hand scrub. In the evening, after smearing your hands with cream, put on plastic gloves.

Use masks and compresses from mashed potatoes; yolks with honey and vegetable oil; sour cream, yolk and lemon juice. After masks, apply cream to your hands to moisturize. All these recommendations will help keep your hands well-groomed and beautiful.

Dry facial skin

If you cannot cope with dry skin on your own, seek the help of cosmetologists, since proper care will preserve youth and prevent the appearance early wrinkles. It is better to wash your face with melt water or special lotions, you can use milk diluted with water and herbal infusions. Always use face masks after cleansing your skin. Masks made from oatmeal, dairy products, and warm porridges are good. Positive results They give gymnastic procedures and, of course, a balanced diet. The habit of smoking and an abundance of cosmetic products have a very bad effect on the face. decorative means. At the same time, the skin around the eyes loses elasticity and becomes dry. To prevent such problems, moisturize the skin with special moisturizing creams around the eyes, avoid ultraviolet radiation, enrich your diet with vegetables and fruits, and drink plenty of fluids. At home, apply aloe plant juice to problem areas.

Dry lips

This condition occurs after licking the lips, which leads to evaporation of moisture and the appearance of dryness not only on the lips, but also around the mouth.

Dry lip skin often occurs in cold and windy weather or under direct exposure to sunlight. Sometimes the cause is a lack of moisture, as well as nutritional components.

The best treatment for dry lips is to prevent it from getting worse. Every exit from the house should be accompanied by lubrication of lips with hygienic lipstick or balm. And in summer it is necessary to use sunscreen balms, for example with oils. Good masks to use for softening: cottage cheese, apple, cream, carrot.

Many people who experience dry skin know that it can cause a lot of problems. Tightening, finely porous structure, irritation, dull color, peeling and - these uncomfortable sensations can upset and make you think about finding ways to deal with them. In addition, dry skin is more susceptible to wrinkles and ages faster.

In this article we will tell you about the causes of dry skin and methods of treatment. Such knowledge will help you get rid of discomfort, which it is capable of delivering, and will prevent the formation of premature wrinkles.

Signs of dry skin

You can determine dry skin yourself: when you apply pressure with your fingers, marks on its surface do not disappear for a long time. There are also other signs:

• tightness;
• invisible pores;
• frequent irritation (redness);
• peeling;
• lack of elasticity;
• cracks.

As the top layer of skin dries out, it loses its integrity and dirt, bacteria and chemicals can pass through the resulting microcracks. Subsequently, these foreign agents can cause irritation and itching.

Causes

Frequent exposure to the sun contributes to dry skin.

Dry skin is caused by inhibition of sebum production, which is provoked by a number of reasons. In some cases, such ineffective functioning of the sebaceous glands is caused by a hereditary predisposition. Dermatologists note that dry skin in young people more often indicates a genetic feature, while in people it is more mature age appears due to other internal or external factors.

The main external causes of dry skin are as follows:

• dry air;
• climate;
• hot and cold water;
• prolonged exposure to the sun;
• freezing;
• improper skin care (aggressive cosmetics, frequent washing with soap, etc.).

The main internal causes of dry skin:

• (insufficient water consumption, indigestion, high fever, etc.);
• hormonal imbalances (hypothyroidism, menopause, etc.);
• metabolic disease;
• frequent stress;
• long-term use of antibiotics;
• (especially A and E);
• skin diseases (allergies, keratosis, fungal infections, etc.);
• poor nutrition and exhausting diets;
• bad habits (smoking, excessive consumption of sweet tea and coffee, carbonated drinks);
• aging.

Dry skin can be general or affect specific areas of the body. This or that localization of such zones may indicate the cause of their appearance, and various means can be used to eliminate and treat it.

Treatment options for dry hands and fingers

Dry hands and fingers are often caused by external factors. Washing dishes without gloves with aggressive substances or in hot water, cold air, using antibacterial or deodorized soap, working on the ground, working with construction mixtures - these are not all the factors that contribute to dry skin. Special attention attention should be paid to the formation of cracks on the fingers. This symptom may indicate insufficient intake of vitamins A, E and group B into the body.

