Baby clothes. Hygienic requirements
Dressing a child beautifully so that he looks attractive is a natural desire of parents. However, in pursuit of the beauty of clothing, one should not lose sight of hygienic requirements for children's clothing, as well as convenience and expediency.

What do we mean when we talk about hygienic requirements for clothing? It protects the child from various environmental influences: from scorching sun rays and strong winds, from cold and rain. Correctly selected clothes.

hygienic requirements for children's clothing, and in order for these requirements to be met, parents must patiently, showing restraint, constantly instill in their children the desire to always be neatly dressed and clean. At the same time, it is necessary to teach your child to take care of his clothes. To do this, you need to allocate space on the hanger for outerwear and a place in the closet for storing linen, so that he can take and put everything back in its place.

When choosing clothes, you need to pay attention to the texture and quality of the fabric. The ability of a fabric to retain heat depends on the air layer located in its pores - fluffy, loose fabric retains body heat especially well. For example, wool is about twice as porous as linen, which means it is warmer.

For warm weather, cotton fabrics are indispensable. They wash and iron well and always look beautiful and elegant thanks to the fastness of the dyes. Cotton fabric retains heat and at the same time does not overheat the child’s body, absorbs moisture released by the skin well, and therefore helps the skin breathe.

Children's clothing is usually made from fabric that is hygroscopic, that is, it absorbs and evaporates moisture well. Synthetic or starched fabrics are not recommended as they are not breathable; accumulated air under clothing, without sufficient ventilation, causes overheating of the body, increased sweating, which remains on the child’s skin and can cause irritation. Chintz, satin, volta are the most hygienic fabrics for summer clothing, and flannel and cotton wool are the most hygienic fabrics for winter clothing. Products made from them are suitable for both girls and boys.

You can sew festive clothes from woolen fabric; they have a more elegant look. To make such clothes pleasant for the child and not irritate the skin, it is advisable to place the yoke on chintz or make a cover. It should be borne in mind that woolen fabrics are impractical for everyday wear: when washed, they lose their appearance and quickly fade.

Woolen knitwear is good for children because it is hygroscopic, soft, and lightweight. They make children comfortable, warm, and do not restrict their movements.

You should not neglect the choice of fabric colors, color combinations, or dress style. It is impossible not to take into account the modernity of clothing fashion.

New fabrics, new colors, new color combinations appear, which require a new embodiment in the suit. However, when creating children's clothing, you should not repeat the styles of adults: the proportions of a child's figure are different, and what looks beautiful on an adult does not look good on a child.

For children's clothing, plain fabrics or fabrics with small patterns are better suited; they give finished product attractive look.
Clothing should be in harmony with the child's appearance; The style and color are selected according to age and external characteristics. The choice of color is also influenced by the time of year. In summer there are bright, rich colors, in winter - warm, muted colors.

Sometimes very Nice dress by its color and style it decorates some children, and gives the face to others undesirable shade. The choice of color depends on the shade of the skin, face, eyes, hair.

When choosing colors, you also have to take into account the external characteristics of the child. For example, for a plump girl, a fabric with a small pattern and a style with straight lines and an elongated waist are good. But for a skinny girl more the dress will suit on the yoke, lush.

Cleanliness and convenience are the main ones hygienic requirements for clothing. You need to teach your child to take care of the appearance of his costume. But it is difficult to instill neatness skills in him if he cannot take care of himself: fasten, tie, pin, lace. Therefore, the clothes should be such that the child can easily handle them himself: fasteners in the front, buttons easily fit into the loops, and lacing and ties are not needed, as they make it difficult to put things in order in the suit.

Cloth.

The hygienic meaning of clothing is to protect against pollution, meteorological factors and skin damage (social meaning is to hide shame, decorate). Comfortable, hygienic, beautiful shoes fashion clothes have a positive effect on our health. And it's not just emotions. Clothing should create a favorable microclimate for the body. A person should dress according to the weather, avoiding overheating or hypothermia. To do this, the fabric must meet hygienic requirements.

Three indicators characterize the hygienic properties of clothing: thermal conductivity, breathability and hygroscopicity.

Thermal conductivity - the ability of fabric to conduct body heat into the environment . The thermal conductivity of clothing depends on the amount of air contained in the fabric. Therefore, clothes made of loose and fluffy fabrics retain heat better. In cold times, the fabric should have low thermal conductivity, and in hot periods it should be protected from overheating. Loose, loose-fitting summer clothing removes heat from the body.

Hygroscopicity - the ability of fabric to absorb moisture.

Air permeability - ability of fabric to pass air and moisture . The underwear fabric adjacent to the skin must be hygroscopic (absorb sweat) and have good breathability.

Underwear made of polymer materials has positive properties: wears less and has greater breathability than natural fabrics; antimicrobial, better transmits UV rays. Its negative properties: accumulates negative electricity, has low sorption properties (do not absorb sweat), is thermally conductive (it is cold in cold weather), which limits its use for underwear or children's underwear. Under the influence of the sun's rays, elevated temperature- polymeric materials release decomposition products that can cause allergies, eczema, and local inflammation.

Shoes protects against mechanical damage and adverse weather conditions. Hygienic requirements: should not disrupt the blood supply in the lower extremities, not interfere with the evaporation of sweat, not deform the foot, not interfere with the growth of young legs; should be soft, not too tight. Shoes with hard, inflexible soles (the Japanese use wooden shoes) reduce the plasticity of the foot, the step becomes shallow, and the lower leg muscles experience increased stress and become overstrained. Best material- genuine leather: it is durable, soft, with low thermal conductivity and good air permeability.

In cold weather, felt boots are the most hygienic. High heels (above 5 cm) contribute to swelling of the legs, impair blood supply, shift the body’s center of gravity forward: the gait changes, the spine and pelvic bones shift, which affects childbirth.