To eliminate and treat dry skin of the hands and fingers, a number of measures should be taken:

• use cotton or rubber gloves when working with aggressive substances;
• wear warm mittens or gloves during the cold season;
• use sunscreen;
• Gently dry the skin of your hands after washing with a soft towel;
• use soft and high-quality detergents for washing hands;
• normalize nutrition;
• pay attention to a sufficient intake of vitamins A, E and group B.

Treatment of dry hand skin can be carried out using pharmaceutical wound-healing creams and various folk recipes.

1. Potato mask – boil potatoes in their skins, peel and mash into a paste. Add a tablespoon of warm milk to it. Apply a warm mask to the skin of your hands for 20 minutes for several days in a row, 2-3 times a day.
2. Compress made of honey and glycerin - take 1 teaspoon each of honey, glycerin, water and flour. Mix the ingredients until smooth and apply the mixture to your hands. Wear cotton gloves for 20 minutes. It is better to do such compresses several times a day for a week.
3. Sour cream compress – mix a glass of rich sour cream with egg yolk and lemon juice. Moisten the gauze with the resulting mixture and apply it to your hands, secure the top with cling film and put on gloves or wrap your hands in a warm towel. After 20 minutes, remove the remaining compress with a cotton pad and put on clean cotton gloves. It is better to do such compresses before going to bed for several days.
4. Mask from olive oil and lemon juice - mix a tablespoon of oil with 1/2 teaspoon lemon juice and 1 teaspoon of hand cream. Before going to bed, apply the mixture to the skin of your hands and put on cotton gloves. This mask can be used once a week for prevention or for several days to treat dry skin on the hands.
5. Oil bath - pour olive, sunflower or linseed oil and heat in a water bath to a comfortable temperature (it should be very warm). Immerse your hands in the oil for 20 minutes. After this, dry your hands with a napkin. It is recommended to carry out such procedures 2 times a week.

The following are used on the fingers: folk recipes:

1. Ointment from oleoresin and honey - in a metal bowl mix 10 g of oleoresin, 10 g of honey, 15 g of beeswax and 30 ml of vodka. Place on the fire and, stirring constantly, wait until all ingredients are completely dissolved. Pour the ointment into a clean glass container and store in the refrigerator. To treat, apply the product to the crack and cover with a bactericidal adhesive plaster. Leave for 7–8 hours.
2. Plantain ointment - grind the dry herb into powder, mix with 3 drops of oil and add Vaseline (in a ratio of 1:9). Apply in the same way as ointment made from oleoresin and honey.
3. Calendula ointment - grind half a glass of dried calendula flowers into powder and mix with one glass of melted lard. Place the mixture in a water bath and, stirring constantly with a wooden spatula, bring to a homogeneous consistency. Pour into a glass container and store in the refrigerator. Apply in the same way as ointment made from oleoresin and honey.

If you have dry hands and cracked fingers, a dermatologist can recommend vitamin and mineral complexes to you - it is not recommended to choose them yourself.

In some cases, dry and flaky hands can be caused. The skin becomes covered with spots of different sizes and colors (from pink to slightly bluish), and the patient may experience itching and burning. At the folds it can crack and form white flaky islands. Correct treatment of such fungal infections of the skin of the hands is prescribed only by a dermatologist after laboratory tests to determine the type of fungus. Only after this will the doctor be able to prescribe antifungal drugs and determine the duration of their use.

Treatment options for dry elbows

Dry skin on the elbows can be caused by many external and internal reasons. Peeling in this area is provoked by mechanical stress (for example, when working in an office) or frequent bathing. It can also be caused by various diseases.

The most common causes of dry elbows are:

• hypothyroidism - this disease leads to a slowdown in metabolism and skin regeneration, epidermal cells die, do not have time to exfoliate and the skin becomes dry and rough;
• – lack of iron leads to a decrease in hemoglobin and a lack of oxygen in tissues, metabolic disorders cause dry skin;
• diabetes– a metabolic failure causes a disruption in the nutrition of all tissues of the body, the skin becomes dehydrated, becomes vulnerable and thin, areas of inflammation and itching appear;
• autoimmune and dermatological diseases - atopic dermatitis, neurodermatitis, skin ichthyosis and other diseases lead to peeling and roughening of the skin.

Treatment for dry skin on the elbows is aimed at eliminating the cause that causes this symptom. In addition to treating the underlying disease, the use of creams with chamomile and alfalfa, Lipikar balm, Pitival and Atoderm creams, Radevit ointment, oils (cocoa, shea, mango, etc.) and folk recipes may be recommended.

Traditional medicine recommends the following remedies for dry skin on the elbows:

1. Scrub made from coffee grounds and honey - in coffee grounds add honey, apply to elbows and massage in circular motions to remove dead skin cells. Rinse with warm water and apply nutritious cream or oil.
2. Compresses made from sour cream and sunflower oil - mix the ingredients in equal proportions, apply the mixture to gauze and apply to the elbows, wrap in a warm cloth and leave for 10-20 minutes.
3. Milk baths – heat the milk and immerse your elbow in it for 20 minutes. Blot with a napkin and repeat the procedure on the other hand.

Methods of treatment for dry skin

Masks made from natural ingredients will help you cope with dry skin at home.

Dry facial skin can be explained by hereditary predisposition, external factors, age-related changes or disruption of the sebaceous glands. A decrease in the level of sebum secretion can provoke various diseases Gastrointestinal tract, endocrine or nervous system and lack of vitamins A, E and group B. To treat these pathologies, a consultation with a doctor is necessary, which will identify the cause and determine the course of treatment for the underlying disease.

To prevent the development of this problem, it is necessary to minimize the aggressive effects of the environment and provide the skin with proper care. Washing and caring for such skin should be carried out only with the help of special products. You can also use various homemade nourishing and moisturizing products.

Traditional medicine suggests using the following masks for dry skin:

1. A mask of plum, melon and jojoba oil - take all ingredients in equal proportions. Grind the plum and ripe melon pulp with a fork until pureed. Add oil and mix thoroughly. Apply to face and rinse with warm water after 20 minutes.
2. Mask of egg yolk, vegetable oil and chamomile - beat the egg yolk with a teaspoon of vegetable oil (almond, flaxseed, sunflower, olive, etc.), add a tablespoon of pharmaceutical chamomile extract and beat again. Apply the mixture to your face and rinse off after 10–15 minutes with slightly warm water.
3. Mask of oatmeal and olive oil - boil the flakes in milk. Take 3-4 tablespoons of porridge, add the same amount of olive oil to it and beat. Apply a thick layer to the face. Rinse off after 15 minutes with warm water and rinse your face with cool water.

Methods for treating dry skin on the body

General dry skin on the body can also be caused by external factors, but most often it is caused by diseases internal organs. To treat it, it is necessary to identify the cause and eliminate it. In addition to getting rid of the influence of external factors (hot water, aggressive detergents, prolonged exposure to the sun, etc.) and treating the underlying disease, it is recommended to maintain a normal drinking regime, eat a sufficient amount of dairy products, fish, vegetable oils, broccoli, nuts and seafood.

To moisturize and nourish the skin after hygiene procedures, various cosmetics for dry skin with ceramides, fatty acids and lipids should be used. You can also use various folk recipes for baths, masks and peelings:

1. Peeling with honey, sea salt and olive oil - mix 4 tablespoons of honey and 1 tablespoon of fine sea ​​salt, add a tablespoon of olive oil to the resulting mixture and stir. Apply to cleansed body skin and massage lightly. After 5 minutes, take a warm shower.
2. Bath from a decoction of flaxseed and chamomile - boil 5 teaspoons of flax seeds in a liter of water for about 15 minutes, prepare a decoction of chamomile (the recipe is indicated on the package). Mix both decoctions in a 1:1 ratio and add to 1/2 of the bath. The duration of the procedure is about 15 minutes.
3. Bath of milk, almond butter and honey - heat a liter of milk and add 200 honey to it, mix with a dessert spoon of almond butter. Pour the composition into the bath. The duration of the procedure is about 15–20 minutes.
4. Honey and olive oil mask – mix honey and oil in a 1:1 ratio, apply to cleansed body skin and leave for 20 minutes. Take a warm shower.
5. Mask of avocado, banana, cream and butter - grind the pulp of one avocado and banana with a fork until pureed, add 100 g of butter, 1/2 cup of cream to the mixture and beat everything thoroughly. Add a few drops of rose oil and beat the mask again. Apply to cleansed body skin for 15 minutes. Take a warm shower using a washcloth.