Tight shoes contribute to frostbite and lead to chronic calluses on the heel, sole, between the toes and above the joints. Tight shoes in the middle part of the foot lead to neuroma - compression of the nerve, which manifests itself in severe pain (you need to take off your shoes and do a massage). Narrow-toed shoes high heels It is doubly harmful: the weight moves to the toe, the ligaments of the legs cannot bear it, transverse flat feet develop, blood vessels and nerves are compressed, which leads to rapid fatigue, varicose veins, irritability, and lower back pain. It is recommended to wear them only in special days. 40% of women have deformed feet due to walking in high heels and narrow shoes, which causes inflammation of the joints of the feet with age.

Personal hygiene modern man must include knowledge hygiene rules handling household appliances and synthetic materials in everyday life.

Appliances - TVs, computers, microwave ovens, etc. - cause electromagnetic waves, create positive air ions and electromagnetic fields (EMF), which can be observed in the form of interference when the TV is operating, noise, vibration ( washing machine). EMFs cause three syndromes: asthenic, astheno-vegetative and diencephalic, and also reduce the amount of negatively charged ions in the indoor air, which have a beneficial effect on humans. From a hygienic point of view, to maintain health, it is necessary to limit contact with household appliances, maintain distance, and follow elements of a healthy lifestyle - staying on fresh air etc. Recommendations: use devices that have passed standardization; wet cleaning of the room, regular ventilation.

Household synthetic materials- carpet, furniture, wall upholstery, etc. - pollute the air of the home with toxic substances (phenol, formaldehyde, etc.), accumulate static electricity - and as a result cause allergic and inflammatory reactions in the body, decreased immunity. Hygienic recommendations: frequent air ventilation with new furniture, compliance with healthy lifestyle requirements, first of all, staying in the fresh air.

Personal hygiene involves maintaining cleanliness and hygiene in housing, since household items and housing can be a place of accumulation of dust, microorganisms, waste products of mold fungi, mites, household insects, etc. This leads to the spread of tuberculosis pathogens, allergic diseases etc. Daily use of a vacuum cleaner is an indicator of the culture of apartment residents and the real prevention of these diseases.

Omsk State Medical Academy

Department of Hygiene with a course on hygiene for children and adolescents.

Course work.

Hygienic requirements for children's clothing and shoes. Personal hygiene items

CHIEF STATE SANITARY DOCTOR OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Resolution

Moscow

17.04.2003 № 52

About the cancellation of San Pin 42-125-4390-876 regarding clothing.

Based Federal Law"On the sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population" dated March 30, 1999 N 52-FZ (Collection of legislation Russian Federation 1999, No. 14, Art. 1650) and “Regulations on state sanitary and epidemiological regulation”, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 24, 2000 No. 554 (Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation, 2000, No. 31, Art. 3295)

I DECIDE:

1. From the moment of entry into force sanitary rules"Hygienic requirements for clothing for children, adolescents and adults. SanPiN 2.4.7./1.1.1286-03", from June 20, 2003, considered invalid "SanPiN 42-125-4390-87. Insertion of chemical fibers in materials for children's clothing and footwear in accordance with their hygienic indicators", in the part relating to clothing, approved on July 13, 1987.

Hygiene of children and adolescents

“Hygiene of children and adolescents” is an academic discipline, from the very name of which it is clear that it deals with the hygienic problems of children and adolescents. These problems concern a huge contingent of the population of the Russian Federation. According to the latest population census (1989), over 40 million children and adolescents under the age of 17 (inclusive) live in Russia - 27.2 % population of the country. As of January 1, 1999, according to the Department of Medical Statistics and Informatics of the Ministry of Health of Russia, absolute number children under 15 years of age (inclusive) amounted to 27,833,383 people (38.3 % population of the country), but not only the number child population determines the great importance of those issues that the subject “hygiene of children and adolescents” studies.

Compared to adults, children are in unique conditions, therefore the hygienic principles of training and education do not coincide with the principles of professional work or social existence of adults.

Children are characterized by biological characteristics that sharply, not only quantitatively, but also qualitatively, distinguish them from adults and require slightly different hygiene for them, different from “adult hygiene.” The outstanding pediatrician N.P. spoke about this more than 100 years ago (1898) in his inaugural lecture to students of the Military Medical Academy. Gundobin: “Children’s hygiene, due to the anatomical and physiological characteristics of the body, will be different than in adults.”

The main feature of children and adolescents is that, unlike adults, their bodies have not yet reached full maturity, but are in the process of growth and development.

The problem of growth and development does not face any other branch of hygiene and gives the hygiene of children and adolescents a special specificity. The incomplete development of the body of children and adolescents determines its plasticity. The body of children and adolescents is more susceptible to both favorable and unfavorable influences than adults. Therefore, exposures of very low intensity, microdoses, which for adults can turn out (and often turn out to be) unnoticeable and insignificant, acquire hygienic importance. Currently, these problems are aggravated by the deterioration of the environmental and hygienic situation in many populated areas.

The main difference between the body of children and adolescents and the body of an adult is that external influences affect not only its functional state at the moment, but also greatly influence its development and further existence.

The health of the adult population is largely determined by the health of children, since many forms of pathology are formed in childhood.

All these problems are studied by the hygiene of children and adolescents.

If hygiene studies the influence of environmental factors (natural and social) on the human body and develops scientifically based standards and recommendations aimed at preserving and strengthening human health, then the hygiene of children and adolescents, in addition, takes into account the favorable development of the child in these conditions.

Thus, hygiene of children and adolescents is preventive medicine that studies the living conditions and activities of children, as well as the influence of these conditions on the health and functional state of the growing organism and develops scientific foundations and practical measures aimed at preserving and strengthening health, supporting the optimal level of functions and favorable development of the body of children and adolescents.

The task of hygiene for children and adolescents, as well as hygiene in general, ultimately comes down to standardizing the external environment, i.e. to the establishment of norms and their subsequent implementation The task of hygiene for children and adolescents is the following: without disturbing the natural course of development of the child’s body, purposefully influence the environment and education on the formation of a healthy person, improve his functional and physical capabilities.