Treatment options for dry skin on feet and heels

Can be caused by wearing uncomfortable shoes, insufficient amounts of vitamins A and E, diseases endocrine system and fungal infections. In some cases, all these reasons can lead to the formation of cracks in the area of ​​roughened skin, which cause a lot of discomfort and pain.

If such a problem was caused by uncomfortable shoes, then it is enough to get rid of them and choose shoes taking into account the size and shape of the foot. Treatment of dry skin on the feet and heels should be aimed at eliminating the underlying disease. To do this, you will need to consult an endocrinologist or dermatologist. Lack of adequate treatment will lead to worsening of the underlying disease and the development of complications.

For local treatment dry skin of heels and feet can be used various means: softening, exfoliating, antibacterial and wound healing. Their choice depends on the condition of the skin.

To eliminate very dry skin on heels and feet ethnoscience offers the following recipes:

1. Green apple mask – grate one apple on a fine grater, put the puree on gauze and apply it to the foot. Put on socks. Leave the compress overnight. In the morning, wash off the mask and apply nourishing cream to the skin.
2. Potato and flaxseed mask - grate raw potatoes on a fine grater, add the same amount of flaxseed, add a little water and boil the mixture until thick. Allow to cool slightly and apply to feet. After 20 minutes, rinse with warm water, remove areas of flaky skin and lubricate your feet with iodine.
3. Masks with castor oil– moisten gauze with oil and apply to the foot or heel. Wear warm socks and leave overnight. In the morning, blot your skin with a napkin.

To treat cracked heels, you can use folk recipes that were described above for the treatment of cracked fingers. The use of such means also gives good results.

One of the main skin types is dry skin– manifests itself as a feeling of tightness, peeling, finely porous structure, dull shade and easy irritation. If in youth dry facial skin looks thin, velvety and tender, then with age and without proper care its condition rapidly worsens and leads to the premature appearance of wrinkles and fading. Objectively, the phenomenon of dry skin is characterized by a violation of water and lipid metabolism, the functioning of the sweat and sebaceous glands, and a slightly acidic pH reaction (acid-base state). It is very easy to determine dry skin yourself: if, when pressing on the skin with your fingers, the marks do not disappear for a long time, it means that your skin is dry and this information is intended specifically for you.

The determining factor in the beauty, youth and health of the skin is the level water balance body. Insufficient fluid intake from food can cause dry skin. To maintain normal skin moisture, cosmetologists advise drinking 1.5 to 2 liters of water per day. This volume of fluid consumed not only replenishes its natural losses, but also removes toxins and breakdown products from the body, which, in turn, affects the condition of the skin.

Dry skin, flaking and a feeling of tightness are the causes of early skin aging. Loss of skin elasticity leads to the formation of a fine network of fine wrinkles, which, in the absence of a sufficient level of skin hydration, quickly turn into deep grooves. First of all, wrinkles appear in the corners of the eyes and mouth, as well as on the neck - areas with the thinnest skin structure. Unfavorable climatic factors (wind, low humidity, sun rays, cold air, temperature changes) dry out the skin even more, depriving it of the necessary moisture and protection.

The development of dry skin can be caused by poor nutrition, deficiency of vitamins and minerals, diseases of the nervous system, and work in hot shops. All these factors trigger a whole chain of changes occurring in the skin. Reduced skin protective barriers cause moisture loss. In turn, this entails disruption of blood microcirculation processes in tissues and their trophism. As a result of insufficient nutrition, collagen fibers suffer, and the firmness and elasticity of the skin decreases. These skin changes are further aggravated by lack of proper care.

The cause of dry skin can also be the wrong choice of cosmetics and care products, as well as certain cosmetic procedures. If the sebaceous glands are not functioning properly, the use of soap for washing, alcohol lotions, exfoliating peels and scrubs, or tightening masks is contraindicated. Among cosmetic procedures, preference should be given to enzymatic peeling, which has the most delicate effect on the protective layer and intensively moisturizes dry skin.

Dry skin needs nourishing and fortified creams, nourishing and toning masks, non-alcoholic tonics, creams containing collagen and elastin. All these cosmetics will help restore the skin's natural protection. The cosmetics used should be designed specifically for dry skin and include an active skin moisturizing complex.

An important point in the fight against dry skin is nutritional correction: eliminating alcohol, enriching the diet with foods containing vitamins A, E, C.

Skin moisturizing methods

Dry skin requires, first of all, sufficient hydration and protection from external irritants that can cause harm to it. The composition of moisturizers for dry skin must include special substances - humectants (hydratants), which provide normal level moisture. According to their mechanism of action, humectants are film-forming and hygroscopic.

Film-forming humectants include glycerin, waxes, mineral oils and fats. By forming a waterproof film on the surface of the skin, they help retain moisture in the skin and prevent its evaporation. Among the hydrants of this group, glycerin - a natural trihydric alcohol, hexahydric alcohol sorbitol and linolenic and linoleic acids - can be particularly distinguished.

Due to its ability to retain liquid, glycerin has been used in cosmetic formulations for many decades. Not long ago, American scientists discovered another property of glycerin - the ability to send a signal and stimulate the process of maturation of young skin cells. Cell renewal maintains normal moisture levels and prevents dry skin.

The hexahydric alcohol sorbitol, which belongs to the same group, also has hygroscopic properties. It moisturizes the skin and also significantly improves the texture of moisturizing creams, masks and other cosmetic products, giving them plasticity, softness and velvety. Linolenic acid can not only form a hydrophilic film on the surface of the skin, but also regulate the barrier permeability of the epidermis. Linoleic acid is necessary both for creating a waterproof lipid barrier and for regulating local skin immunity.

The group of hygroscopic humectants includes urea, hyaluronic, pyrrolidonecarboxylic and lactic acids, collagen. The molecules of these skin-related substances bind water and retain it in the skin. They are able to restore the level of natural moisturizing factor (NMF) in the epidermis. Among this group, the highest hygroscopicity is hyaluronic acid, one gram of which converts one liter of water into a gel-like state. The cosmetic industry uses hyaluronic acid extracted from cockscombs and shark skin.

Collagen (Greek - glue), present in the intercellular space and skin cells, is capable of absorbing and retaining an amount of water 30 times greater than its own weight. The cosmetic industry widely uses collagen's ability to absorb moisture.

When choosing moisturizers for dry skin, pay attention to their composition and the presence of the above listed ingredients. In the best way combating dry skin of the face and body is to develop an individual comprehensive moisturizing program, including advice on nutrition and skin care, appropriate creams, masks and procedures. The problem of dry skin should be solved by dermatocosmetologists, taking into account the degree of skin dehydration, seasonality, age and other individual characteristics. Today this can be done to achieve good cosmetic results, prolonging the youth and health of the skin of the face and body.

Usually dry skin (xerosis) does not indicate serious problems, but it can cause discomfort and sometimes lead to unpleasant complications.

Fortunately, most cases of xerosis are caused by external factors that are easy to control.

Separately, ichthyosis is a disease associated with extreme dry skin, which disfigures the patient and causes him physical and emotional suffering. Chronic and severe skin problems are a reason to consult a dermatologist.

Causes of dry skin

The main causes of xerosis include the influence various factors environment, as well as diseases that impair skin functions.

Possible reasons include:

1. Climatic conditions. The skin becomes dry in winter when the temperature and humidity drop. Winter conditions contribute to the worsening of existing skin problems.