Hygienic requirements for children's household items:

From the first minutes of life, the child is constantly in contact with the things of the new world around him. These are clothes, starting with diapers, diapers, bed linen (later the set will expand significantly), shoes. Growing up, a child becomes familiar with the world of toys and games (including electronic ones), children's books, school years- to textbooks and teaching aids, at the same time he is surrounded school supplies, including technical training aids and personal computers. Furniture and various equipment are also permanent elements of the child’s environment—everyday items for children and adolescents. It is known that social and hygienic factors, conditions for raising and educating children in educational institutions have a pronounced influence (28-35%) on the formation of the health of the adolescent generation. In 3-11% of cases, the incidence of illness in children under 11 years of age depends on lifestyle. This indicates the importance of a hygienically adequate environment that surrounds the child and shapes him as a person, healthy physically and mentally. Living conditions must be favorable for learning and education and contribute to the normal growth and development of children.

This is possible if children's household items comply morphofunctional features children of different sexes and ages and meet physiological and hygienic requirements.

The main hygienic requirement for children's household items is their harmlessness to the child's health.

CHILDREN'S CLOTHES AND FOOTWEAR

Functions of clothing.

Clothing serves to protect a person from the adverse effects of the external environment, protects the surface of the skin from mechanical damage and contamination. With the help of clothing, an artificial microclimate is created around the body, significantly different from the climate of the external environment. Its temperature ranges from 28 to 34 °C, relative humidity is 20-40 %, the air movement speed is very low, the carbon dioxide content ranges from 0.006-0.097%. By creating an under-clothing microclimate, clothing significantly reduces heat loss from the body, helps maintain a constant body temperature, facilitates the thermoregulatory function of the skin, and ensures gas exchange processes through the skin.

The protective properties of clothing are especially important for children, since:

IN childhood thermoregulation mechanisms are very imperfect; hypothermia and overheating of the body can lead to health problems;

Children are distinguished by great physical activity, during which the level of heat production increases by 2-4 times;

Children's skin is delicate and easily vulnerable;

Skin respiration has a greater share in the body's metabolic processes than in adults.

Children's clothing, in its design and physical and hygienic characteristics of materials, must correspond to age-related anatomical and physiological characteristics, type of activity and meteorological conditions; do not interfere with quick and easy putting on and taking off, and contribute to the development of the child’s aesthetic taste.

Requirements for materials used in clothing production.

When assessing children's clothing, sanitary and hygienic examination is subject to: fabrics, used for its manufacture, tissue packages - sets measuring 1 m 2, consisting of a top cover layer, a heat-protective layer and a lining, as well as finished goods.

fibers, from which the fabrics are made can be natural (cotton, linen, silk, wool), artificial or synthetic. Threads made from fibers can be twisted and dense or loose and fluffy. Based on their structure, fabrics are divided into woven and knitted.

The use of certain fabrics for the production of children's clothing is associated with their physical and hygienic indicators: thickness, weight, bulk density, porosity, air and vapor permeability, hygroscopicity, moisture holding capacity, hydro- and lipophilicity, as well as thermal conductivity. These properties are largely determined by the structure of the fabric, the number and size of pores filled with air.

Fabric thickness measured in millimeters and directly affects the heat-protective properties of the fabric. Materials that are thicker contain more air, which has very low thermal conductivity. Therefore, the thicker the material, the warmer it is (for example, cambric - 0.1 mm, drape - 5 mm, natural fur- 30-50 mm).

Fabric weight measured in grams relative to a specific area of ​​material (1 m 2 or 1 cm 2). Hygienically optimal is fabric with minimal weight and preservation of all its necessary properties (for example, crepe de Chine - 25 g/m2, drape - 77 g/m2, natural fur - 1000.0 g/m2).

Volumetric mass- the mass of 1 cm 3 of tissue in grams, which determines the ratio of dense substances and air in the tissue. The lower this indicator, the lighter the fabric, even if it has a significant thickness. Volumetric mass is also a criterion for the heat-protective properties of fabric at the same thickness. Material with a lower volumetric mass is warmer (for example, woolen knitwear - 0.07 g/cm3, tarpaulin - 0.6-0.7 g/cm3).

Porosity is determined by the ratio of pore volume to the total volume of a given material, expressed as a percentage, and is directly related to the bulk density. The porosity of the material determines its thermal properties (for example, drape, diagonal - 50%, woolen knitwear - 93-95%, half-woolen batting - 97 %, cotton wool - 99%, cotton wool - 99%).

Breathability measured in cubic decimeters (dm 3) and means the ability of materials to pass air through 1 m 2 per second by filtering through pores. Fabric used for different clothes, must have different air permeability. For example, the surface layer of winter and autumn clothing should have low breathability in order to protect against cold air. Summer clothing should have maximum ventilation, i.e. high air permeability (for example, cotton madapolam - 111 dm 3 / m 2 per second, natural silk - 341 dm 3 / m 2 per second, nylon - 125 dm 3 / m 2 per second).

Vapor permeability measured in grams of water vapor passing through 1 m2 of fabric in 1 hour, and determines the ability of materials to pass through water vapor, constantly formed in the underwear space, by diffusion through the fibers. Clothing used in hot climates, where heat transfer is largely due to evaporation, should have the greatest vapor permeability (for example, cotton madapolam - 16.2 g/m2 per hour, natural silk - 4.62 g/m2 per hour, nylon - 1.09 g/m2 per hour).

Hygroscopicity characterizes the ability of tissues to absorb water vapor, expressed as a percentage. Good hygroscopicity is a positive property of materials used for inner layers of clothing; Helps remove sweat from the surface of the skin. Hygroscopicity of fabrics used for upper layers winter and demi-season clothing should be minimal, which prevents it from getting wet during precipitation and reducing heat-protective properties (for example, cambric, volta, chintz >90%, cotton madapolam - 18%, lightweight drape - 17.2%, natural silk - 16 .5%, wool - 14%, rep - 7-8%, rep with water-repellent impregnation - 1.2%, nylon - 5.7%, lavsan - 0.5%).

Moisture capacity determines the ability of a fabric to absorb water when immersed in it, expressed as a percentage. The property of a fabric to keep a significant part of the pores free after moistening is of great importance, since this achieves a certain level of breathability and the thermal properties of this material change less.

Hydrophilicity reflects the ability of a fabric to quickly and completely absorb moisture, expressed as a percentage. High hydrophilicity should be found in fabrics that are in direct contact with the skin and absorb water vapor from the surface of the skin (for example, cambric, volta, chintz >90 %, rep with water-repellent impregnation - about 0%).

Hydrophobicity (“non-wetting”)- a property opposite to hydrophilicity. Fabrics that form the top layer of clothing and protect it from snow, rain, and fog should have high hydrophobicity.

Lipophilicity characterizes the ability of tissues to absorb fat from the surface of the skin, expressed as a percentage. Its high indicators are a negative property inherent mainly in synthetic fabrics, since droplets of fat fill the air space between the fibers and thereby worsen the physical and hygienic properties of the materials.

Thermal conductivity characterizes the heat-shielding properties of materials: how it is lower, the warmer the material.

Thermal resistance - a property opposite to thermal conductivity, it is determined by the time (in hours) during which 1 kcal of heat will pass through 1 m 2 of fabric with a temperature difference of 1 ° C, and is the reciprocal of thermal conductivity.

For children's clothing, it is allowed to use fabrics made from natural fibers, as well as fabrics with the addition of chemical fibers, but in strict accordance with the requirements of sanitary standards and rules. For the manufacture of other children's products, they can be used artificial fur and synthetic insulation(glued, three-dimensional and needle-punched) for children's clothing (except for children in the nursery group Not allowed acetate fabrics with the insertion of PAN (nitron), PA (nylon) and PE (lavsan) fibers. It is prohibited to use finishing agents and impregnations in underwear materials for infants, toddlers and up to school age. When making clothes for children of nursery, preschool and primary school age (up to size 40), the use of synthetic sewing threads is not allowed.

Lingerie

Linen fabrics adhere directly to the skin and cover about 80% of it. The main purpose of underwear fabrics is to relieve the skin of liquid (sweat containing large amounts of mineral and organic substances), solid (sebum, epidermal scales) and gaseous (carbon dioxide) skin secretions. It is important that the linen is clean, ironed and sized. The ability of the fabric to cleanse the skin decreases during the process of contamination, stopping after 5-7 days. Linen fabrics require easy, regular and thorough cleaning. What should their structure promote? Discharged, porous fabrics make washing easier. In order not to irritate or injure the skin, linen fabrics should be soft, flexible, and elastic; for absorbing sweat - hygroscopic and moisture-absorbing. To ventilate the air directly adjacent to the skin, remove gaseous products and evaporated sweat, linen fabrics must have high air and vapor permeability in both dry and wet states. The best fabrics for making children's underwear, including nightgowns and pajamas, are cotton fabrics and cotton knitwear. Fabrics made from natural silk, and in some cases wool, can also be recommended for children's underwear. From synthetic fabrics, viscose knitwear can be used to make underwear. Underwear made of nylon, nylon and similar fabrics should be excluded from the children's assortment.

A newborn's clothing consists of a thin and soft undershirt, a flannel undershirt and a diaper.

From 2 months, the period of wakefulness noticeably lengthens. From this moment on, it is advisable to replace diapers with onesies. Children's clothing early age It is made of soft, elastic fabrics with low thermal conductivity and high moisture capacity. Such types of cotton fabrics as flannel and cotton wool meet these requirements.

From 9 months the child learns to walk, and the floor becomes the main place of his games. To prevent cooling. The child is put on a flannel shirt with long sleeves and a woolen blouse, long pants, stockings, shoes.

Summer clothes for children preschool age consists of two layers: 1 - shirt, T-shirt, underpants; 2- dress, skirt with a blouse for girls or a shirt with short pants with straps for boys. The cut of clothing should exclude belts, elastic bands, and closed collars. An open collar, a wide armhole, short sleeves or no sleeves ensure good ventilation of clothing.

Fabrics used to make summer clothing must have high air and vapor permeability. They must be permeable to ultraviolet rays, if possible, reflect heat rays and retain their properties well after repeated washing. Lawn, chintz, and natural silk fabrics have such properties.

Winter home clothes for preschoolers include: underwear and a dress or a shirt and pants for boys. For their manufacture, cotton, thicker or pile fabrics can be used, which enhances their heat-shielding properties (flannel, cotton wool, corduroy, half-woolen and woolen fabrics). It is allowed to make a children's dress from woolen fabrics with an admixture of no more than 30% nitro fibers and viscolavsan yarn (no more than 40% lavsan). These additives slightly change the hygienic qualities of fabrics and at the same time increase their durability and wrinkle resistance. The home dress set for preschoolers should include knitted woolen blouses and vests, which are worn by children when there are significant fluctuations in the microclimate of the premises. The cut of clothing should not hinder the child’s movements. Excessive layers of clothing should be avoided, as they impede movement and interfere with the ventilation of the layers of air adjacent to the skin.

Warm outerwear must fulfill its main task - thermal insulation, as well as protection from atmospheric moisture and wind. It should consist of 3 layers. The top, covering layer is made of fabrics that have low levels of air permeability, vapor permeability, hygroscopicity and moisture capacity, which prevents clothing from getting wet from snow and rain, thereby increasing its heat-protective properties. For the top layer of winter children's clothing, woven materials made from natural fibers with water-repellent impregnation or synthetic fabrics. The second - the heat-protective layer - should consist of materials that have a structure with a large number of pores, containing air (cotton wool, batting, batting, syndipon, etc.), made from natural, artificial or synthetic fibers. The use of synthetic fibers is permissible, since these materials do not have direct contact with the skin and should only provide high thermal insulation properties of this layer of clothing. The inner layer - the lining - is permeable, vapor permeable, moisture-holding and hygroscopic, as it should provide optimal hygienic conditions in the underwear space.