2. Central heating and air conditioning. Fireplaces, central heating, and air conditioners without humidification can cause dry skin.

3. Hot bath or shower. Frequently taking a hot bath, especially if a person likes to splash around in the water for a long time, can destroy lipid barrier skin. It is also not recommended to swim in heavily chlorinated pools.

4. Harsh soaps and shower products. Many popular products contain aggressive surfactants (surfactants). These surfactants simply wash away the protective lipid membrane of the skin, causing dryness.

5. Sun rays. Like heat, the sun's rays dry out the skin. UV rays penetrate the epidermis, affecting the deep layer of skin - the dermis. They destroy collagen and elastin, leading to so-called solar elastosis.

6. Atopic dermatitis. This is one of the most common types of eczema and most often affects dry and sensitive skin.

7. Psoriasis. This skin disease is characterized by the rapid growth of rough, dry, dead skin scales, as well as itching.

8. Diseases of the thyroid gland. Hypothyroidism - insufficient function of the thyroid gland - reduces the activity of the sweat and sebaceous glands, which leads to dry skin.

Risk factors for dry skin

Dry skin can develop in any person, but the following groups are most susceptible to xerosis:

1. Elderly people.
2. Residents of countries with dry and cold climates.
3. People who like to take hot showers or baths often.

Symptoms of xerosis

Most often, dry skin is a temporary problem that only bothers you during a certain season, but it can last a lifetime. Symptoms of xerosis depend on your general health, age, where you live, and how much time you spend outdoors.

Possible symptoms include:

1. A feeling of tightness of the skin, especially after a bath.
2. Skin is wrinkled and dehydrated.
3. Skin looks rough instead of smooth.
4. The itching is bothersome, sometimes very intense.
5. Peeling of the skin - from slight to severe.
6. Skin cracks, sometimes bleeding and painful.
7. Redness of the skin, usually in limited areas.

1. The condition does not improve despite home measures.
2. Dry skin is accompanied by severe redness.
3. Dryness and itching interfere with normal sleep.
4. Ulcers and infected wounds form due to scratching.
5. The skin peels off in large areas.

Diagnosis of the causes of dry skin

Dry skin can accompany a number of skin and internal diseases, so your doctor will need to run some tests to make an accurate diagnosis. To determine some skin problems, sometimes a careful examination is enough, and to determine, say, thyroid deficiency, you need to analyze the level of thyroid hormones.

List skin diseases associated with xerosis include:

1. Follicular keratosis. This condition causes small, acne-like pimples on the arms, legs and buttocks. Numerous pimples give the skin a rough, sandpaper-like appearance. Pimples are usually flesh-colored, but can also be red and inflamed.

2. Ichthyosis. In this unpleasant disease, skin cells form thick, dry scales that look like fish scales. The scales are small, multifaceted, from white to brown. Ichthyosis can cause deep, painful cracks in the palms and soles of the feet.

3. Xreotic eczema. This disease causes dry skin and numerous cracks in the skin. This characteristic skin appearance is described by some people as “dry riverbed” or “cracked porcelain”. The skin is inflamed, itchy and bleeding.

4. Psoriasis. The disease manifests itself as dry, flaking and itchy skin. The skin in the affected areas is reddish and covered with scales resembling dandruff. In severe cases, the disease may be complicated by infection.

In most cases, dry skin can be treated with simple home remedies such as moisturizing after showering. If your skin is peeling, your doctor may recommend special creams that contain salicylic acid, lactic acid or a combination of lactic acid and urea.

For more serious problems, such as atopic dermatitis or psoriasis, ointments and creams containing corticosteroids (Celestoderm B, Elokom, Advantan) can be used. If an infection occurs due to constant scratching or poor hygiene, your doctor may prescribe combined agents, which also contain antibiotics (Celestoderm B with garamicin, Triderm).

If you are prone to dryness, it is not always possible to achieve flawless skin.

However, use these tips:

1. Moisturize your skin. There are many products that form a protective film that protects the skin from moisture loss. The simplest and effective option- oil for babies.