Children's design winter clothes should ensure minimal air circulation in the under-clothes space and minimal air exchange with the environment. This is ensured by the creation large quantity closed spaces in the underwear space - the presence of a hood, cuffs, belts. The best winter clothing is a set consisting of trousers with a high belt with straps and a long jacket with a hood and an elastic band at the bottom. This design of clothing provides a high and uniform heat-protective effect and does not restrict the child’s movements.

The thermal protective properties of clothing are subject to physiological and hygienic assessment. The most complete understanding of the thermal insulation properties of clothing is given by determining energy consumption, changes in skin temperatures and determining heat flux density - the amount of heat lost by radiation and convection per unit time from a unit surface of the body.

The thermal insulation ability of clothing is its ability to reduce heat flux density. Heat flow responds to changes in ambient temperature and the thermal protection properties of clothing.

Clothes must be clean - this is an important issue in the hygienic and aesthetic education of a child. Home clothes must be changed when dirty. Used diapers and undershirts are thoroughly washed with baby soap and then rinsed well in warm water. The use of synthetic powders is unacceptable, as they can cause allergic reactions in children. It is best to air dry children's clothes. After drying, the clothes must be carefully ironed, and in the first months of life, it is better to iron the diapers on both sides. Children's clothing should be stored separately from adult clothing. The baby's dirty laundry is placed in separate closed laundry baskets and washed in a separate basin. It is better to soak heavily soiled items immediately.

Children's linen, including bedding, should not be starched, as it becomes stiffer, less breathable and hygroscopic.

Hats. Hats, headscarves, and Panama hats must meet the climatic conditions and time of year. On sunny summer days, the child’s head is covered with a Panama hat; girls can tie a thin cotton scarf on their head. In spring and autumn, girls wear berets and half-woolen hats, and boys wear berets or caps. In winter, in the absence of severe frosts, warm knitted hats are suitable for children, very coldy- hats with earflaps, fur hats or knitted hats over scarves. It is necessary to ensure that the hat covers the ears, as children are very susceptible to inflammation of the middle ear. - otitis The best hats are those with ties. Hoods of outerwear that are insulated with fur are comfortable in cold weather. It is better to purchase a hat, scarf and mittens as a set; the knitting should be strong and double.

Socks, knee socks, and tights for children should be made of cotton, which ensures their hygroscopicity. Products made from synthetic fibers are harmful: in the summer they are very hot, and in the winter the feet become hypothermic; in addition, they cause itchy skin in many children.

Shoes is an integral part of the clothing set. It protects the body from cooling and overheating, protects the foot from mechanical damage, assists the muscles and ligaments in maintaining the arch of the foot in a normal position, thereby helping to preserve the spring and shock-absorbing function. Footwear determines ease of movement and affects motor activity children, is the cause of a large number of deformities and foot diseases.

Available for children different kinds footwear: cool season, summer, winter and spring-autumn; along with this - everyday, model, home, travel, national, sports, etc.

A child’s feet grow quickly, so you need to constantly monitor whether your shoes or shoes are too tight. Tight and narrow shoes are the cause of flat feet in children. When purchasing shoes, you should try them on on both feet in a standing position, when the foot bears the load of the entire body weight, while the distance from the toes to the toe should be 0.5-1 cm - for free movement of the toes and the possibility of further growth of the foot.

From a hygienic point of view, shoes should:

Protect the child’s body from adverse meteorological influences and mechanical damage;

Correspond to the anatomical and physiological characteristics of the child’s body, primarily his feet;

Provide a favorable microclimate around the foot, help maintain the required temperature and humidity conditions under any microclimatic conditions of the external environment.

Hygienic requirements for shoes for children and adolescents consist of requirements for the design of shoes, which are determined by the structural features of the foot during the period of growth, as well as requirements for the materials from which the shoes are made.

The child's foot is characterized by a radial shape with the greatest width at the ends of the toes, fan-shaped. In adults, the greatest width is observed in the area of ​​the I-V metatarsal joints. Children's feet are characterized by a different ratio of the heel and forefoot than in adults, and a relatively longer rear part, which should be taken into account when designing shoes (especially lasts). The skeleton of the foot in childhood is formed by cartilage. Ossification is completed only with the end of growth, so under the influence of mechanical influences, a child’s foot can easily become deformed. In this regard, qualities such as flexibility, thickness, weight of shoes, as well as heat-protective properties are subject to hygienic standards.

Shoes for children are selected according to dimensions determined by the length of the foot: the distance between the most protruding point of the heel and the end of the longest toe. The unit of measurement is the millimeter, the difference between the numbers is 5 mm.

The main elements of the shoe are the top (toe, heel, vamp, ankle and shaft) and the bottom (sole, insole, heel).

Toe part of the shoe should be wider than the fascicle (part of the foot at the level of the metatarsophalangeal joints).

Bottom of shoes(insole, sole, heel) should have optimal rigidity indicators - resistance (expressed in kilograms) to bending along the line connecting the heads of the 1st and 5th metatarsal bones, up to an angle of 25°.

Insole- an internal part of a shoe that has close contact with the skin of the foot and helps create a comfortable temperature and humidity regime in the space inside the shoe. It must have plasticity, heat and moisture protection properties, hygroscopicity and ventilation ability and must be made only from genuine leather.

Sole- the main element of the bottom of the shoe. The sole must have optimal flexibility, thickness, weight and heat-protective properties. Shoe flexibility is regulated and must be complied with

N/cm, for boys' school shoes - 9-13 N/cm, for girls' school shoes - 8-10 N/cm.

Sole thickness normalized depending on the materials used and the type of footwear.

Allowed for children's shoes thread and combined fastening methods, providing greater flexibility in the beam area, lightness, best performance air permeability and ventilation of the shoe space.

When using porous rubber, polyurethane and other materials, it is possible to use adhesive and injection methods of fastening to ensure waterproofness of the shoes.

The thermal insulation properties of shoes depend on their thermal conductivity. The lower the thermal conductivity of materials, the higher their heat-shielding properties. Of the currently used materials, porous rubber is significantly superior in heat-shielding properties to natural leather and rubber of a monolithic structure. At the same time, with an increase in environmental humidity, the heat loss of natural leather and wool (felt boots) increases, but the heat-shielding properties of porous rubber do not change. This creates the advantage of using porous rubber soles in children's shoes, which can provide not only heat-shielding properties, but also the necessary thickness, flexibility and anti-slip properties; the thermal conductivity of the materials, the higher their heat-shielding properties.

Heel artificially raises the arch of the foot, increasing its springiness, protects the heel from bruises on the ground, and also increases the wear resistance of the shoe. The absence of a heel is allowed only in shoes for young children (booties). Heel height: for preschoolers - 5-10 mm, for schoolchildren 8-10 years old - no more than 20 mm, for boys 13-17 years old - 30 mm, for girls 13-17 years old - up to 40 mm. Everyday wearing of shoes with high (above 4 cm) heels by teenage girls is harmful, as it makes walking difficult, shifting the center of gravity forward. In this case, a large lumbar curve is formed, the position of the pelvis changes, which can lead to a decrease in its longitudinal size. When walking in high heels, there is not enough stability, the foot rolls forward, the toes are compressed in a narrow toe, the load on the forefoot increases, resulting in flattening of the arch of the foot and deformation of the toes. Figure 1 shows the distribution of load on various parts of the foot depending on the height of the heel.

The height of shoes is standardized depending on its type and type.

Backdrop - a part of the shoe upper located in the heel to maintain its shape. The heel should protect the heel, prevent its deformation, and prevent the foot from sliding backwards. To make the back, thicker genuine leather is used. The production of shoes without backs is allowed for children over 11 years of age.

Sock - an outer part of a shoe upper that covers the dorsum of the toes to the level of the metatarsophalangeal joints.

Toecap - a piece of the upper located between the lining and the upper in the toe section to maintain its shape. It protects the toes from injury, and its length should not exceed the area of ​​the plantar metatarsophalangeal joints.

Shoes should not compress the foot, disrupt blood and lymph circulation, or interfere with the natural development of the leg.

Children's shoes should have a reliable and comfortable fit on the foot that does not interfere with movement. For this purpose, various types of fastening are used: lacing, belts, zipper, Velcro, etc. Open shoes without fasteners (such as pumps) are not acceptable in preschool shoes.

Shoe weight depends on the type of fastening, design and materials used. The weight standards of boots increase by 10 g compared to that of low shoes - for gussarikov; 15 g - for younger children; for 20 g - for children; for 25 g - for school; for 30 g - for boys.

Recommended for the upper of children's shoes for all-season use. Genuine Leather. For summer shoes, along with leather, various entire textile materials are used

or in combination with leather (matting, semi-double-thread, walking, denim, etc.) - In insulated shoes, cloth, drape, half-woolen, woolen materials, felt, felt, etc. are recommended for the upper. For lining, natural leather and cotton materials are recommended.

Can be used to make children's shoes polymeric materials or natural materials with the addition of chemical fibers. The latter is regulated by sanitary norms and rules.

After returning from the street, shoes are cleaned with a special brush and dried. Do not dry shoes near heating appliances. Shoe insoles are dried separately. After drying, the shoes are rubbed with cream.

List of used literature

1. Hygiene of children and adolescents, edited by V.N. Kardashenko - M.: Medicine, 1988.
2. Hygiene of children and adolescents: A textbook for senior students, interns, clinical residents of medical universities, author V.V. Kuchma - M.: Medicine, 2000.
3. Hygiene and pediatrics.
4. To young parents: Collection edited by M.Ya. Studinikina, 3rd edition revised and expanded - M.: Medicine, 1976.
5. Fundamentals of pediatrics and hygiene of preschool children: Tutorial for students of “Pedagogy and psychology of preschool children” of universities. Ed. M.P. Doroshkevich, M.P. Kravtsov - Minsk "University" 2002.
6. www.crc.ru.

The purpose of clothing is to protect the human body from heat loss and thereby help maintain a constant temperature in the air surrounding it.

Clothing largely protects human skin from all kinds of mechanical damage (impacts, animal and insect bites), from the introduction of pathogens, and serves as protection from dust and dirt.

What requirements, hygienic and pedagogical, should children's clothing meet?

First of all, the child’s clothing must correspond to the weather or microclimate of the room where the child is located. It must be made from certain fabrics.

The hygienic advantages of fabrics are determined by their thermal conductivity, breathability, wettability, moisture capacity (hygroscopicity), ability to absorb gases (absorption capacity), elasticity and irritating effect on the skin.

Their contamination, flammability, weight and strength are also of considerable importance.

Thermal conductivity and breathability depend mainly on the air content in the tissues, and its amount is determined by how porous the fabric is and how large the total pore volume is.

The larger the volume of pores in the fabric, the lower its thermal conductivity, the higher its thermal insulating property, since the air filling the pores is the worst conductor of heat.

The thermal conductivity of fabrics increases sharply when it is saturated with moisture. Moisture displaces air from the pores of fabrics, thereby increasing its thermal conductivity.

The heat absorption and heat emission of fabrics depend on their external finish and color. The rougher the surface of the fabrics, the higher their heat absorption capacity. How lighter color, those less fabric absorbs heat.

If possible, summer clothes should be made of light, mostly white fabrics, and winter clothes should be made of dark ones.

Of no small importance is the breathability of the fabric, its hygroscopicity, i.e. the ability to absorb and evaporate moisture from the surface. The higher the hygroscopicity of the fabric, the easier it is for sweat vapor to be removed from under clothing.

Thus, the best fabrics for children's clothing are those that have the lowest thermal conductivity, absorb moisture well, and do not interfere with skin evaporation.

It should also be taken into account that after repeated washing, the qualities of the fabric change significantly: thickness, porosity, hygroscopicity, thermal conductivity and other physical and hygienic indicators.

Observations have shown that after repeated washing of a flannelette blanket, the coefficient of thermal conductivity increases sharply (by 65%), i.e., it becomes unsuitable as a heat-insulating layer in the clothes of small children.