2. Limit hot baths and showers. Such procedures should last no more than 15 minutes, and the water should be used warm, not hot.

3. Avoid harsh soaps that dry out your skin. If you have sensitive skin, you can’t save on good soap and shower gels. Use a gentle, oil-infused soap such as Neutrogena or Dove.

4. Use moisturizers immediately after swimming. After your bath, pat your skin gently with a towel to keep your body slightly damp. Immediately after this apply to the body baby oil or other moisturizer.

5. Use a humidifier. If the cause of dry skin is dry air in the house, do not skimp on a humidifier (humidifier), at least a portable one - for your room. Maintain your device regularly to prevent the humidifier from becoming a source of bacteria or fungi.

6. Choose suitable clothing. Natural fibers such as silk and cotton allow your skin to breathe. Avoid fabrics with cheap dyes. When washing, do not use fragrances or other chemicals that may irritate the skin.

For itching and inflammation of the skin, American experts recommend limited use of a cream or ointment containing at least 1% hydrocortisone. This is a medium-strength corticosteroid hormone that copes well with inflammation, itching, allergic reaction. This product is available without a prescription in the US, but in most countries former USSR hydrocortisone is prescribed by a doctor.

Before using such drugs, it would be a good idea to consult a dermatologist.

Possible complications of xerosis

For some people prone to eczema, dry skin can cause the following complications:

1. Atopic dermatitis.
2. Folliculitis (inflammation of hair follicles).
3. Cellulite ( bacterial infection subcutaneous tissue).

These complications usually occur in cases where the skin's protective mechanism is impaired. For example, severe dry skin causes cracks, which open the door to infection.

Konstantin Mokanov

Xeroderma is pathological dry skin. Against the background of this symptom, infection, deep cracks, and inflammation may develop. How long it will last depends not only on the type of disease, but also on what treatment measures were taken. Most often, areas of dry skin can be found on the face, legs, and arms. What skin diseases can xerosis indicate? What are the causes and treatments for dry skin on the hands, feet, face and body?

What is dry skin

Many doctors are accustomed to referring to the concept of “xerosis” not only of dry skin itself, but also of all the negative manifestations that accompany it. These are frequent inflammations, burning, tendency to injury, itching. Sometimes xerosis precedes such a serious disease as ichthyosis, but the likelihood of such an outcome is not so high. Dryness is usually preceded by less dangerous causes.

• People most susceptible to dry skin are people living in extremely hot or cold climates and who regularly have to deal with exposure to chemicals on their skin (nurses, factory workers, hairdressers).
• Regular visits to the pool and age over 40 are also risk factors. Yes, in older people active work The production of sebaceous glands slows down with age. Such cases are characterized by dryness of the lower body.

Its classification

Dry skin can be classified according to two criteria:

1. Good tone of the epidermis. There are no wrinkles on the surface of the skin; the skin itself remains elastic and matte. May be susceptible to external irritants.
2. Decreased skin tone. Wrinkles form as the epidermis is thinned. The problem cannot be corrected with cosmetic products alone.

Types of xerosis:

1. Senile. This includes physiological reason dry skin that cannot be reversed is aging. The form is characteristic of women during menopause and may be accompanied by severe thinning.
2. Acquired. Appears as a reaction to cosmetic components, with excessive cleansing of the epidermis, passion for various cosmetic procedures or even due to poor hygiene.
3. Constitutional the form has pathological reasons or occurs due to genetic characteristics. Similar type typical for blondes and children under 2 years of age.

How to identify a symptom in yourself

If symptoms appear only at certain times of the year (usually in winter), then xerosis is not associated with any internal pathology. This is just a reaction to cold or dehydration. In such cases, dryness goes away quickly; you just need to regularly moisturize the skin.

Dermatological problems are indicated by the fact of constant dryness, as well as the presence of the following symptoms:

• rough skin;
• cracks;
• it took on an ashy hue;
• more obvious skin pattern;
• severe tightness after water procedures;
• scaling;
• redness;

Sometimes the cracks are so deep that they not only cause pain, but also bleed. Gradually, tightness and itching are replaced by severe peeling. The skin begins to react very sensitively to the slightest irritation.