The size and cut of children's clothing must correspond to the age and height characteristics of the child. It should be loose-fitting, comfortable in design, not restrict movement, and not impede breathing and blood circulation.

You should not sew children's clothes from expensive fabrics. At the same time, it must satisfy certain aesthetic requirements.

The attractiveness of children's clothing largely depends on the color of the fabric. Bright colors - smooth or with a small pattern - delight the eyes of children and adults. Clothes made from dark fabrics do not suit children and make it difficult to control their cleanliness.

It is necessary to differentiate the clothes of boys and girls not only by cut, but also by the colors of the fabrics.

A set of children's clothing should also include festive ones. It is highly advisable for all children to have at least two changes of aprons. A motley dress goes well with a smooth apron; a smooth dress, on the contrary, goes well with a motley or striped one. A mandatory element of the apron should be pockets for handkerchiefs.

These are the general hygienic and pedagogical requirements for children's clothing.

The determining role of hygienic requirements for clothing and their adequate properties is due to the fact that it covers about 80% of the surface of the human body, performing important functions of his life (hygiene - from the Greek hygieinos - healthy).

In this regard, it is necessary to highlight four main hygienic functions that must be provided in the clothing used by a person:

1) protection from mechanical, chemical and biological influences;

2) protection from unfavorable climatic elements;

3) keeping the human body clean;

4) ensuring the normal functioning of the body.

The first function is decisive for the special one,

and sportswear. This does not exclude the need to provide this function in other classes of clothing.

In accordance with Labor Code of the Republic of Belarus (Article 230) provides for the provision of workers with personal protective equipment, including special clothing. This takes into account work with harmful, dangerous working conditions (exposure to toxic fumes, radiation, acids, alkalis, metal splashes, etc.), as well as work associated with pollution or carried out in unfavorable temperature conditions. At the same time, the procedure and standards for the free issuance of personal protective equipment to employees are determined by the Government of the Republic of Belarus.

The second function requires protecting humans from various natural influences: low and high temperatures, precipitation, dust, wind, solar radiation, etc. This function is due to differences in climatic conditions of individual areas and the need to take them into account when creating clothing.

Currently, the following division of the CIS territory into climatic zones is accepted:

Zone I - a territory with a climate that requires high-quality fur clothing and insulated shoes;

Zone II - a territory with a climate that requires normal, but always heat-protective natural materials, fur clothes and insulated shoes;

Zone III - a territory with a climate that requires mainly warm clothing and a variety of footwear;

Zone IV - a territory with a climate that requires more clothing and footwear to protect against dampness and precipitation;

Zone V is a territory with a climate that requires increased attention to clothing and footwear to protect the human body from overheating.

For most areas, a special place among the variety of requirements is given to protection from low temperatures.

An analysis of the work carried out by various researchers allowed prof. R.F. Afanasyeva formulate requirements for clothing for protection from the cold. The most important of them are:

1) protecting a person from excessive heat transfer;

2) compliance with the thermal insulation properties of clothing physical activity human and climatic conditions in which its operation is expected;

3) the inner layers of clothing should absorb sweat well and easily release moisture. Clothing should not interfere with the removal of moisture from the underwear space;

4) clothing should not cause overheating of the human body. A slight cooling is acceptable, which stimulates physical activity, reduces fatigue and promotes hardening of the body.

Since clothing for protection against the cold is different, the properties are of great importance individual materials, making up the product design package. In this case, it is extremely important to take into account the expected operating conditions and the heterogeneity of heat flows in individual areas of the human body.

Relative specific heat fluxes in different parts of the human body, W/m2

It is important to take into account that heat flows are not associated with the surface of the human body, but are determined by the peculiarities of their functioning.

Ratio of the area of ​​body parts to the total surface of the human body, %

With an increase in wind flow speed and air permeability of a package of clothing materials, the intensity of a person's cooling increases.

At wind speeds of up to 2 m/s, the air permeability of the bag is in the range of 0-60 dm 3 / (m 2 s) practically does not affect its thermal insulation properties. At higher wind speeds, the influence of the air permeability index on the thermal resistance of clothing material packages is significant, especially with a wind of 8-10 m/s.

The third function is most important for products that come into contact with the human body: underwear, hosiery, hats, women's toiletries, etc.

The fourth function is aimed at the optimal functioning of the body in the person-product-environment system. In general terms, the implementation of this function is manifested in ensuring three indicators of the underclothing (between the human body and clothing) microclimate within optimal limits: temperature - 28-32 ° C; humidity - 35-55%; carbon dioxide content - 0.04-0.06%.

The above functions from the standpoint of the physiology of the body and hygienic requirements for clothing can be divided into two areas:

1) protecting the body from adverse environmental factors - the effects of low and high temperatures, changes in solar radiation, wind, precipitation, mechanical influences;

2) creation necessary conditions for the normal functioning of the body; maintaining a constant body temperature; removal of metabolic products - water vapor, carbon dioxide, salts; preventing the penetration of dust, dirt, and microorganisms from outside.

Hygienic requirements for clothing are differentiated depending on its purpose and operating conditions. IN general view they boil down to this:

1) the heat-protective properties of clothing must correspond to human activity and the environmental conditions in which it is used. Therefore, this property of clothing must be regulated;

2) the breathability of clothing and its individual parts must also correspond to operating conditions and be adjustable;

3) the inner layers of clothing should be hygroscopic and easy to dry, clothing should not interfere with the removal of moisture released by human skin;

4) clothes should be soft and light;

5) the design of clothing should allow a person to perform various movements, be easy to put on and take off, and not restrict movement and blood circulation.

The modern period is characterized by the widespread use of chemical materials in the manufacture of garments. They have a number of specific properties. Therefore, a number of additional requirements are imposed on clothing made from them:

♦ chemical stability of materials and substances;

♦ the degree of electrification should not exceed established sanitary standards;

♦ clothes made of synthetic materials should not be toxic or cause irritation skin.

Special meaning in ensuring the safety of clothing have the level and nature of its electrification, i.e. formation of electrostatic charges due to contact friction.

To characterize static electricity arising on materials, the sign of the appearing charges is important. Thus, most chemical fibers, with the exception of viscose, are negatively electrified.

Most important factor, on which the ability of materials to accumulate charges depends, is the chemical nature of the fibers. Thus, synthetic fibers, as a rule, have a higher degree of electrification than artificial ones based on cellulose. Natural fibers of plant origin are much less electrified. But at present, fabrics, knitted fabrics and products made from them cannot be considered non-electrifying, since the presence of chemical fibers and additional chemical treatment in them contribute to the accumulation of insignificant charges on their surfaces.

Observations lead to the conclusion that static electricity, along with electromagnetic radiation, ionizing radiation, noise and vibration, can and should be classified as environmental factors that are not indifferent to human health. There is evidence of the potential for negative effects of static electricity. Persons exposed to static electric fields sometimes complain of deterioration general well-being, headache, sleep disturbance, pain in the heart area.

The manifestation of the considered functions ensures the normal state of the human body. It should be borne in mind that the basis of life activity is metabolism. In the process, the body receives and assimilates nutrients and oxygen, and also consumes energy and releases excess heat and other waste products into the environment.

It is important to ensure a constant human body temperature (up to 37 °C). The temperature range of the organism's existence is narrow. Heating the body to 42-43 °C and cooling to 24-25 °C can be fatal. Only by maintaining a constant body temperature based on the selection of rational clothing can active human activity and a constant rate of metabolic processes in the body be achieved.

In the person-product system, the most important properties are those that ensure the cleanliness of the skin, underwear, and the product itself. Water, carbon dioxide, salts, and fatty substances are released through the skin. On the skin of an adult there are about 300 thousand sebaceous glands, which secrete sebum (from 100 to 300 g per week), which softens the surface of the skin and protects it from drying out, wetting, and the penetration of microbes. When you sweat, water and salts are removed from the body. On average, all sweat glands (there are several million of them) secrete from 0.5 to 1 liter of sweat per day in a temperate climate, in a hot zone - up to 450 g per hour; during physical work and walking, the amount of sweat can increase to 10 liters per day. From the surface of the skin, from 40 to 90 g of small scales of the superficial stratum corneum are also released per week. Therefore, clothing, especially underwear, must absorb them, thereby ensuring cleansing of the skin from the boundary layer and retaining secretions until the product is cleaned. Naturally, the product itself becomes contaminated.

Structure of substances contaminating laundry

Requirements in in this case look twofold and contradictory. On the one hand, it is necessary to clean the skin, which is only possible by absorbing secretions; on the other hand, contamination of the product is undesirable. High contamination dramatically changes a number of properties of clothing made from fabrics, especially knitwear. Thus, underwear contaminated with liquid and dense skin secretions are 20% less breathable, their weight increases on average by 10%, thickness by 25%, ash content by 4 times, and thermal conductivity also increases. All this worsens a person’s comfortable condition, complicates gas exchange with the external environment, promotes the development of microorganisms, worsens the appearance, and leads to an increase in labor and economic costs for operating the product (washing, cleaning).

The skin also participates in gas exchange. In a calm state, skin respiration (oxygen absorption and carbon dioxide release) accounts for about 1% of the total gas exchange. During the day, about 4.5 liters of carbon dioxide are released through the surface of the skin and 1.9 liters of oxygen enters. Increased air temperature and severe physical labor increase the intensity of gas exchange through the skin several times, bringing it to 10% of pulmonary gas exchange. The work of physiologists has shown that when there is more than 0.07% carbon dioxide in the under-clothes space, gas exchange through the skin, and, consequently, a person’s well-being deteriorates. Carbon dioxide concentrations greater than 0.1% cause fainting. If the partial pressure of nitrogen under clothing is higher than in the environment, then it is absorbed into the blood, which is unsafe for the body. Therefore, it is necessary to provide ventilation of the underwear space in clothing.

It should be especially noted that the functioning of a child’s body has significant differences. Taking them into account is one of the important tasks of ensuring hygienic requirements for clothing.

The body of children is in a state of constant growth and development, bone tissue is flexible and elastic, muscles are poorly developed. Muscle mass in relation to body weight is 27.2% in an 8-year-old child, and 44.2% in an 18-year-old boy.

The muscles of children are richer in water, but poorer in proteins, fats, and inorganic substances, as a result of which they become tired in a child faster than in adults.

Children, compared to adults, have thinner, delicate skin. They have a less perfect thermoregulation apparatus: heat transfer is increased due to changes (with age) in the relationship between the surface of the body and its mass. In an adult, per 1 kg of mass there is 221 cm 2 of body surface, in children 15 years old - 378 cm 2, in children 10 years old - 423 cm 2, in a child 6 years old - 456 cm 2, in a newborn - 707 cm 2. The rapid cooling of children also occurs due to the thin epithelium and a significant amount of blood flowing in the thickness of the skin (as a result of a more developed network of capillaries). Therefore, the skin of children, to a much lesser extent than that of an adult, protects the body from fluctuations in external temperature.

Blood circulation in children also occurs faster. So, in an adult, 1/3, and in children, 1/2 or even 2/3 of the total blood flows in the thickness of the skin. As a result, the blood flow time in children accelerates: in an adult it is 22 s, in a 14-year-old teenager - 18 s, in a 3-year-old child - 15 s.

The skin also plays a huge role in the body’s heat exchange with the environment. It is known that in a person at rest, even at a relatively low air temperature (10-18 ° C), about 1/5 of the heat he produces is given off by evaporation of water vapor released through the skin. Children spend most of their time on the move, and the level of heat production increases by 2-4 times, so the amount of evaporated moisture is very significant. At high air temperatures, active sweating begins and almost all excess heat is removed from the body by evaporation of fluid from the surface of the body.

In children younger age All physiological systems systems that maintain a constant temperature of the internal environment and maintain thermal balance are not sufficiently developed. Change in adverse meteorological factors to children's body affects the body more sharply than on the body of an adult.