The third stage of xerosis is characterized by the fact that the plates of exfoliating skin increase, and deep wrinkles. With this form, it is extremely difficult to compensate for dryness with regular cream. The cover becomes rough, prone to erythema, inflammation, and the appearance of...

At the fourth stage, atrophy of the skin layer occurs, not only the stratum corneum, but also the dermis. The changes are so serious that sometimes they even become trophic. The clinical picture is similar to skin aging.

All these symptoms are inherent even in children and the phenomena do not depend on age.

Diseases and disorders

The following disorders in the body can cause xerosis:

1. Infection.
2. Psoriasis.
3. Dehydration.
4. Kidney failure.
5. Autoimmune pathologies.
6. Follicular keratosis.
7. Anemia.
8. Intoxication.
9. Dystrophy.
10. Ichthyosis.
11. Allergic rhinitis.
12. Hypovitaminosis with vitamin PP.
13. Hypothyroidism.
14. Gastrointestinal pathologies.

Dry skin also accompanies serious diseases such as diabetes and pituitary tumors. Both cases pose a serious threat to the body and must be treated promptly.

About creams and others pharmaceutical products for increased dryness of the skin of the body and face in children and adults, read below.

Elena Malysheva will tell you how to get rid of dry skin:

How to deal with xerosis

General rules

Before using any medications It’s better to slightly adjust your usual diet and daily procedures.

• So, the diet is enriched with a large number of minerals; taking a high-quality multivitamin complex would be a good solution. Restoring the levels of vitamins C, B, A, E significantly helps in healing.
• The period of taking baths and hot showers will have to be shortened, and after these procedures you need to lubricate the skin with moisturizers.
• If cracks and peeling have already begun to appear, then it is better to use healing ointments.

Regardless of what caused the xerosis, you need to fight dehydration. Regular consumption of up to 2.5-3 liters of liquid will help replenish the lack of moisture.

Anti-inflammatory agents must be used along with moisturizers. It is recommended to use anti-allergy medications and restorative medications internally. Very serious diseases can also cause xerosis, but the selection of other medications should be done by a specialist.

Traditional methods

If the skin of the body is dry, it is important to moisturize regularly, and various compresses and masks based on natural ingredients. Most interesting recipes below:

• Brew chamomile, and while preparing the infusion, prepare another decoction of flax seeds (5 tsp) and 2 glasses of water. Add to the bath in equal parts. You need to stay in it for about 15 minutes.
• Mix cream (0.5 tbsp), butter (100 grams), avocado and banana in a blender. Beat the resulting puree by adding 5 drops of rose oil. After whisking again, apply to clean skin.
• Honey (200 ml), almond oil(1 tsp) and milk, mix and heat in a water bath. The resulting product can be used for compresses or added to the bath.
• If there is xerosis on the feet, then smear them with castor oil at night and wrap them in film. It is advisable to wrap your feet or wear socks.
• Take ammonia and glycerin in equal volumes and mix. Apply the ointment to areas of the skin that have cracks or peeling.
• Add jojoba oil to oatmeal cooked with milk, add 0.5 tsp to the ingredients. vitamin E and almond oil. Apply the product to the affected area in a thick layer for 20 minutes.
• Mix calendula and sea buckthorn oils, heat and lubricate the skin.

Contact a dermatologist

Self-medication does not always help, so it is important to monitor the condition of the skin and prevent the disease from worsening. You need to contact a dermatologist if:

1. Scratches and cracks become infected, suppuration and hyperemia appear, and general weakness is felt.
2. Itching and peeling are very pronounced.
3. Long lasting redness.
4. There is not even a slight improvement after home therapy.
5. The peeling and scaling areas are very large.

Prolonged drying of the skin can lead to persistent. This risk is especially great if the symptom is accompanied by constant irritation of the skin by certain tissues, household products etc. It is better not to experiment for a long time using various tips and home treatments, but to consult a doctor.

The girl in the video below tells from her own experience how to deal with dry skin: